| Pangwali | |
|---|---|
| 𑚞𑚫𑚌𑚦𑚭𑚪𑚯, पंगवाड़ी | |
 The word "Pangwali" written in Takri script | |
| Ethnicity | Pangwala |
Native speakers | 19,000 (2011)[1] |
| Dialects |
|
| Takri | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | pgg |
| Glottolog | pang1282 |
| ELP | Pangwali |
Pangwali (Takri:𑚞𑚫𑚌𑚦𑚭𑚪𑚯) is anIndo-Aryan language. It is spoken in thePangi Tehsil ofChamba district, and is threatened to go extinct. Pangwali is natively written in theTakri script, butDevanagari is used as well. It is very similar to thePadderi language ofPadder, J&K.[citation needed]
The linguistGeorge Abraham Grierson recorded Pangwali as a dialect ofChambeali in hisLinguistic Survey of India.[2] It is now regarded as a language in its own right as a part ofWestern Pahari, affiliated withBhadarwahi,Padderi among others. The language also shares a lot of vocabulary and grammatical features with Kashmiri language.
Pangwali has about 90% inherent intelligibility withPadderi, 24% withMandeali, 22% withKangri, 44% with Chambeali, and 75% with Bhadarwahi. Its lexical similarity , 27% withKullu Pahari, and 75% with Bhadarwahi.[3]
| Bilabial | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | |||||||
| Stop | voiceless | p | t̪ | t͡ʃ | ʈ | k | |||
| aspirated | pʰ | t̪ʰ | t͡ʃʰ | ʈʰ | kʰ | ||||
| voiced | b | d̪ | d͡ʒ | ɖ | ɡ | ||||
| breathy | bʱ | d̪ʱ | d͡ʒʱ | ɖʱ | ɡʱ | ||||
| Fricative | s | ʃ | ɦ | ||||||
| Approximant | w | l | j | ||||||
| Flap orTap | ɾ | ɽ | |||||||
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | iiːĩĩː | uuːũũː | |
| Near-close | ɪ̥ | ||
| Close-mid | ɘɘːɘ̥ɘ̃ | ooː | |
| Open-mid | ɛɛː | ||
| Near-open | ɐɐːɐ̃ː | ||
| Open | aaː |
Pangwali exhibits a fossilised system ofvowel harmony as other languages of the area (such asKashmiri) do. The original conditioning vowels that caused harmony have often been lost, so the system is no longer productive.[4]: 16
Since Grierson's sketch of Pangwali, there has been only recently published a grammar of Pangwali written inHindi by Binaya Sundar Nayak.[5] Both are referenced in this article.
Pangwali nouns havegrammatical gender, with the two genders being masculine and feminine.
| Relation | Marker |
|---|---|
| Instrumental | जेjē, बलिbali |
| Dative | जेjē |
| Ablative | केंइkēin, पुठ / पिठpuṭh/piṭh, -ए-ē |
| Genitive | -ए-ē |
| Numeral | Pangwali[5] | IPA[6] |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | यकyak | /yak/ |
| 2 | दुईduī | /d̪ui/ |
| 3 | ट्लायṭlāy | /ʈai/ |
| 4 | चेउरceur | /tʃɘuɾ/ |
| 5 | पंचpāṃc | /pandʒ/ |
| 6 | छे :chea | /tʃʰea/ |
| 7 | सतsat | /sat/ |
| 8 | आठāṭh | /aʈʰ/ |
| 9 | नोnou | /nɘu/ |
| 10 | दशdaś | /dɘs/ |
The language is commonly calledPahari orHimachali. Some speakers may even call it a dialect of Punjabi orDogri. The language has no official status. No efforts have been made to even correctly classify the language. The language despite of being spoken in Himachal Pradesh shares most of its features with the neighbouring languages of the restchenab valley. According to theUnited Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO), the language is of critically endangered category, i.e. the youngest speakers of Pangwali are generally grandparents or older and they too speak it infrequently or partially.[7]
The demand for the inclusion of 'Pahari (Himachali)' under the Eight Schedule of the Constitution, which is supposed to represent multiple Pahari languages of Himachal Pradesh, had been made in the year 2010 by the state's Vidhan Sabha.[8] There has been no positive progress on this matter since then even when small organisations strive to save the language and demand it.[9] Due to political interest, the language is currently recorded as a dialect of Hindi,[10] even when having a poor mutual intelligibility with it and having a higher mutual intelligibility with other recognised languages like Dogri and otherWestern Pahari languages.
At the time of the Linguistic Survey of India, 3,701 speakers were estimated of Pangwali.[2]
Following are the dialects of the language:
Killar, being the headquarter of the Tehsil, is the dialect which is widely understood. Sach dialect is said to be the most conservative in regards toSanskrit.[11]
Tubari Magazine[12] is a recent effort to maintain the language. The magazine uses Devanagari Script. There areother publications which generally describe the language.
| 𑚞𑚫𑚌𑚦𑚭𑚪𑚯 | पंगवाड़ी | Transliteration (Roman ITRANS) | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| 𑚢𑚌𑚮𑚤𑚮 𑚩𑚙𑚴𑚄 𑚥𑚃 𑚠𑚮𑚧𑚰𑚘 | कपा हथ लाल भ़रे | magiri hatou laI bishuNa | To be worrying a lot |
| 𑚥𑚰𑚫𑚌𑚙𑚲 𑚑𑚅 𑚊𑚱𑚘 𑚥𑚌𑚴𑚨𑚲 | लुंगते जऊ कूण लगोसे | luMgate jaU kUNa lagose | Getting old when young |
| 𑛂𑛀 𑚤𑚲𑚙𑚯 𑚏𑚴𑚤𑚲, 𑛂𑛁 𑚆𑚊𑚯𑚣𑚰 𑚢𑚭𑚥𑚸𑚲 | २० रेती चोरे, २१ एकीयु मालखे | 20 retI chore, 21 ekIyu mAlakhe | Theft/lies are always caught |
| 𑚛𑚰𑚁𑚤𑚲 𑚛𑚰𑚁𑚤𑚲 𑚢𑚲𑚝𑚯 𑚏𑚰𑚘𑚯𑚘 | दुआरे दुआरे मेनी चुणीण | duAre duAre menI chuNINa | To struggle a lot |
