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The placement of theEocene genusMachlydotherium in the family is considered doubtful. The oldest undoubted member of the group isScirrotherium from La Venta, Colombia, dating to the mid-Miocene.[2] Analysis of ear morphology suggests that they are most closely related to the much largerglyptodonts, which genetic evidence indicates is nested with modern armadillos as part of the familyChlamyphoridae, which by extension also places pampatheres within this group.[3]
Pampatheres are believed to have attained a weight of up to 200 kg (440 lb). Likethree-banded armadillos, and unlikeglyptodonts, their armored shell was given some flexibility by three movable lateral bands ofscutes.[5] Theosteoderms (bony plates in the skin comprising the armor) of pampatheres were each covered by a singlekeratinized scute, unlike osteoderms of armadillos, which have more than one scute.[5]
Holmesina floridanus cast skeleton
A study of pampathere jaw biomechanics showed that their masticatory musculature was more powerful and more adapted for transverse movements than that of armadillos, leading to the conclusion that much of their diet was coarse vegetation. They are thought to have been primarilygrazers, unlike armadillos, which are omnivorous or insectivorous.[5] The variation between species in the expression of adaptations for grinding coarse vegetation correlates with the aridity of their habitat; such adaptations are most pronounced inPampatherium typum, which lived in the aridPampas, and least pronounced inHolmesina occidentalis, which lived in humid lowlands.[6]
Pampatheres were widely distributed across South America during the Pleistocene ranging from northern Argentina, eastwards to northeastern Brazil, and westwards to Colombia and Peru.[7] As part of theGreat American Interchange, pampatheres dispersed northwards into Central and North America, with members of the genusHolmesina reaching the United States, as far north as Kansas, and as far east as Florida and South Carolina.[8]
^Tambusso, P. Sebastián; Varela, Luciano; Góis, Flávio; Moura, Jorge Felipe; Villa, Chiara; Fariña, Richard A. (June 2021). "The inner ear anatomy of glyptodonts and pampatheres (Xenarthra, Cingulata): Functional and phylogenetic implications".Journal of South American Earth Sciences.108: 103189.Bibcode:2021JSAES.10803189T.doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2021.103189.S2CID234062118.
^abcVizcaíno, S. F.; De Iuliis, G.; Bargo, M. S. (1998). "Skull Shape, Masticatory Apparatus, and Diet ofVassallia andHolmesina (Mammalia: Xenarthra: Pampatheriidae): When Anatomy Constrains Destiny".Journal of Mammalian Evolution.5 (4):291–322.doi:10.1023/A:1020500127041.S2CID20186439.
