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Panipat Pandavprastha | |
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  Panipat Location in Haryana, India Show map of Haryana Panipat Panipat (India) Show map of India | |
| Coordinates:29°23′15″N76°58′12″E / 29.38750°N 76.97000°E /29.38750; 76.97000 | |
| Country |  India |
| State | Haryana |
| District | Panipat district |
| Founded by | Marathas |
| Government | |
| • Type | Municipal Corporation |
| • Body | Panipat Municipal Corporation |
| • Mayor | Komal Saini (BJP) |
| • Lok Sabha MP | Manohar Lal Khattar (BJP) |
| • MLA | Parmod Kumar Vij (BJP) |
| • Municipal Commissioner | Pankaj (IAS) |
| Area | |
• Total | 1,268 km2 (490 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 219 m (719 ft) |
| Population | |
• Total | 294,150 [1] |
| • Density | 232.0/km2 (600.8/sq mi) |
| Language | |
| • Official | Hindi |
| • Regional | Haryanvi |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 132103 |
| Telephone code | +91 180 |
| ISO 3166 code | IN-HR |
| Vehicle registration | HR-06 (Private Vehicles)HR-67 (Commercial Vehicles) |
| Website | http://panipat.gov.in  |
Panipat (päː.niː.pɐt̪ⓘ[4]) is an industrial city, located 95 km north ofDelhi and 169 km south ofChandigarh onNH-44 inPanipat district, Haryana, India. It is famous for three major battles fought in1526,1556 and1761. The city is also known as 'city of weavers', 'textile city' and 'cast-off clothes capital'[5][6] of the world. It is home to industries like wool and cotton milling, saltpetre refining and manufacture of glass, electrical appliances, and other products.[7] The city is included in the list of critically polluted industrial areas in India.[8] As in Dec 2009, theComprehensive Environment Pollution Index (CEPI) of the city was 59.00, as against 88.50 ofAnkaleshwar (Gujarat).[9] The three battles fought in the fatal field of Panipat changed the course of India's history, first two resulting in creation and confirmation of theMughal Empire.[10][11] The third battle led to thedecisive defeat of the Maratha Confederacy in North India, which had become a dominating power inDelhi by then and paved the way for theBritish Empire'sCompany rule in India .[12]
Borrowed fromHindi पानीपत (pānīpat), Pani (water) Pat means (Bank) "Panipat". As per another version, it is derived from Pandavprasth, i.e. 'Pani' as a short form of 'Pandav' and 'pat' as a short form of 'prasth'.It was also known as Panprastha.[13][14][15]
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Panipat district was carved out from the erstwhileKarnal district on 1 November 1989. On 24 July 1991, it was again merged with Karnal district. On 1 January 1992, it again became a separate district.[16]
Panipat, while being carved out as a separate district firstly, included the "Assandh Tehsil" area. To add the "Assandh Tehsil" area back to Karnal, Panipat was merged with Karnal. Afterwards, Panipat was again carved out of Karnal for the second time, and excluded the "Assandh Tehsil" area.[citation needed]
Panipat was the scene of three pivotal battles that changed the history of Indian Subcontinent.
TheFirst Battle of Panipat was fought on 21 April 1526 betweenIbrahim Lodi, the AfghanSultan of Delhi, and theTurko-Mongol warlordBabur, who later establishedMughal rule in Northern Indian subcontinent. Babur's force defeated Ibrahim's much larger force of over one lakh (100,000) soldiers because of the technological advantage offield artillery.[17] This first battle of Panipat thus ended theLodi Rule established by Bahlul Lodi in Delhi. This battle marked the beginning of Mughal rule in India.
TheSecond Battle of Panipat was fought on 5 November 1556 between the forces ofAkbar andHem Chandra Vikramaditya, the last Hindu emperor of Delhi.[18][19] Hem Chandra, who had captured states likeAgra andDelhi defeating Akbar's army and declared himself as independent king after a coronation on 7 October 1556 atPurana Qila inDelhi, had a large army, and initially his forces were winning, but suddenly he was struck by an arrow in the eye and fell unconscious. On not seeing him in hishowdah on the back of anelephant, his army fled. The unconscious Hemu was carried to Akbar's camp where Bairam Khan beheaded him.[20] According to the historic sourcesHemu and his army consisted of 1500war elephants and a vanguard ofartillery park.[21]
Panipat is listed in theAin-i-Akbari as apargana underDelhiSarkar and supplying a force of 1000 infantry and 100 cavalry under Mughal Empire. It had a brick fort at the time which was also mentioned.[22]
TheThird Battle of Panipat was fought on 14 January 1761. TheMaratha Empire provoked the King ofAfghanistan,Ahmad Shah Durrani. TheMaratha Empire forces were led bySadashivrao Bhau and the Afghans were led byAhmad Shah Abdali. The Afghan coalition had 70,000 total strength of soldiers, and the Marathas had 60,000 soldiers and 120,000 pilgrims.
Panipat is located at29°23′15″N76°58′12″E / 29.3875°N 76.9700°E /29.3875; 76.9700.[23] It has an average elevation of 219 meters (718 feet).
Panipat official website data: Check athttps://panipat.gov.in/
As per 2011 census:
Panipat has an industrial zone namedIndustrial Estate Panipat.[27]Industrial Estate Panipat is located on Refinery Road connecting National Highway 44. It is spread over fully developed 926 Acres of land having all the infrastructure facilities such as Roads, Water / Sewerage system, common effluent treatment plant and Power House along with all electrical infrastructure.
Panipat is famous for Fertilizers, Home Furnishing, Printing press, PVC manufacturing and Fabrication industries.[citation needed]
The city producesIndian pickles (achaar) commercially, especiallypachranga andsatranga (literally "five/seven colours", prepared with that many vegetables). The vegetables are matured in mustard oil and whole spices with ingredients like raw mangoes,chickpeas, lotus stem,karonda,myrobalan, and limes.Pachranga achaar was created in 1930 by Murli Dhar Dhingra in Kaloorkot, a village in theMianwali District of what is nowPakistan. Dhingra's descendants brought the pickle to India in 1943. As of 2016, Panipat produced over₹500 million (equivalent to₹720 million or US$8.5 million in 2023) worth ofachaar every year, supplied to local markets and exported to the UK, US, and Middle East.[28][29][30]
Self declared KingHemu with large force was captured byShah Quli Khan in theSecond Battle of Panipat and carried to the Mughal camp atShodapur on Jind Road at Panipat.[31] According toBadayuni,[20] Bairam Khan asked Akbar to behead Hemu so that he could earn the title ofGhazi. Akbar replied, "He is already dead, if he had any strength for a duel, I would have killed him." After Akbar's refusal Hemu's body was denied honour by the Mughal battle tradition and was unceremoniously beheaded byBairam Khan. Hemu's head was sent toKabul where it was hung outside the Delhi Darwaza while his body was thrown outsidegibbet in Delhi to warn his supporters, who were mainly his subjects, both the Muslims and Hindus.[32]
It was one ofSher Shah Suri's dying regrets that he could never fulfill his intention of erecting a tomb to the fallen monarch Ibrahim Lodhi. Much later, in 1866, the British relocated the tomb which was just a simple grave during construction of theGrand Trunk Road and added a platform to it with an inscription highlighting Ibrahim Lodhi's death in the Battle of Panipat.[33][34][35]
The garden of Kabuli Bagh along with theKabuli Bagh Mosque and a tank were built byBabur after theFirst Battle of Panipat to commemorate his victory overIbrahim Lodhi. Some years later when Humayun defeatedSher Shah Suri near Panipat, he added a masonry Platform to it and called it 'Chabutra" Fateh Mubarak, bearing the inscription 934 Hijri (1557 CE). These buildings and the garden still exist under the name of Kabuli Bagh called so after Babur's wife – Mussammat Kabuli begum.
According to tradition, the site 8 km from Panipat and 42 km from Karnal, whereSadashiv Rao Bhau commanded hisMaratha forces during the third battle of Panipat was marked by a black Mango Tree (Kala Amb) which has since disappeared. The dark colour of its foliage was probably the origin of the name. The site has a brick Pillar with an iron rod and the structure is surrounded by an iron fence. The site is being developed and beautified by a society presided over by the Governor ofHaryana.
Shree Devi Mandir is one of the most appealing religious places in Panipat city. Standing along theDevi Mandir Road in theTehsil Camp Locality and opposite to it is theCygnus Maharaja Aggrasen Hospital. Here reside the idols of all theHinduGods andGoddesses. It used to have a largeSarovar (Water tank for religious practices), but it dried years ago due to a past drought that fell upon Panipat decades ago. It has now been converted into a lush green playground. If you are in Panipat do visit this temple, especially recommended duringnavratri festivalfair.
The term "Panipat Syndrome" has entered the lexicon as the lack of strategic thinking, preparedness and decisive action by Indian leaders thus allowing an invading army to enter well inside their territory. This is based on the fact that in the three battles fought here, the defending armies were decisively defeated each time. It was coined by Air CommodoreJasjit Singh.[36][37][38][39]
Panipat travel guide from Wikivoyage| International | |
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