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| Pangasinan | |
|---|---|
| Pangasinense | |
| Salitan Pangasinan | |
| Pronunciation | [paŋɡasiˈnan][1]: 36 |
| Native to | Philippines |
| Region | Ilocos Region (entirety ofPangasinan, southwesternLa Union) Central Luzon (northernTarlac, northwesternNueva Ecija, northernZambales) Cordilleras (southwesternBenguet) Cagayan Valley (southwesternNueva Vizcaya) |
| Ethnicity | Pangasinan |
Native speakers | 1.8 million (2010)[2][needs update] 8th most spoken native language in the Philippines[3] |
Austronesian
| |
| Latin (Pangasinan alphabet) Historically written in:Kurítan | |
| Official status | |
Official language in | Pangasinan |
Recognised minority language in | |
| Regulated by | Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-2 | pag |
| ISO 639-3 | pag |
| Glottolog | pang1290 |
| Linguasphere | 31-CGA-f |
 Areas where Pangasinan is spoken in the Philippines. | |
| This article containsIPA phonetic symbols. Without properrendering support, you may seequestion marks, boxes, or other symbols instead ofUnicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA. | |
Pangasinan (Pangasinense) is anAustronesian language, and one of the eight majorlanguages of the Philippines. It is the primary and predominant language of the entire province ofPangasinan and northernTarlac, on the northern part ofLuzon's central plains geographic region, most of whom belong to thePangasinan ethnic group. Pangasinan is also spoken in southwesternLa Union, as well as in the municipalities ofBenguet,Nueva Vizcaya,Nueva Ecija, andZambales that border Pangasinan. A fewAeta groups and mostSambal in Central Luzon's northern part also understand and even speak Pangasinan as well.[4]
The Pangasinan language belongs to theMalayo-Polynesian languages branch of theAustronesian languages family.[5][6]Pangasinan is similar to other closely relatedPhilippine languages,Malay inMalaysia (asMalaysian),Indonesia (asIndonesian),Brunei, andSingapore,Hawaiian inHawaii,Māori inNew Zealand, andMalagasy inMadagascar.[7] The Pangasinan language is closely related to theIbaloi language spoken in the neighboring province ofBenguet, located north of Pangasinan. Pangasinan is classified under the Pangasinic group of languages of theNorthern Philippine language family.[8]
The other Pangasinic languages are:
Pangasinan is the official language of the province of Pangasinan, located on the west central area of the island ofLuzon alongLingayen Gulf. The people of Pangasinan are also referred to as Pangasinense. The province has a total population of 2,343,086 (2000), of which 2 million speak Pangasinan. As of 2020, Pangasinan is ranked tenth on the leading languages generally spoken at home in the Philippines with only 334,759 households still speaking the language.[9] Pangasinan is spoken in other Pangasinan communities in the Philippines, mostly in the neighboring provinces ofBenguet,La Union,Nueva Ecija,Tarlac,Zambales, andNueva Vizcaya, and has varying speakers inMetro Manila,Cagayan,Isabela,Quirino,Bulacan,Bataan,Pampanga,Aurora,Quezon,Cavite,Laguna,Mindoro,Palawan andMindanao especially inSoccsksargen,Davao Region,Caraga,Bukidnon andMisamis Oriental.
Austronesian speakers settled inMaritime Southeast Asia duringprehistoric times, perhaps more than 5,000 years ago. The indigenous speakers of Pangasinan are descendants of these settlers, who were probably part of a wave of prehistorichuman migration that is widely believed to have originated fromSouthern China viaTaiwan between 10 and 6 thousand years ago.
The wordPangasinan means 'land of salt' or 'place of salt-making'; it is derived from the root wordasin, the word for 'salt' in Pangasinan.Pangasinan could also refer to a 'container of salt or salted products'; it refers to the ceramic jar for storage of salt or salted-products or its contents.
Written Pangasinan and oral literature in the language flourished during the Spanish and American period. Writers like Juan Saingan, Felipe Quintos, Narciso Corpus, Antonio Solis, Juan Villamil, Juan Mejía and María C. Magsano wrote and published in Pangasinan. Felipe Quintos, a Pangasinan officer of the Katipunan, wroteSipi Awaray: Gelew Diad Pilipinas(Revolución Filipina), a history of the Katipunan revolutionary struggle in Pangasinan and surrounding provinces. Narciso Corpus and Antonio Solis co-wroteImpanbilay na Manoc a Tortola, a short love story. (Lingayen, Pangasinan: Gumawid Press, 1926)
Juan Villamil translatedJosé Rizal's "Mi último adiós" in Pangasinan. Pablo Mejia editedTunong, a news magazine, in the 1920s. He also wroteBilay tan Kalkalar nen Rizal, a biography of Rizal. Magsano publishedSilew, a literary magazine. Magsano also wroteSamban Agnabenegan, a romance novel.Pangasinan Courier published articles and literary works in Pangasinan.Pioneer Herald publishedSinag, a literary supplement in Pangasinan. Many Christian publications in Pangasinan are widely available.
Many Pangasinan are multilingual and proficient in English, Filipino, andIlocano. However, the spread and influence of the other languages is contributing to the decline of the Pangasinan language. Many Pangasinan people, especially the native speakers are promoting the use of Pangasinan in the print and broadcast media, Internet, local governments, courts, public facilities and schools in Pangasinan. In April 2006, the creation ofPangasinan Wikipedia was proposed, which the Wikimedia Foundation approved for publication on the Internet.
Pangasinan has the following vowel phonemes:[8][1]
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | ɨ | u |
| Open-Mid | (ɛ) | (ɔ) | |
| Open | a |
In native vocabulary, /i/ and /u/ are realized as [i ~ ɪ ~ ɛ] and [u ~ ʊ ~ ɔ]. The close variants [i]/[u] are only used in stressed open syllables, while the open-mid variants [ɛ]/[ɔ] occur in open and closed final syllables before a pause. The default variants [ɪ]/[ʊ] occur in all other environments.[8]
Some speakers have /ɛ/ and /ɔ/ as distinct phonemes, but only in loanwords.[8]
| Bilabial | Dental / Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |||
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | tʃ | k | ʔ |
| voiced | b | d | dʒ | ɡ | ||
| Fricative | s | ʃ | h | |||
| Flap | ɾ | |||||
| Approximant | l | j | w | |||
Pangasinan is one of the Philippine languages that do not exhibit [ɾ]-[d] allophony, they only contrast before consonants and word-final positions; otherwise, they become allophones where [d] is only located in word-initial positions and after consonants & [ɾ] is only pronounced between vowels. Before consonants and word-final positions, [ɾ] is infree variation withtrill [r]. In Spanish loanwords, [d] and [ɾ] contrast in all word positions.
All consonantal phonemes except/h,ʔ/ may be a syllableonset orcoda. The phoneme/h/ rarely occurs in coda position. Although the Spanish wordreloj 'clock' would have been heard as[re.loh], the final/h/ is dropped resulting in/re.lo/. However, this word also may have entered the Pangasinan lexicon at early enough a time that the word was still pronounced/re.loʒ/, with thej pronounced as inFrench, resulting in/re.los/ in Pangasinan. As a result, both/re.lo/ and/re.los/ occur.
The glottal stop/ʔ/ is not permissible as coda; it can only occur as onset. Even as an onset, the glottal stop disappears in affixation. Glottal stop/ʔ/sometimes occurs in coda in words ending in vowels, only before a pause.
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Like otherMalayo-Polynesian languages, Pangasinan has averb–subject–object word order. Pangasinan is anagglutinative language.
| Nominative | Genitive | Oblique | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Common | singular | say[note 1][note 2], so (-y)[note 3] | na (-y)[note 3] | ed (-d)[note 4], na (-y)[note 3], dyad[note 5] |
| plural | saray[note 1], so saray, (i)ra so[note 6], (i)ray[note 3][note 6] | na saray, day, daray | ed saray (-d saray)[note 4], na saray | |
| Personal | singular | si (-y)[note 3] | ni (-y)[note 3] | ed, ed kyenen, ed kinen |
| plural | si, di, sikara di, sara di | da di, na sara di | ed sikara di, ed kyen di, ed kindi | |
| Absolutive | Ergative | Oblique | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Independent | Enclitic | |||||
| 1st person | singular | siák | ak | -k(o) | ed siak | |
| dual | sikatá | ita, ta | -ta | ed sikata | ||
| plural | inclusive | sikatayó | itayo, tayo | -tayo | ed sikatayo | |
| exclusive | sikamí | kamí | mi | ed sikami | ||
| 2nd person | singular | siká | ka | -m(o) | ed sika | |
| plural | sikayó | kayó | yo | ed sikayo | ||
| 3rd person | singular | sikató | -, -a | to | ed sikato | |
| plural | sikara | ira, ra | da | ed sikara | ||
Benton (1971)[11] lists a number of affixes for nouns. Benton describes affixes in Pangasinan as either "nominal" (affixes attached directly to nouns) and "nominalizing" (affixes which turn other parts of speech into nouns). Benton also describes "non-productive affixes", affixes which are not normally applied to nouns, and only found as part of other pre-existing words. Many of these non-productive affixes are found within words derived fromSpanish.
Modern Pangasinan consists of 27 letters, which include the 26 letters of thebasic Latin alphabet and the Pangasinan digraphng:
| Majuscule Forms (also calleduppercase orcapital letters) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | NG | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z |
| Minuscule Forms (also calledlowercase orsmall letters) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | i | j | k | l | m | n | ng | o | p | q | r | s | t | u | v | w | x | y | z |
The ancient people of Pangasinan used an indigenous writing system called Kuritan. The ancient Pangasinan script, which is related to theTagalogBaybayin script, was derived from theJavaneseKawi script ofIndonesia and theVatteluttu orPallava script ofSouth India.
TheLatin script was introduced during theSpanishcolonial period. Pangasinanliterature, using the indigenous syllabary and the Latin alphabet, continued to flourish during the Spanish andAmerican colonial period. Pangasinan acquired manySpanish andEnglish words, and some indigenous words were Hispanicized or Anglicized. However, use of the ancient syllabary has declined, and not much literature written in it has survived.
Most of the loan words in Pangasinan areSpanish, as the Philippines was ruled by Spain for more than 300 years. Examples arelugar ('place'),podir (frompoder, 'power, care'),kontra (fromcontra, 'against'),birdi (verde, 'green'),ispiritu (espíritu, 'spirit'), andsanto ('holy, saint'). Other loanwords came from English and Ilocano, as the latter is spoken as a second language. Another source of loanwords isKapampangan, because of the migration of Kapampangans who passed throughAgno River from Pampanga and south Tarlac; most Kapampangan loanwords are spoken in the dialects of central Pangasinan and north Tarlac and the most notable loanword ismasanting, meaning "beautiful".[12]
Malinac ya Labi (original by Julian Velasco).
Malinac ya Labi
Oras ya mareen
Mapalpalnay dagem
Katekep to’y linaew
Samit day kogip ko
Binangonan kon tampol
Ta pilit na pusok ya sika'y amamayoen
Lalo la no bilay
No sikalay nanengneng
Napunas ya ami'y
Ermen ya akbibiten
No nodnonoten ko ra'y samit na ogalim
Agtaka nalingwanan
Anggad kaayos na bilay
Modern Pangasinan with English translation
Malinak lay Labi
Oras la’y mareen
Mapalpalna’y dagem
Katekep to’y linaew
Samit da’y kugip ko
Binangonan kon tampol
Lapu’d say limgas mo
Sikan sika’y amamayoen
Lalo la bilay
No sika la’y nanengne'ng
Napunas lan amin
So ermen ya akbibiten
No nanonotan
Ko la'y samit day ugalim
Ag ta ka nalingwanan
Angga’d kauyos na bilay
A night of calm
An hour of peace
A gentle breeze
Along with it is the dew
So sweet is my dream
Suddenly I awake
Because of your beauty
You are the only one I will love
Best of all, my life
When it's you that I see
All are wiped away
The sorrows that I bear
When I remember
Of your sweet kindness
I will not forget you
Until life is gone
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List of numbers from one to ten inEnglish,Tagalog and Pangasinan
| English | Tagalog | Pangasinan |
|---|---|---|
| one | isa/ᜁᜐ | sakey/ᜐᜃᜒᜌ᜔ |
| two | dalawa/ᜇᜎᜏ | duara,dua/ᜇᜓᜀᜇ᜵ᜇᜓᜀ |
| three | tatlo/ᜆᜆ᜔ᜎᜓ | talora,talo/ᜆᜎᜓᜇ᜵ᜆᜎᜓ |
| four | apat/ᜀᜉᜆ᜔ | apatira,apat/ᜀᜌᜆᜒᜇ᜵ᜀᜉᜆ᜔ |
| five | lima/ᜎᜒᜋ | limara,lima/ᜎᜒᜋᜇ᜵ᜎᜒᜋ |
| six | anim/ᜀᜈᜒᜋ᜔ | anemira,anem/ᜀᜈᜒᜋᜒᜇ᜵ᜀᜈᜒᜋ᜔ |
| seven | pito/ᜉᜒᜆᜓ | pitora,pito/ᜉᜒᜆᜓᜇ᜵ᜉᜒᜆᜓ |
| eight | walo/ᜏᜎᜓ | walora,walo/ᜏᜎᜓᜇ᜵ᜏᜎᜓ |
| nine | siyam/ᜐᜒᜌᜋ᜔ | siamira,siam/ᜐᜒᜀᜋᜒᜇ᜵ᜐᜒᜀᜋ᜔ |
| ten | sampu/ᜐᜋ᜔ᜉᜓ | samplora,samplo/ᜐᜋ᜔ᜉᜓᜎᜓᜇ᜵ᜐᜋ᜔ᜉᜓᜎᜓ |
Cardinal numbers:
| Pangasinan | English |
|---|---|
| isa,sakey,san- | one |
| dua,dua'ra (dua ira) | two |
| talo,-tlo,talo'ra (talo ira) | three |
| apat,-pat,apatira (apat ira) | four |
| lima,lima'ra (lima ira) | five |
| anem,-nem,anemira (anem ira) | six |
| pito,pito'ra (pito ira) | seven |
| walo,walo'ra (walo ira) | eight |
| siam,siamira (siam ira) | nine |
| polo,samplo (isa'n polo),samplo'ra (isa'n polo ira) | tens, ten |
| lasus,sanlasus (isa'n lasus) | hundreds, one hundred |
| libo,sakey libo | thousands, one thousand |
| laksa,sanlaksa (isa'n laksa),sakey a laksa | ten thousands, ten thousand |
Ordinal numbers:
Ordinal numbers are formed with the prefixkuma- (ka- plus infix-um). Example:kumadua, 'second'.
Associative numbers:
Associative numbers are formed with the prefixka-. Example:katlo, 'third of a group of three'.
Fractions:
Fraction numbers are formed with the prefixka- and an associative number. Example:kakatlo, 'third part'.
Multiplicatives:
Multiplicative ordinal numbers are formed with the prefixpi- and a cardinal number from two to four orpin- for other numbers except for number one. Example:kaisa, 'first time';pidua, 'second time';pinlima, 'fifth time'.
Multiplicative cardinal numbers are formed with the prefixman- (mami- ormamin- for present or future tense, andami- oramin- for the past tense) to the corresponding multiplicative ordinal number. Example:aminsan, 'once';amidua, 'twice';mamitlo, 'thrice'.
Distributives:
Distributive cardinal numbers are formed with the prefixessan-,tag-, ortunggal and a cardinal number. Example:sansakey, 'one each';sanderua, 'two each'.
Distributive multiplicative numbers are formed with the prefixesmagsi-,tunggal, orbalangsakey and a multiplicative cardinal number. Example:tunggal pamidua, 'twice each';magsi-pamidua, 'each twice'.
The following is a list of some dictionaries and references:
