Panda diplomacy (Chinese:熊猫外交) is the practice of sendinggiant pandas frommainland China to other countries as a tool ofdiplomacy and wildlife conservation.[1] From 1941 to 1984, theRepublic of China and then thePeople's Republic of China (PRC) gifted pandas to other countries. Since 1984, they have been leased rather than gifted due to a PRC policy change.
While there are few ancient records of thegiant panda, "During the Manchu dynasty skins of this animal [bei-shung, presumed to be the panda] were sent as tribute to the government of China by the aborigines of western Szechuan and eastern Tibet", according toDavid Crockett Graham.[2]: 25 [3]: 19
The first instance of panda diplomacy in the modern era was arranged bySoong Mei-ling (Madame Chiang) in 1941 during theSecond Sino-Japanese War. China was under siege by Japan, the U.S. had been sending aid to theKuomintang (Nationalist Government) in China, and Madame Chiang wanted a dramatic way of saying thank you. There had been previous pandas sent to the U.S., including one named Su Lin sold to the Brookfield Zoo in Chicago byRuth Harkness in 1937, a second one named Mei-Mei brought back by Harkness in 1938 and also sold to the Brookfield Zoo,[4] one named Pandora sent to the Bronx Zoo byDavid Crockett Graham in 1938, and a second named Pan sent to the Bronx Zoo in 1939.[2]: 92 Besides the two live Pandas sent to the Bronx Zoo, Graham had also collected several skins and skeletons that were sent to the Smithsonian.[5]: 55
In the summer of 1941, Madame Chiang enlistedDavid Crockett Graham to capture a live panda. Eventually, two were caught. After spending some time at Graham's house in Chengdu, they were brought toChongqing for a formal handover to a representative of the Bronx Zoo. William J. Dunn, a CBS radio reporter, was in Chongqing at the time and was enlisted to emcee the ceremony, which would air on both radioXGOY [zh], "The Voice of China," and CBS Radio. To ensure the program aired during prime time in the U.S., it originated from Chongquing at 4 a.m. local time.[6]: 59–60 Annalee Whitmore, then working as publicity manager for United China Relief, interviewed the participants and wrote the transcript.[7]: 198–200 The broadcast was to include Madame Chiang, her sisterSoong Ai-ling (Madame Kung),David Crockett Graham, andJohn Tee-Van from the Bronx Zoo. The plan was to transmit the XGOY signal to an RCA communications centre inManila and then on toSan Francisco; however, on the morning of November 9, 1941, the engineers were unable to confirm reception from Manila. The broadcast began as planned, but atmospheric conditions prevented the broadcast from reaching the United States.[6]: 60
The pandas were flown toHong Kong under cover of night and from there to thePhilippines onPan Am's Hong Kong Clipper. From there, they took a circuitous six-week route by ship to San Francisco. Unfortunately, while they were en route,Pearl Harbor was bombed;[2]: 95–97 and, when they arrived in San Francisco in late December 1941, front-page news was all about war. While the pandas did get attention, they weren't at the top of the news across the nation as had been hoped.[8] The bears were officially received by the Bronx Zoo on December 30, 1941, and five months later, following a national contest, they were named Pan-dee and Pan-dah.[9]
While theRepublic of China used giant pandas for diplomatic means as early as 1941,[10] thePeople's Republic of China began to use panda diplomacy more prominently in the 1950s and has continued the practice into the present day. Between 1957 and 1983, 24 pandas were given as gifts to 9 nations as gestures of friendship. These nations included theSoviet Union, theDemocratic People's Republic of Korea, theUnited States of America, and theUnited Kingdom.[11]
WhenPresident Nixon visited China in 1972,Mao Zedong promised to send two pandas to an American zoo. In exchange,Nixon gave twomusk oxen to the Chinese as a gift. The mutual gifts illustrated the growing diplomatic relationship between China and the United States at the time.[12] Despite the long history of panda diplomacy, the arrival of the pandas in 1972 marked the first time a panda had been in the United States in over twenty years.[11]
Upon the pandas' arrival in April 1972, First LadyPat Nixon donated them to theNational Zoo in Washington, D.C., where she welcomed them in an official ceremony. Over 20,000 people visited the pandas the first day they were on display, and an estimated 1.1 million visitors came to see them the first year they were in the United States.[13] The pandas were wildly popular and China's gift was seen as an enormous diplomatic success, evidence of China's eagerness to establish officialrelations with the U.S.[14] It was so successful that British Prime MinisterEdward Heath asked for pandas for the United Kingdom during a visit to China in 1974. Pandas Chia-Chia and Ching-Ching arrived at theLondon Zoo a few weeks later.[13] The pandas gifted to the UK would later be the inspiration for the logo of theWorld Wildlife Fund.[11]
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Mexico and the PRC establishedformal relations on February 14, 1972.[15] On September 10, 1975,[16] two pandas, Pe Pe (male) and Ying Ying (female), were gifted to Mexico as a sign of friendship by Mao Zedong following the April 1973 state visit to China by PresidentLuis Echeverría. The pandas were delivered by Vicepremier of the State CouncilChen Yonggui and received by First LadyMaría Esther Zuno.[15] They were housed atChapultepec Zoo. The zoo became the first institution outside China to successfully breed pandas.
Although China shifted from panda gifts to a policy of high-priced loans in 1984, Mexico has retained ownership of the locally born pandas since their lineage traces to gifted pandas.[17]
In 1980, Pe Pe and Ying Ying had Xen Li, the first panda born outside China, however, she did not survive into adulthood. In 1983 the couple had Liang Liang. In 1985 Ying Ying gave birth to twins, an unnamed cub and Xiu Hua. In 1987, Ying Ying gave birth to another set of twins, Ping Ping and Shuan Shuan. In 1981 Ying Ying gave birth toTohui, who in turn motheredXin Xin (with Chia Chia, a gifted panda originally at the London Zoo). Xin Xin is the last living panda not owned by China.[18]
In 1984, China's leaderDeng Xiaoping modified the policy, such that subsequent pandas would beleased, instead of gifted, beginning with China presenting two pandas to Los Angeles during the 1984 Olympic Games for $50,000 per month per panda. This practice was again modified in 1991 in favour of long-term leases.[19] China began to offer pandas to other nations only on ten-year lease. The standard lease terms include a fee of up to US$1 million per year and a provision that any cubs born during the lease period be the property of the People's Republic of China. Since 1998, because of aWorld Wildlife Fund lawsuit, theU.S. Fish and Wildlife Service allows a U.S. Zoo to import a panda only if the zoo can ensure that China will channel more than half of its loan fee into conservation efforts for wild pandas and their habitat. Thegifting of two pandas to Hong Kong in 2007 was ostensibly an exception to this lease model, but can be seen as outside of the spectrum of panda diplomacy.[19]
After the2008 Sichuan earthquake that severely damaged many facilities, 60 pandas required new housing. The majority were given to nations that had favourable trade agreements with China or those that supplied China with necessary resources, such as uranium from Australia.[11]
In 2005,Lien Chan, Chairman of theKuomintang, the then opposition party inTaiwan, visitedmainland China. As part of the talks between Lien and the CCP, two pandas (later named Tuan Tuan and Yuan Yuan, meaning "reunion" in Chinese) were offered as a gift to the people of Taiwan. While the idea was popular with the Taiwanese public,[citation needed] it was opposed by the Republic of China (ROC) government of Taiwan, then led by theDemocratic Progressive Party (DPP), which opposesunification with the People's Republic of China. The gift of pandas was seen as an attempt by the CCP to draw the ROC government into its "united front". While several zoos in Taiwan made bids to host the pandas, the ROC government raised objections, ostensibly because pandas were not suited to the Taiwanese climate and Taiwan did not have the expertise to rear pandas successfully. It was widely understood, however, that these were pretexts underlaid by political considerations by the DPP-led government to maintain its distance from the PRC government.[20]
Another technical issue is a dispute over the applicability of theConvention on the International Trade of Endangered Species (CITES). In 1998, China offered the Republic of China two giant pandas in exchange for wartime peace. The PRC insisted that a transfer from mainland China to Taiwan was a domestic transfer, not subject to CITES, while the ROC government disputed this and would not accept the pandas without CITES procedures.[21] On March 11, 2006, the ROC formally rejected the offer, with PresidentChen Shui-bian explaining in his weekly newsletter, "A-bian (Chen's nickname) sincerely urges the Chinese leaders to leave the giant pandas in their natural habitat because pandas brought up in cages or given as gifts will not be happy."[21]
Following a change of government in Taiwan, in July 2008, the ROC government led by the Kuomintang stated that it would accept the gift of two four-year-old giant pandas.[22] In December 2008, the government approved the import of pandas under the terms of "species oftraditional herbal medicine."[23] Tuan Tuan and Yuan Yuan arrived atTaipei Zoo later in the same month. In response to the transfer, the CITES Secretariat stated that the transfer of the two pandas was a matter of "internal or domestic trade", and so was not required to be reported to CITES.[24] The ROC quickly issued a rebuttal to the CITES statement and insisted that the country-to-country transfer protocols be respected. The ROC also noted that such procedures would not have been needed if it had been an internal/domestic transfer.[25] The ROC further noted that Taiwan is not a CITES signatory and is therefore not obligated to report to the CITES Secretariat its acceptance of the two pandas.[26]
In the 1970s, the Nixon administration sought to improve US-China relations. Shortly after Nixon visited China in 1972, Beijing sent two pandas, namedLing-Ling and Hsing-Hsing. The female died in 1992 from heart disease and the male was euthanized in 1999 after developing end-stage kidney disease. China has leased out subsequent pandas to the US; however, most of these leases have expired or are set to expire soon, with theNational Zoo returning three giant pandas to China in November 2023.[27]
In 2013, PRC officials used panda diplomacy in an attempt to scuttle a 2013 agricultural trade deal between Nebraska and Taiwan.[28]
In the late 2010s and early 2020s, withChina–United States relations straining, China began declining to renew panda leases for U.S. zoos.[29][30] TheSan Diego Zoo pandas returned to China in 2019, followed by pandas at theMemphis Zoo andNational Zoo in Washington, D.C. in 2023.[31] The Memphis pandas, Ya Ya and Le Le, became a rallying point for Chinese calls to repatriate the bears after accusations of poor living conditions circulated on Chinese social media sites and the sudden death of Le Le in February 2023. A joint team of American and Chinese scientists concluded Ya Ya was suffering from skin disease due to genetic components and fluctuating hormones.[32] TheZoo Atlanta pandas, the last giant pandas remaining in the United States, were returned to China in late 2024.[33][34] Scholars, includingJohns Hopkins University political economistHo-fung Hung, have questioned whether a deterioration inUS-China relations starting in the late 2010s brought an end to panda diplomacy between the two countries.[35]
In a 2023Washington Post opinion piece, Lonnie G. Bunch III and Ellen Stofan, secretary and undersecretary, respectively, of theSmithsonian Institution, called the return of theNational Zoo's pandas "a lesson in cultural diplomacy." They wrote: "Pandas are a vital source of cultural diplomacy — using the arts, science and history to help nations find common ground with the hopes of building on our shared humanity to create a more peaceful world. The pandas were a bridge between the American people and the Chinese people." They concluded: "If we can save this iconic species, then surely, we can work together to tackle some of our greatest challenges, including climate change and preservation of ecosystems around the world."[36]
In February 2024, the China Wildlife Conservation Association announced plans to send a new pair of pandas to theSan Diego Zoo as early as summer 2024, nearly five years after the Zoo returned its pandas to China.[37][38] These pandas, who are named Yun Chuan and Xin Bao, arrived in late June 2024 and debuted to the public on August 8, 2024.[39] The same year,London Breed traveled to China in an attempt to procure pandas for San Francisco.[28]
In May 2024, theNational Zoo announced that two pandas named Bao Li and Qing Bao would become part of the collection by the end of the year.[40] The pandas arrived on October 15, 2024, and will be in quarantine to get acclimated to their new environment. They were shown to the public on January 24, 2025, after some preview days in mid-January with more limited audiences present.[41]
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Other countries recognize the significance of pandas as diplomatic symbols, emblematic of the state of relations with China. During a visit by thenChinese LeaderHu Jintao to Japan in May 2008, China announced the lease of two pandas to Japan. The leader was quoted as saying "Giant pandas are very popular among the Japanese, and they are a symbol of the friendlyties between Japan and China."[44] Treatment of the pandas is likewise associated with the relevant foreign policy. For example, in 1964, British diplomats worried that a transfer of a panda from a London Zoo to Moscow would worsenSino–Soviet relations.[45] In January 2006, U.S. Deputy Secretary of StateRobert Zoellick was photographed hugging a five-month-old panda cub during his visit toSichuan. The Chinese media widely broadcast the image and it was purportedly interpreted as a sign that Zoellick supported better relations between China and the United States.[46]
On April 16, 2014, China planned to send a pair of pandas named Fu Wa and Feng Yi to Malaysia to marktheir 40-year diplomatic ties but were postponed following theMH370 tragedy.[47] The two pandas later arrived atKuala Lumpur International Airport on May 21, 2014, and were placed at theNational Zoo of Malaysia.[48][49] In 2018, Finland agreed to care for two giant pandas following their endorsement of theone-China policy.[50] They will be sent home in November 2024 due to their maintenance cost of 1.5 million a year and lack of government funding.[51] Two pandas, Cai Tao and Hu Chun, arrived inJakarta in 2017 to be placed inTaman Safari inBogor as part of the 60th anniversary celebrations ofChina–Indonesia relations.[52] The most recent panda lease was on June 5, 2019, whenChinese Communist Party (CCP)General SecretaryXi Jinping leased two giant pandas to Russia'sMoscow Zoo on an official state visit as a "sign of respect and trust." The pandas include a two-year-old male Ru Yi and a one-year-old female Ding Ding.[53]
In December 2023, the only giant pandas in the UK were sent back to China.[54]
At the end of 2025, after a diplomatic crisis between China and Japan over Japan's Prime Minister's words about Chinese militarism and support of Taiwan, it was announced that two twin pandas from the TokyoUeno Zoo, Xiao Xiao and Lei Lei, would return to China at the end of January 2026. Japan had pandas continuously from 1972, the year of normalization with China; the pandas were born in Ueno in 2021.[55]
Keeping pandas is very expensive. Besides the "rent" payable to China, obtaining enough bamboo is very expensive. A panda typically consumes only fresh bamboo, eating 40 kilograms (88 lb) of it every day.[56] It was reported in 2011 that Edinburgh Zoo spent $107,000 per year to feed its two pandas.[57] This caused the zoo to ask for bamboo donations, as well as for local gardeners to start growing bamboo.[58] During theCOVID-19 pandemic, the supply of bamboo added to cost considerations. Owing to the difficulty of securing a consistent and adequate supply of fresh bamboo, Calgary Zoo returned their pair of pandas ahead of schedule, to join their progeny back in China.[56] Due to the high upkeep costs, pandas have been considered awhite elephant gift.[59][60]
In 2003, China sent Thailand a pair of pandas,Chuang Chuang and Lin Hui, toChiang Mai Zoo. Chuang Chuang was put on a diet in 2007 due to obesity and died in September 2019 as a result of heart failure. The public started to blame this incident on China's panda diplomacy, with many arguing that sending the animals overseas and outside their endemic habitat was detrimental to their health, further exacerbating their population decline.[61][62]
The two giant pandas at the Smithsonian's National zoo officially began their return to China on Wednesday.
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