| Pamphylia (Παμφυλία) | |
|---|---|
| Ancient Region of Anatolia | |
_02.jpg) Ruins of the main street in Perga, capital of Pamphylia | |
| Location | SouthernAnatolia (modern-dayTurkey) |
| State existed: | - |
| Nation | Pamphylians, Pisidians, Greeks |
| Historical capitals | Perga (Aksu),Attaleia (Antalya) |
| Roman province | Pamphylia |
 | |
Pamphylia (/pæmˈfɪliə/;Ancient Greek:Παμφυλία,PamphylíaTurkish:Pamfilya) was a region in the south ofAsia Minor inWestern Asia, betweenLycia andCilicia, extending from theMediterranean toMount Taurus (all in modern-dayAntalya province,Turkey). It was bounded on the north byPisidia and was therefore a country of small extent, having a coast-line of only about 120 km (75 miles) with a breadth of about 50 km (30 miles). Under the Roman administration the term Pamphylia was extended so as to include Pisidia and the whole tract up to the frontiers ofPhrygia andLycaonia, and in this wider sense it is employed byPtolemy.[1]
The namePamphylia comes from theGreek Παμφυλία,[2] itself fromAncient Greek:πάμφυλος (pamphylos), literally "of mingled tribes or races",[3] a compound of πᾶν (pan), neuter of πᾶς (pas) "all"[4] + φυλή (phylē), "race, tribe".[5] Herodotus derived its etymology from aDorian tribe, the Pamphyloi (Πάμφυλοι), who were said to have colonized the region.[6] The tribe, in turn, was said to be named afterPamphylos (Greek: Πάμφυλος), son ofAigimios.[7][8]
According toEncyclopædia Britannica, the Pamphylians were “a mixture ofaboriginal inhabitants, immigrantCilicians (Greek:Κίλικες) andGreeks”.[9] However,Herodotus andStrabo record that the Pamphylians were descended from Greeks who came withCalchas andAmphilochos after theTrojan War.[10] Additionally,Pausanias states that they were a Greek race.[11] Theopompus, as well, informs us that Pamphylia was inhabited by Greeks.[12] Some modern scholars suggest that they migrated to Pamphylia fromArcadia and generally thePeloponnese in the 12th century BC.[13] The significance of the Greek contribution to the origin of the Pamphylians can be attested alike by tradition and archaeology,[14] and Pamphylia can be considered a Greek country from the earlyIron Age until the earlyMiddle Ages.[15]
There can be little doubt that the Pamphylians and Pisidians were the same people, though the former had received colonies from Greece and other lands, and from this cause, combined with the greater fertility of their territory, had become more civilized than their neighbours in the interior.[citation needed] But the distinction between the two seems to have been established at an early period. Herodotus, who does not mention the Pisidians, enumerates the Pamphylians among the nations of Asia Minor, whileEphorus mentions them both, correctly including the one among the nations on the coast, the other among those of the interior.[1]
A number of scholars have distinguished in thePamphylian dialect importantisoglosses with both Arcadian and Cypriot (Arcadocypriot Greek) which allow them to be studied together with the group of dialects sometimes referred to asAchaean since it was settled not only by Achaean tribes but also colonists from other Greek-speaking regions, Dorians andAeolians.[16] The legend related by Herodotus and Strabo, which ascribed the origin of the Pamphylians to a colony led into their country byAmphilochus andCalchas after theTrojan War, is merely a characteristic myth.[1]
During theLate Bronze Age, the region was on the western edge of theHittite sphere of influence. A treaty between the Hittite kingTudḫaliya IV and his vassal, the king ofTarḫuntašša, defined the latter's western border at the cityParha in later Pamphylia and theKastaraya River.[17] West of Parha were theLukka lands.[18]
In the historical era, the region's population spokePamphylian, an idiosyncratic dialect ofGreek seemingly influenced byAnatolian languages spoken nearby. On Cyrus's defeat of Croesus, Pamphylia passed to the Persian Empire. Darius included it in his first tax-district alongside Lycia, Magnesia, Ionia, Aeolia, Mysia, and Caria.[19] At some point between 468 and 465 BC, the Athenians under Cimon fought the Persians at theEurymedon, and won; thus adding Pamphylia to their "Delian League" empire. Toward the end of thePeloponnesian War, the Athenians were weakened enough that the Persians were able to retake it.[20]
UponAlexander the Great's defeat ofDarius III, Pamphylia passed back to Greek rule, now Macedonians. After the defeat ofAntiochus III in 190 BC they were included among the provinces annexed by the Romans to the dominions ofEumenes of Pergamum; but somewhat later they joined with the Pisidians and Cilicians in piratical ravages, andSide became the chief centre and slave mart of these freebooters. Pamphylia was for a short time included in the dominions ofAmyntas, king ofGalatia, but after his death lapsed into a district of a Roman province.[1]
As of 1911, the district was largely peopled with recently settled Ottoman Muslims from Greece, Crete, and the Balkans, as a result of the long-term consequences of theCongress of Berlin and the collapse of theOttoman Empire.[1]
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Pamphylia".Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 662.Herodotus and Strabo record the story that the Pamphylians were the descendants of Greeks who arrived with the seers Calchas and Amphilochos after the Trojan War.
He [Theopompus] describes how Pamphylia was inhabited by Greeks.
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