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Pan-Arab colors

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Color combination first used in the flag of the 1916 Arab Revolt

Flag of the Arab Revolt, associated withpan-Arabism.

Thepan-Arab colors areblack,white,green andred. Individually, each of the four pan-Arab colors were intended to represent a certain aspect of theArab people and their history.[1]

History

Arab Liberation Flag, or Revolutionary flag
(A modernrevolutionary flag that spread to theArab world inspired by the1952 Egyptian revolution)[2]

The four colors derive their potency from a verse by 14th century Arab poetSafi al-Din al-Hilli: "White are our acts, black our battles, green our fields, and red our swords".[3] The black is theBlack Standard, which was used by theRashidun andAbbasid Caliphate, while white was the dynastic color of theUmayyad Caliphate.[4] Green is a color associated withIslam, the primary religion of Arabs.[5][6] Green is also identified as the color of theFatimid Caliphate by some modern sources,[4][7] despite their dynastic color having been white.[8][9][10] Finally, red was used as theHashemite dynastic color.

Pan-Arab colors, used individually in the past, were first combined in 1916 in theflag of the Arab Revolt or Flag of Hejaz.[11] Many current flags are based on Arab Revolt colors, such as the flags ofJordan,Kuwait,Palestine, theSahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, and theUnited Arab Emirates.[12]

In the 1950s, a subset of the Pan-Arab colors, the Arab Liberation colors, came to prominence. These consist of atricolor of red, white and black bands, with green given less prominence or not included. TheArab Liberation tricolor or theArab Liberation Flag was mainly inspired by theEgyptian Revolution of 1952 and Egypt's official flag under president Mohamed Naguib,[13] which became the basis of the current flags ofEgypt,Iraq,Sudan, andYemen (and formerly in the flags ofSyria, the states ofNorth Yemen andSouth Yemen), and in the short-livedArab unions of theUnited Arab Republic and theFederation of Arab Republics.[12]

Flags with Pan-Arab colors

Current National flags

Flags of first-level administrative divisions

Former national flags with the Pan-Arab colors

Flags of Arab political and paramilitary movements using Pan-Arab colors

See also

References

  1. ^Abū KhaldūnSati' al-Husri,The days of Maysalūn: A Page from the Modern History of the Arabs, Sidney Glauser Trans. (Washington D.C.: Middle East Institute, 1966), 46.
  2. ^Pan-Arab Colors, crwflags.com
  3. ^Muhsin Al-Musawi,Reading Iraq: Culture and Power in Conflict (I. B. Tauris 2006), p. 63
  4. ^abEdmund Midura (March–April 1978)."Flags of the Arab World".Saudi Aramco World:4–9.
  5. ^abTeitelbaum, Joshua (2001).The rise and fall of the Hashimite kingdom of Arabia. New York: New York University Press. p. 205.ISBN 1-85065-460-3.OCLC 45247314.
  6. ^abMarshall, Tim (2017).A flag worth dying for : the power and politics of national symbols. New York, NY: Scribner, an imprint of Simon & Schuster, Inc. pp. 110–111.ISBN 978-1-5011-6833-8.OCLC 962006347.
  7. ^Znamierowski, Alfred (2013).The World Encyclopedia of Flags: The Definitive Guide to International Flags, Banners, Standards and Ensigns, with Over 1400 Illustration. Lorenz Books. p. 122.ISBN 978-0-7548-2629-3.
  8. ^Hathaway, Jane (2003).A Tale of Two Factions: Myth, Memory, and Identity in Ottoman Egypt and Yemen. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. p. 97.ISBN 978-0-7914-5883-9.The Ismaili Shi'ite counter-caliphate founded by the Fatimids took white as its dynastic color, creating a visual contrast to the Abbasid enemy.
  9. ^Blair, Sheila S.; Bloom, Jonathan M. (1999). "Art and Architecture: Themes and Variations". InEsposito, John L. (ed.).The Oxford History of Islam. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 215–267.ISBN 0-19-510799-3....white was also the color associated with the Fatimid caliphs, the opponents of the Abbasids.
  10. ^Sanders, Paula A. (1994).Ritual, Politics, and the City in Fatimid Cairo. SUNY series in Medieval Middle East History. SUNY Press. p. 44.ISBN 0-7914-1781-6....wore white (the Fatimid color) while delivering the sermon (khuṭba) in the name of the Fatimid caliph.
  11. ^I. Friedman,British Pan-Arab Policy, 1915–1922, Transaction Publ., 2011, p. 135
  12. ^abZnamierowski, Alfred (2003).Illustrated Book of Flags. Southwater. p. 123.ISBN 1-84215-881-3. RetrievedNovember 22, 2014.The designs of these flags were later modified, but the four pan-Arab colors were retained and were adopted by Transjordan (1921), Palestine (1922), Kuwait (1961), the United Arab Emirates (1971), Western Sahara (1976) and Somaliland (1996).
  13. ^M. Naguib,Egypt's Destiny, 1955
  14. ^Also used as the flag ofFujairah since 1975
  15. ^abKingdom of Hejaz 1915–1925, Crwflags.com
  16. ^abcdHistorical Flags Overview (Syria), Crwflags.com
  17. ^abHistorical Flags (Palestine), Crwflags.com
  18. ^abHistorical Flags (Jordan), Crwflags.com
  19. ^Kingdom of Iraq (1924–1958), Crwflags.com
  20. ^Arab Federation of Jordan and Iraq, Crwflags.com
  21. ^abcEvolution of the Iraqi Flag, 1963–2008, Crwflags.com
  22. ^Mahdi Abdul-Hadi,Al-Muntadha al-AdhabiArchived 2014-05-05 at theWayback Machine, passia.org
  23. ^Mahdi Abdul-Hadi,Jam'yiat al-'Arabiya al-FatatArchived 2014-05-05 at theWayback Machine, passia.org
  24. ^abAl-Ahwaz (Khuzestan) Political Organizations (Iran) on crwflags.com
  25. ^S. T. Al-Seyed Naama,Brief History of AhwazArchived 2014-07-15 at theWayback Machine, on al-ahwaz.com
  26. ^The contrast of white vs. black as the Fatimid/Umayyad vs. Abbasid dynastic color over time developed in white as the color of Shia Islam and black as the color of Sunni Islam: "The proselytes of the ʿAbbasid revolution took full advantage of the eschatological expectations raised by black banners in their campaign to undermine the Umayyad dynasty from within. Even after the ʿAbbasids had triumphed over the Umayyads in 750, they continued to deploy black as their dynastic color; not only the banners but the headdresses and garments of the ʿAbbasid caliphs were black [...] The ubiquitous black created a striking contrast with the banners and dynastic color of the Umayyads, which had been white [...] The Ismaili Shiʿite counter-caliphate founded by the Fatimids took white as its dynastic color, creating a visual contrast to the ʿAbbasid enemy [...] white became the Shiʿite color, in deliberate opposition to the black of the ʿAbbasid 'establishment'." Jane Hathaway,A Tale of Two Factions: Myth, Memory, and Identity in Ottoman Egypt and Yemen, 2012,p. 97f.
  27. ^TheAbbasid Revolution against theUmayyad Caliphate adopted black for itsrāyaʾ for which their partisans were called themusawwids.Tabari (1995), Jane McAuliffe (ed.),Abbāsid Authority Affirmed, vol. 28, SUNY, p. 124

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