Genus of plants
ThePanax ginseng )genus belongs to theAraliaceae [ 1] family .Panax species are characterized by the presence ofginsenosides andgintonin .Panax is one of approximately 60 plant genera with a classical disjunct east Asian and east North American distribution.[ 2]
American ginseng at Monk Garden in Wisconsin . The namePanax , meaning "all-healing" in Greek, shares the same origin as "panacea " and was used for this genus becauseCarl Linnaeus was aware of its wide use inChinese medicine .[citation needed
GenusPanax [ 3]
SubgenusPanax SectionPanax SeriesNotoginseng Panax notoginseng (Burkill) F.H.Chen (known assan qi ,tian qi ortien chi ) SeriesPanax Panax arunachalensis Taram, A.P.Das & Tag [ 4] [ 5] Panax assamicus [ 6] Panax bipinnatifidus Seem. [ 7] var.angustifolius (Burkill) J.Wen Panax ginseng C.A.Mey. (Asian ginseng, Chinese ginseng, Korean ginseng, Asiatic ginseng, Oriental ginseng)[ 8] Panax japonicus (T.Nees) C.A.Mey. (Japanese ginseng )[ 9] [ 10] [ 11] Panax quinquefolius L. (American ginseng )Panax sokpayensis Shiva K.Sharma & Pandit [ 12] Panax siamensis J. Wen, 2023 Panax vietnamensis Ha & Grushv. Panax wangianus S.C.Sun [ 13] Panax zingiberensis C.Y.Wu & Feng SectionPseudoginseng Panax pseudoginseng Wall. Panax stipuleanatus H.T.Tsai & K.M.Feng [ 14] [ 15] SubgenusTrifolius Panax trifolius L. Hybrids:
Panax ginseng ×Panax quinquifolius (F1 male sterile, roots bigger than parents)[ 16] Panax japonicus f.typicum ×Panax quinquifolius [ 17] Based onchloroplast genomes (Manzanillaet al. 2018 and Xiaet al. 2025):[ 18] [ 19]
Aralia
P. trifolius
P. bipinnatifidus
P. stipuleanatus
P. quinquefolius
P. ginseng
P. notoginseng
P. wangianus
P. zingiberensis
P. vietnamensis
subg.Trifolius
ser.Panax
sect.Pseudoginseng
ser.Panax
ser.Notoginseng
sect.Pseudoginseng
ser.Panax
Note: Plants of the World Online treatsP. major (Burkill) C. Y. Wu & K. M. Feng as a junior synonym ofP. bipinnatifidus .Flora of China treats it asP. japonicus var.major (Burkill) C. Y. Wu & K. M. Feng .[ 20]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to
Panax .
^ "Ivy Family - Araliaceae - Common names" .Encyclopedia of Life . Retrieved2018-07-14 .^ Zuo, Yun-Juan; Wen, Jun; Ma, Jin-Shuang; Zhou, Shi-Liang (2015). "Evolutionary radiation of the Panax bipinnatifidus species complex (Araliaceae) in the Sino-Himalayan region of eastern Asia as inferred from AFLP analysis".Journal of Systematics and Evolution .53 (3):210– 220.doi :10.1111/jse.12119 .ISSN 1759-6831 .S2CID 82972879 . ^ "Panax L. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science" .Plants of the World Online .^ "Panax arunachalensis Taram, A.P.Das & Tag" .Plants of the World Online . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved2023-05-06 .^ Taram, Momang; Das, A.P. & Tag, Hui (2018)."A new species ofPanax L. (Araliaceae) from Arunachal Pradesh, India" .Pleione .12 (2):315– 321.doi :10.26679/Pleione.12.2.2018.315-321 ^ "Panax Assamicus" .^ "Panax bipinnatifidus Seem. — The Plant List" . Retrieved2018-07-14 .^ "Asian Ginseng" . National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH). September 2016. RetrievedJune 24, 2017 .^ Rai, Amit; Yamazaki, Mami; Takahashi, Hiroki; Nakamura, Michimi; Kojoma, Mareshige; Suzuki, Hideyuki; Saito, Kazuki (2016)."RNA-seq Transcriptome Analysis of Panax japonicus, and Its Comparison with Other Panax Species to Identify Potential Genes Involved in the Saponins Biosynthesis" .Frontiers in Plant Science .7 : 481.doi :10.3389/fpls.2016.00481 ISSN 1664-462X .PMC 4828455 PMID 27148308 . ^ "Japanese ginseng" .TheFreeDictionary.com . Retrieved2018-07-14 .^ Plantae Medicinales oder Sammlung offizineller Pflanzen .^ Sharma, Shiva Kumar; Pandit, Maharaj Krishan (2009). "A New Species of Panax L. (Araliaceae) from Sikkim Himalaya, India".Systematic Botany .34 (2):434– 438.doi :10.1600/036364409788606235 .JSTOR 40211904 .S2CID 198131033 . ^ "Panax wangianus S.C.Sun — The Plant List" . Retrieved2018-07-14 .^ "Panax stipuleanatus H.T.Tsai & K.M.Feng — The Plant List" . Retrieved2018-07-14 .^ Trieu, Le Ngoc; Mien, Nguyen Tuong; Van Tien, Tran; Van Ket, Nguyen; Van Duy, Nong (16 March 2016)."Genetic diversity of Tsai in North Vietnam detected by inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers" .Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment .30 (3):506– 511.doi :10.1080/13102818.2016.1157448 ^ Kim, Jong Youn; Adhikari, Prakash Babu; Ahn, Chang Ho; Kim, Dong Hwi; Chang Kim, Young; Han, Jung Yeon; Kondeti, Subramanyam; Choi, Yong Eui (2019)."High frequency somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration of interspecific ginseng hybrid between Panax ginseng and Panax quinquefolius" .Journal of Ginseng Research .43 (1):38– 48.doi :10.1016/j.jgr.2017.08.002 .PMC 6323240 PMID 30662292 . ^ Kuriyama, H. (1950)."The cytological studies on the interspecific hybrid of Panax" .Japanese Journal of Crop Science .19 (1– 2):209– 213.doi :10.1626/jcs.19.209 ^ Manzanilla, V.; Kool, A.; Nguyen Nhat, L.; Nong Van, H.; Le Thi Thu, H.; de Boer, H. J. (December 2018)."Phylogenomics and barcoding of Panax: toward the identification of ginseng species" .BMC Evolutionary Biology .18 (1): 44.Bibcode :2018BMCEE..18...44M .doi :10.1186/s12862-018-1160-y PMC 5883351 PMID 29614961 . ^ Xia, Pengguo; Huang, Yang; Zhu, Junqiao (January 2025)."The complete chloroplast genome sequences of 11 Panax species: Providing insights for evolution and species identification" .Industrial Crops and Products .223 : 120160.doi :10.1016/j.indcrop.2024.120160 ^ "Panax japonicus var. major in Flora of China @ efloras.org" .www.efloras.org .
