ThePakistan Army orPak Army (Urdu:پاک فوج,romanized: Pāk Fauj,pronounced[ˈpaːkfɔːdʒ]) is theland service branch and the largest component of thePakistan Armed Forces. Thepresident of Pakistan is thesupreme commander of the army. As of the2025 reforms, the Pakistan Army is commanded by the Chief of Defence Forces (CDF), a position held concurrently by theChief of Army Staff (COAS), who is typically a four-star general. The Army was officially established in August 1947 after thePartition of India.[4] According to statistics provided by theInternational Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) in 2025, the Pakistan Army has approximately 580,000active duty personnel, supported by theNational Guard and theCivil Armed Forces.In accordance with theConstitution of Pakistan, Pakistani citizens can voluntarily enlist in military service as early as age 17, but cannot be deployed for combat until age 18.
The primary objective and constitutional mission of the Pakistan Army is to ensure the national security and national unity ofPakistan by defending it against external aggression or the threat of war. It can also be requisitioned by thePakistani federal government to respond to internal threats within its borders.[5] During national or international calamities or emergencies, it conducts humanitarian rescue operations at home andis an active participant in peacekeeping missions mandated by theUnited Nations (UN). Notably, it played a major role in rescuing trapped American soldiers who had requested the assistance of aquick reaction force duringOperation Gothic Serpent inSomalia. Pakistan Army troops also had a relatively strong presence as part of a UN andNATO coalition during theBosnian War and the largerYugoslav Wars.: 70 [6]
The Pakistan Army, a major component of the Pakistani military alongside thePakistan Navy andPakistan Air Force, is avolunteer force that saw extensive combat duringthree major wars withIndia, severalborder skirmishes withAfghanistan at theDurand Line, anda long-running insurgency in theBalochistan region that it has been combatting alongsideIranian security forces since 1948.[7][8]: 31 Since the 1960s, elements of the army have repeatedly been deployed in an advisory capacity in theArab states during theArab–Israeli wars, and to aid theUnited States-led coalition againstIraq during theFirst Gulf War. Other notable military operations during theglobal war on terrorism in the 21st century have included:Zarb-e-Azb,Black Thunderstorm, andRah-e-Nijat.[9]
In violation of its constitutional mandate, it has repeatedly overthrown elected civilian governments, overreaching its protected constitutional mandate to "act in the aid of civilian federal governments when called upon to do so".[10] The army has been involved in enforcingmartial law against the federal government with the claim of restoring law and order in the country by dismissing thelegislative branch andparliament on multiple occasions in past decades—while maintaining a wider commercial, foreign and political interest in the country. This has led to allegations that it has acted as astate within a state.[11][12][13][14]
The Pakistan Army is operationally and geographically divided intovarious corps.[15] The Pakistani constitution mandates the role of thepresident of Pakistan as the civiliancommander-in-chief of the Pakistani military.[16] The Pakistan Army is commanded by theChief of Army Staff, also known as (Urdu:سپہ سالار;romanizedSipah Salaar) who is by statute (although typically) afour-star general and a senior member of theJoint Chiefs of Staff Committee appointed by theprime minister and subsequently affirmed by the president.[17] As of December 2022[update], the current Chief of Army Staff is Field MarshalAsim Munir, who was appointed to the position on 29 November 2022.[18][19]
Its existence and constitutional role are protected by theConstitution of Pakistan, where its role is to serve as theland-based uniform service branch of thePakistan Armed Forces. The Constitution of Pakistan establishes the principalland warfare uniform branch in the Pakistan Armed Forces as its states:
The Armed Forces shall, under the directions of the Federal Government, defend Pakistan against external aggression or threat of war, and, subject to law, act in aid of civil power when called upon to do so.
— Constitution of Pakistan[20]
The Pakistan Army came into its modern birth from the division of theBritish Indian Army that ceased to exist as a result of thepartition of India that resulted in thecreation of Pakistan on 14 August 1947.: 1–2 [4] Before even the partition took place, there were plans ahead of dividing the British Indian Army into different parts based on the religious and ethnic influence on the areas of India.: 1–2 [4]
On 30 June 1947, theWar Department of theBritish administration in India began planning the dividing of the ~400,000 men strong British Indian Army, but that only began few weeks before the partition of India that resulted in violentreligious violence in India.: 1–2 [4] The Armed Forces Reconstitution Committee (AFRC) under the chairmanship of BritishField Marshal SirClaude Auchinleck had devised the formula to divide the military assets between India and Pakistan with ratio of 2:1, respectively.: conts. [21]
A major division of the army was overseen by SirChandulal Madhavlal Trivedi, an Indiancivil servant who was influential in making sure that ~260,000 men would be transferred into forming theIndian Army whilst the remaining balance going to Pakistan after theindependence act was enacted by the United Kingdom on the night of 14/15 August 1947.: 2–3 [4]
Command and control at all levels of the new army was extremely difficult, as Pakistan had received six armoured, eightartillery and eightinfantry regiments compared to the twelve armoured, forty artillery and twenty-one infantry regiments that went to India.: 155–156 [22] In total, the size of the new army was about ~150,000 men strong.: 155–156 [22] To fill the vacancy in the command positions of the new army, around 13,500: 2 [4]military officers from theBritish Army had to be employed in the Pakistan Army, which was quite a large number, under the command ofLieutenant-GeneralFrank Messervy, the firstcommander-in-chief of the Pakistan Army.: 70 [23]
Eminent fears ofIndia's seizing the control over the state ofKashmir, the armedtribes and theirregular militia entered in theMuslim-majorityvalley of Kashmir to oppose the rule ofHari Singh, aHindu and the rulingMaharaja of Kashmir, in October 1947.: conts. [24] Attempting to maintain his control over theprincely state,Hari Singh deployed his troops to check on the tribal advances but his troops failed to halt the advancing tribes towards the valley.: 40 [25] Eventually,Hari Singh appealed toLouis Mountbatten, theGovernor-General of India, requesting for the deployment of theIndian Armed Forces but Indian government maintained that the troops could be committed if Hari Singh acceded to India.: 40 [25] Hari Singh eventually agreed to concede to theIndian government terms which eventually led to the deployment of theIndian Army inKashmir– this agreement, however, was contested by Pakistan since the agreement did not include theconsent of theKashmiri people.: 40 [25] Sporadic fighting between militia and Indian Army broke out, and units of the Pakistan Army underMaj-Gen.Akbar Khan, eventually joined the militia in their fight against the Indian Army.: 40 [25]
Although, it wasLieutenant-General SirFrank Messervy who opposed the tribal invasion in a cabinet meeting withPrime MinisterLiaquat Ali Khan in 1947, later leaving the command of the army in 1947,: 447 [26] in a view of that British officers in theIndian and Pakistan Army would be fighting with each other in the war front.: 417 [27] It was Lt-Gen.Douglas Gracey who reportedly disobeyed the direct orders fromMuhammad Ali Jinnah, theGovernor-General of Pakistan, for the deployment of the army units and ultimately issued standing orders that refrained the units of Pakistan Army to further participate in the conflict.: 59 [28]
By 1948, when it became imperative in Pakistan that India was about to mount a large-scale operation against Pakistan,Gen. Gracey did not object to the deployment of the army units in the conflict against the Indian Army.: 59 [28]
This earlier insubordination ofGen. Gracey eventually forced India and Pakistan to reach a compromise through theUnited Nations' intervention, with Pakistan controlling theWestern Kashmir and India controlling theEastern Kashmir.: 417 [27]
At the time of thepartition ofBritish India, BritishField Marshal (United Kingdom) SirClaude Auchinleck favored the transfer of theinfantry divisions to the Pakistan Army including the7th, 8th and 9th.: 55 [29] In 1948, the British army officers in the Pakistan Army established and raised the 10th,12th, and the 14th infantry divisions— with the 14th being established inEast Bengal.: 55 [29] In 1950, the 15th Infantry Division was raised with the help from theUnited States Army, followed by the establishment of the15th Lancers in Sialkot.: 36 [30] Dependence on the United States grew furthermore by the Pakistan Army despite it had worrisome concerns to the country's politicians.: 36 [30] Between 1950 and 1954, Pakistan Army raised six more armoured regiments under the U.S. Army's guidance: including, 4th Cavalry,12th Cavalry,15th Lancers, and20th Lancers.: 36 [30]
After the incident involving Gracey's disobedience, there was a strong belief that a native commander of the Pakistan army should be appointed, which resulted in theGovernment of Pakistan rejecting theBritishArmy Board's replacement of Gen. Gracey upon his replacement, in 1951.: 34 [31] Eventually,Prime MinisterLiaquat Ali Khan approved the promotion paper of Maj-Gen.Iftikhar Khan as the first nativecommander-in-chief, a graduate of theImperial Defence College inEngland, but died in an aviation accident en route to Pakistan from theUnited Kingdom.[32]
After the death ofMaj-Gen. Iftikhar, there were four senior major-generals in the army in the race of promotion but the most junior, Maj-Gen.Ayub Khan, whose name was not included in the promotion list was elevated to the promotion that resulted in a lobbying provided by Iskandar Mirza, theDefense Secretary inAli Khan administration.[33] A tradition of appointment based on favoritism and qualification that is still in practice by the civilianPrime Ministers in Pakistan.[33] Ayub was promoted to the acting rank of full general to command the army as his predecessorsFrank Messervy andDouglas Gracey were performing the duty of commander-in-chief of the Pakistan Army in the acting rank of general, the neighboring country India's first commanders-in-chief were same in this context.
The department of the army under GeneralAyub Khan steered the army's needs towards heavy focus and dependence towards the imported hardware acquired from theUnited States, in spite of acquiring it from the domestic industry, under theMilitary Assistance Advisory Group attached to Pakistan in 1954–56.: 36 [30] In 1953, the 6th Infantry Division was raised and disbanded the 6th Division in 1956 followed by the disbandment of the 9th Infantry Division as the American assistance was available only for one armored and six infantry divisions.: 36 [30] During this time, an armycombat brigade team was readily made available by Gen. Ayub Khan to deploy to support the American Army's fighting troops in theKorean war.: 270 [34]
Working as cabinet minister inBogra administration,Gen. Ayub's impartiality was greatly questioned by country's politicians and drove Pakistan's defence policy towards the dependence on the United States when the country becoming the party of theCENTO and theSEATO, theU.S. active measuresagainst the expansion of theglobal communism.: 60 [35][36]
In 1956, the 1st Armored Division in Multan was established, followed by theSpecial Forces inCherat under the supervision of theU.S Army's Special Forces.: 55 [29]: 133 [37] UnderGen. Ayub's control, the army had eradicated the British influence but invited the American expansion and had reorganized theEast Bengal Regiment inEast Bengal, theFrontier Force Regiment inNorthern Pakistan,Kashmir Regiment inKashmir, andFrontier Corps in theWestern Pakistan.[4] The order of precedence change from Navy–Army–Air Force to Army–Navy-Air Force, with army being the most senior service branch in the structure of the Pakistani military.: 98 [35]
In 1957, theI Corps was established and headquarter was located in Punjab.: 55 [29] Between 1956 and 1958, the schools of infantry and tactics,[38] artillery,[39] ordnance,[40] armoured,[41] medical, engineering, services, aviation,[42] and several other schools and training centers were established with or without U.S. participation.: 60 [35]
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As early as 1953, the Pakistan Army became involved in national politics in a view of restoring thelaw and order situation whenGovernor-GeneralMalik Ghulam, with approval from Prime MinisterKhawaja Nazimuddin, dismissed the popularly-mandatedstate government ofChief MinisterMumtaz Daultana inPunjab inPakistan, and declaredmartial law underLt-Gen.Azam Khan andCol.Rahimuddin Khan who successfully quelled thereligious agitation inLahore.: 17–18 [43]: 158 In 1954, the Pakistan Army'sMilitary Intelligence Corps reportedly sent the intelligence report indicating the rise ofcommunism inEast Pakistan during thelegislative election held inEast-Bengal.: 75 [44] Within two months of the elections, Prime MinisterMohammad Ali Bogra, with approval fromGovernor-GeneralMalik Ghulam, dismissed another popularly-mandatedstate government ofChief MinisterFazlul Huq inEast Bengal inPakistan, and declaredgovernor's rule underIskandar Mirza who relied in the Pakistan Army to manage the control and security of the East Bengal at all levels of command.: 75 [44] With GeneralAyub Khan becoming theDefense Minister underMinistry of Talents led byPrime Minister Bogra, the involvement of the army in the national politics grew further with the implementation of the controversialOne Unit program, abolishing the status ofFour Provinces, despite the strong protests by the public and the West Pakistan's politicians.: 80 [44] Major defense funding and spending was solely focused towards Ayub's army department and the air force department led byAir MarshalAsghar Khan, giving less priority to the national needs for the Navy.[45]
From 1954 to 1958, Ayub Khan was made subjected with receiving multiple service extensions by the civilian Prime Ministers first receiving in 1954 that extended his service to last till 1958.: contents [46]: 232 [47]
The Pakistan Army under Ayub Khan had been less supportive towards the implementation of thefirst set ofConstitution of Pakistan that had established thecivilian control of the military, and the army went on to completely endorse and support thefirst martial law in the country imposed byPresidentIskander Mirza– the army later took control of the power fromPresident Mirza in mere two weeks and installed Ayub Khan as the secondPresident.: 81 [44] The subsequent change of command resulted in Gen.Musa Khan becoming the army commander with Ayub Khan promoting himself as controversial rank offield marshal.: 22 [48][self-published source?] In 1969, the Supreme Court reversed its decision and overturned its convictions that called for validation ofmartial law in 1958.: 60 [49]
The army held the referendum and tightly control the political situation through theintelligence agencies, and banned the political activities in the country.[50]
From 1961 to 1962, military aid continued to Pakistan from the United States and they established the25th Cavalry, followed by the24th Cavalry, 22nd, and 23rd Cavalry.: 36 [30] In 1960–61, theArmy Special Forces was reportedly involved in taking over the control of the administration ofDir from theNawab of Dir inChitral inNorth-West Frontier Province over the concerns of Afghan meddling in the region.[51] In 1964–65, theborder fighting and tensions flared with theIndian Army with a serious incident taking place near theRann of Kutch, followed by the failedcovert action to take control of theIndian-side of Kashmir resulted in amassive retaliation by the Indian Army on 5 August 1965.[52] On the night of 6 September 1965, India opened the front against Pakistan when the Indian Army'smechanized corps charged forwards taking over the control of thePakistan-side of Punjab, almost reachingLahore.: 294 [53] At the time of the conflict in 1965, Pakistan's armory and mechanized units' hardware was imported from the United States including theM4 Sherman,M24 Chaffee,M36 Jackson, and theM47 andM48Patton tanks, equipped with 90 mm guns.[54] In contrast, the Indian Army's armor had outdated in technology with Korean war-usage AmericanM4 Sherman and World War II manufactured BritishCenturion Tank, fitted with the French-made CN-75 guns.[55]
In spite of Pakistan enjoying the numerical advantage in tanks and artillery, as well as better equipment overall,: 69 [56][57] the Indian Army successfully penetrated the defences of Pakistan's borderline and successfully conquered around 360 to 500 square kilometres (140 to 190 square miles)[53][58] ofPakistani Punjab territory on the outskirts of Lahore.[59] A major tank battle took place inChawinda, at which the newly established 1st Armoured Division was able to halt the Indian invasion.: 35 [60] Eventually, the Indian invasion of Pakistan came to halt when the Indian Armyconcluded the battle near Burki.[59][61][page needed][62][63] With diplomatic efforts and involvement by theSoviet Union to bring two nation to end the war, the Ayub administration reached a compromise withShastri ministry in India when both governments signed and ratified theTashkent Declaration.[62][63] According to the Library of Congress Country Studies conducted by the Federal Research Division of the United States:
The war was militarily inconclusive; each side held prisoners and some territory belonging to the other. Losses were relatively heavy—on the Pakistani side, twenty aircraft, 200 tanks, and 3,800 troops. Pakistan's army had been able to withstand Indian pressure, but a continuation of the fighting would only have led to further losses and ultimate defeat for Pakistan. Most Pakistanis, schooled in the belief of their own martial prowess, refused to accept the possibility of their country's military defeat by "Hindu India" and were, instead, quick to blame their failure to attain their military aims on what they considered to be the ineptitude of Ayub Khan and his government.[dead link][64]
According to neural claims Pakistan suffered from 1,500 Soldiers killed and 4,300 wounded[65][66] and India suffered from 3,712 Soldiers killed and 7,638 wounded.[65][66] Pakistan lost 200-250 tanks,[67][68] and India lost 200-300 tanks.[67][68]
However, most neutral assessments agree that India had theupper hand over Pakistan when ceasefire was declared,[69][70][71][72][73] but the propaganda in Pakistan about the war continued in favor of Pakistan Army.[74] The war was not rationally analysed in Pakistan with most of the blame being heaped on the leadership and little importance given to intelligence failures that persisted until the debacle of thethird war with India in 1971.[75] The Indian Army's action was restricted toPunjab region of both sides with Indian Army mainly in fertile Sialkot, Lahore and Kashmir sectors,[76][77] while Pakistani land gains were primarily in southern deserts oppositeSindh and in theChumb sector near Kashmir in the north.[76]
With the United States' arms embargo on Pakistan over the issue of the war, the army instead turned to the Soviet Union and China for hardware acquisition, and correctly assessed that a lack of infantry played a major role in the failure of Pakistani armour to translate its convincing material and technical superiority into a major operational or strategic success against the Indian Army.[78] Ultimately, the army's high command established the 9th, 16th, and 17th infantry divisions in 1966–68.[78] In 1966, theIV Corps was formed and its headquarter was established, and permanently stationed in Lahore,Punjab inPakistan.[79]
The army remained involved in the nation's civic affairs, and ultimately imposed the second martial law in 1969 when thewrit of the constitution was abrogated by then-army commander, Gen.Yahya Khan, who took control of the nation's civic affairs after the resignation of President Ayub Khan, resulted in a massive labor strikes instigated by thePakistan Peoples Party inWest andAwami League inEast Pakistan.[80]
In a lawsuit settled by theSupreme Court of Pakistan, the legality of the martial law was deemed questionable as the Supreme Court settled the suit by retroactively invalidated the martial law that suspended theConstitution and notably ruled that Yahya Khan's assumption of power was "illegal usurpation".: 59–60 [49] In light of the Supreme Court's judgement, the army held the publicly televised conference when President Yahya Khan announced to hold thenationwide general elections in 1969–70.: 59–60 [49]
In 1969,PresidentYahya Khan decided to make administrative changes in the army by appointing the Gen.Abdul Hamid Khan as theArmy Chief of Staff (ACOS) of the Pakistan Army, who centralized the chain of command in Rawalpindi in a headquarters known as "High Command".: 32 [81] From 1967 to 1969, a series of majormilitary exercises was conducted by infantry units on East Pakistan's border with India.: 114–119 [82] In 1970, the Pakistan army's military mission inJordan was reportedly involved intackling and curbing down the Palestinian infiltration in Jordan.[83] In June 1971, the enlistment in the army had allowed theArmy GHQ in Rawalpindi to raise and established the 18th infantry division, stationed inHyderabad,Sindh, for the defence of 900 kilometres (560 mi) fromRahimyar Khan toRann of Kutch, and restationed the 23rd infantry division for defending theChhamb-Dewa Sector.[78]
In 1971, theII Corps was established and headquartered in Multan, driven towards defending the mass incursion from the Indian Army.[79] In December 1971, the 33rd infantry division was established from the army reserves of theII Corps, followed by raising the 37th Infantry Division.[78] Pakistan Army reportedly helped thePakistan Navy towards establishing its amphibious branch, thePakistan Marines, whosebattalions was airlifted toEast Pakistan along with the 9th Infantry Division.[78]
The intervention in East Pakistan further grew when theOperation Searchlight resulted in the overtaking of the government buildings, communication centers, and restricting the politicians opposed to military rule.: 263 [84] Within a month, Pakistani national security strategists realized their failure of implementing the plan which had not anticipated civil resistance in East, and the real nature of Indian strategy behind their support of the resistance.: 2–3 [85]
The Yahya administration is widely accused of permitting the army to commit thewar crimes against the civilians in East and curbing civil liberties and human rights in Pakistan. TheEastern Command underLt-Gen.A. A. K. Niazi, who hadarea responsibility of the defending the Eastern Front and had the responsibility to protect, was leveled with accusations of escalating the political violence in the East by the serving military officers, politicians, and journalists in Pakistan.[86][87] Since thegeneral elections in 1970, the army had detained several key politicians, journalists, peace activists, student unionists, and other members of civil society while curbing the freedoms of movement and speech in Pakistan.: 112 [88] In East Pakistan, the unifiedEastern Military Command under Lt-Gen. A.A.K. Niazi, began its engagement with thearmed militia that had support fromIndia in April 1971, and eventually fought against the Indian Army in December 1971.: 596 [89]: 596 The army, together with marines, launched ground offensives on both fronts but the Indian Army successfully held its ground and initiated well-coordinated ground operations on both fronts, initially capturing 15,010 square kilometres (5,795 sq mi): 239 [37] of Pakistan's territory; this land gained by India inAzad Kashmir,Punjab andSindh sectors.: 239 [37]
Responding to the ultimatum issued on 16 December 1971 by the Indian Army in East, Lt-Gen. Niazi agreed to concede defeat and move towards signing thedocumented surrender with the Indian Army which effectively and unilaterally ended thearmed resistance and led the creation ofBangladesh, only after India's official engagement that lasted 13 days.[90] It was reported that theEastern Command had surrendered ~93,000–97,000 uniform personnel to Indian Army– the largest surrender in a war by any country after theWorld War II.[91] Casualties inflicted to army's I Corps, II Corps, and Marines did not sit well with President Yahya Khan who turned over control of the civic government toZulfikar Ali Bhutto through an executive decree.[92]
Commenting on the defeat, the military observer in the Pakistan Army, Major A.H. Amin, reported that the war strategists in the army had not seriously considered a full-fledged invasion from India until December 1971, because it was presumed that the Indian military would not risk intervention by China or the United States, and the high command failed to realize that the Chinese would be unable to intervene during the winter months of November to December, due to snowbound Himalayan passes, and the Americans had not made any real effort to persuade India against attacking East Pakistan.[93]
In January 1972, theBhutto administration formed thePOW Commission to investigate the numbers ofwar prisoners held by the Indian Army while requesting theSupreme Court of Pakistan to investigate the causes of the war failure with India in 1971.: 7–10 [95] TheSupreme Court formed the famedWar Enquiry Commission (WEC) that identified many failures, fractures, and faults within the institution of the department of the army and submitted recommendations to strengthen the armed forces overall.[4] Under theYahya administration, the army was highly demoralized and there were unconfirmed reports of mutiny by soldiers against the senior army generals at the Corps garrisons and the Army GHQ in Rawalpindi.: 5 [95]
Upon returning from the quick visit in theUnited States in1971,President Bhutto forcefullydishonourably discharge seven senior army generals, which he called the "army waderas" (lit. 'Warlords').: 71 [96] In 1972, the army leadership under Lt-Gen.Gul Hassan refrained from acting under Bhutto administration's order to tackle thelabor strikes in Karachi and to detained the labor union leaders in Karachi, instead advising the federal government to use thePolice Department to take the actions.: 7 [95]
On2 March 1972,President Bhutto dismissedLt-Gen.Gul Hassan as the army commander, replacing with Lt-Gen.Tikka Khan who was later promoted to four-star rank and appointed as the firstChief of Army Staff (COAS).: 8 [95] The army underBhutto administration was reconstructed in its structure, improving its fighting ability, and reorganized with the establishment of theX Corps inPunjab in1974, followed by theV Corps inSindh andXI Corps in theKhyber-Pakhtunkhwa inPakistan in1975.[97] Thetrilateral agreement in India, theBhutto administration transferred all thewar prisoners back to the country but the military struggle to fill in the vacancies and employments due to some suffering from thePTSD and other mental health complications, while others simply did not wanted to serve in the military any longer.: 19–20 [95] During Bhutto's administration, Pakistan's military pursued a policy of greater self-reliance in arms production. This involved efforts to develop domestic capabilities for manufacturing weapons and military equipment. To address material shortages, Pakistan also turned to China for cooperation in establishing essential metal and material industries.[98]
In1973, theBhutto administration dismissed thestate government inBalochistan that resulting in anotherseparatist movement, culminating the series ofarmy actions in largest province of the country that ended in 1977.: 319 [99] With the military aid receiving from Iran including the transfer of theBell AH-1 Cobra toAviation Corps,: 319 [99] the conflict came to end with thePakistani government offering the generalamnesties to separatists in the 1980s.: 151 [100]: 319 : 319 [99] Over the issue of Baloch conflict, the Pakistani military remained engage inOmani civil war in favor of Omani government until the rebels were defeated in 1979.[101] TheWar Enquiry Commission noted the lack of jointgrand strategy between the four-branches of the military during thefirst, thesecond, and thethird wars with India, recommending the establishment of theJoint Chiefs of Staff Committee to maintain strategic military communication between the inter-services and the federal government, that is to be chaired by the appointedChairman joint chiefs as the government's principal military adviser.: 145 [102] In1976, the firstChairman joint chiefs was appointed from the army with Gen.Muhammad Shariff taking over the chairmanship, but resigned a year later.: 145 [102] In1975, Prime MinisterZulfikar Ali Bhutto controversially superseded at least seven senior army generals to promote Lt-Gen.Zia-ul-Haq to the four-star rank, appointing him theChief of Army Staff (COAS) in spite of army recommendations forwarded to the federal government.: 24 [95]
In the 1970s, the army's engineering formations, notable theCorps of Engineers, played a crucial role in supporting theclandestine atomic bomb program to reach its parity and feasibility, including the constructions of iron-steel tunnels in the secretivenuclear weapons-testing sites in 1977–78.: 144–145 [94]
PAF andNavyfighter pilots voluntarily served inArab nations' militaries against Israel in theYom Kippur War (1973). According to modern Pakistani sources, in 1974 one of the PAF pilots, Flt. Lt.Sattar Alvi flying a MiG-21 shot down an Israeli Air Force Mirage flown by Captain M. Lutz, and was honoured by the Syrian government.[103][104][105] The Israeli pilot later succumbed to wounds he sustained during ejection. However, no major sources from the time reported on such an incident,[106][107][108] and there is no mention of "Captain Lutz" inIsrael's Ministry of Defense's record of Israel's casualties of war.[109]
The political instability increased in the country when theconservative alliance refused to accept thevoting turnout in favor ofPakistan Peoples Party (PPP) after thegeneral elections held in 1977.: 25–26 [95] The army, under Gen.Zia-ul-Haq–thearmy chief, began planning the military takeover of the federal government underPrime Minister Zulfikar Bhutto, eventually leading thecoup d'état that suspended the writ of theConstitution amid responding to the call from one of theopposition leader of threatening to call for another civil war.: 27 [95] The military interference in civic matters grew further when themartial law was extended for an infinite period despite maintaining that the elections to be held in 90-days prior.: 30–31 [95] At the request from theSaudi monarchy, theZia administration deployed the company of thespecial forces to endseizure of theGrand Mosque inMecca fromIslamists.: 265–280 [110]
The army underPresidentZia weakened due to the army officers were needed in running the affairs of civic government and the controversialmilitary courts that held trials of thecommunists, dissidents, and the oppositions ofZia's administration.: 31–32 [95] In 1984–85, Pakistan lost the control of hernorthern glaciers due to thesuccessful expedition and penetration by theIndian Army, and army had to engage inyears long difficult battles with Indian Army to regain their areas from the Indian Army.: 45 [95] Concerns over the military officers and army personnel needed to counter the further advances by the Indian Army in Northern fronts in 1984, the martial law was lifted following thereferendum that approved Zia's presidency and provided a way of holding thegeneral elections in 1985.: 45 [95] Themilitary control the under army administration had successfullystabilized the law and order inBalochistan despite themassive illegal immigration fromAfghanistan, and issued the general amnesties to separatists and rebels.[111] To address the Afghan containment and security, the army established theXII Corps in 1985 that is permanently headquartered inQuetta, that is designed to provide defence against the infiltration by theAfghan National Army fromAfghanistan.[citation needed]
In 1985, theUnited States approved the military aid package, worth $4.02 billion, to Pakistan when themujaheddin fighting with theSoviet Union inAfghanistan increased and intensified, withSoviet Army began violating and attacking the insurgents in thetribal areas in Pakistan.: 45–46 [95] In 1986, the tensions with India increased when theIndian Army's standing troopsmobilized in combat position in Pakistan's southern frontier with India failing to give notification of exercise to Pakistan prior.: 46 [95] In 1987–88, theXXX Corps, headquartered in North of Punjab, and theXXXI Corps, headquartered in South of Punjab, was raised and established to provide defence against the Indian army's mass infiltration.[79]
After theaviation accident that resulted in passing of President Zia in 1988, the army organized themassive military exercise with thePakistan Air Force to evaluate the technological assessment of the weapon systems and operational readiness.: 57 [95][113] In the 1980s, Pakistan Army remained engage in the affairs ofMiddle East, first beingdeployed in Saudi Arabia during theIran–Iraq War in 1980–1988, and later overseeing operational support measures and combat actions during theGulf War in 1990–91.[4]
The period from 1991 to 1998 saw the army engaged in professionalism and proved its fighting skills in theSomalian theater (1991–94),Bosnian-Serb War (on Bosnian side from 1994 to 1998[114]), and the other theaters of theYugoslav Wars, as part of the United Nation's deployment.: 69–73 [115][116] In 1998, the army'sCorps of Engineers played a crucial role in providing the military administration of preparing theatomic weapon-testing inBalochistan when theair force's bombers flew and airlifted theatomic devices.[117] The controversialrelief of Gen.Jehangir Karamat by theSharif administration reportedly disturbed the balance of thecivil-military relations with the junior most Lt-Gen.Pervez Musharraf replacing it as chairman joint chiefs and the army chief in 1999.[118]
In May 1999, theNorthern Light Infantry, a paramilitary unit based inGilgit, slipped intoKargil that resulted inheavy border fighting with theIndian Army, inflicted with heavy casualties on both sides.[119] The ill-devised plan without meaningful consideration of the outcomes of theborder war with India, the army underChairman joint chiefs Gen.Pervez Musharraf (alsoarmy chief at that time) failed to its combat performance and suffered withsimilar outcomes as the previous plan in 1965, with the Americanmilitary observers in thePakistan military famously commenting tonews channels in Pakistan: Kargil was yet another example of Pakistan's (lack of)grand strategy, repeating the follies of theprevious wars with India.": 200 [120][121][122]
Responding to theterror attacks inNew York in theUnited States, the army joined thecombat actions in Afghanistan with theUnited States and simultaneously engage inmilitary standoff withIndian Army in 2001–2002. In 2004–2006, the military observers from the army were deployed to guide theSri Lankan army to end thecivil war with theTamil fighters.[123]
To overcome the governance crises in 2004–2007, theMusharraf administration appointed several army officers in the civilian institutions with some receiving extensions while others were deployed from their combat service– thus affecting the fighting capabilities and weakening the army.: 37 [124] Under Gen. Musharraf's leadership, the army's capabilities fighting thefanatic Talibans andAfghan Arab fighters in Pakistan further weakened and sufferedserious setbacks in gaining control of thetribal belt that fell under the control of theAfghan Arabs andUzbek fighters.: 37 [124] From 2006 to 2009, the army fought the series ofbloody battles with the fanaticAfghan Arabs and otherforeign fighters including thearmy action in aRed Mosque in Islamabad to control thereligious fanaticism.: 37 [124] With the controversial assassination ofBaloch politician in 2006, the army had to engage in battles with theBaloch separatists fighting for the Balochistan's autonomy.: 37 [124]
In April 2007, the major reorganization of the commands of the army was taken place under Gen.Ahsan Saleem Hayat, thevice army chief under Gen. Musharraf, established the Southern, Central, and the Northern Commands.[citation needed] With Gen. Musharraf's resignation and Gen.Ashfaq Parvez Kayani becoming thearmy chief, the army realigned itself to review its combat policies and withdrew officers in civilian institutions to focus on its primary constitutional mission toprotect andresponsible in 2009–14.: 37 [124][125] In 2012, there was a serious accident involving the entire battalion from theNorthern Light Infantry when theavalanche struck the battalion base inSiachen, entrapping 135 soldiers and including several army officers.[126]
In 2013–2016, thehomegrown far-right guerrilla war with theTaliban,Afghan Arabs, and theCentral Asian fighters took thedecisive turn in favor of the army underSharif administration, eventually gaining the control of the entire country and established the writ of the constitution in the affected lawless regions.[127] As of its current deployment as of 2019, the armyremained engage in border fighting with the Indian Army whiledeploying its combat strike brigade teams inSaudi Arabia in a response ofSaudi intervention in Yemen.[128]
| Pakistan Army |
|---|
 |
| Leadership |
| Organisation and components |
| Installations |
| Personnel |
| Equipment |
| History and traditions |
| Awards, decorations and badges |
Leadership in the army is provided by theMinister of Defense, usually leading and controlling the direction of the department of the army from the Army Secretariat-I at theMinistry of Defense, with theDefense Secretary who is responsible for the bureaucratic affairs of the army's department.[129] TheConstitution empowers thePresident of Pakistan, an elected civilian official, to act as theCommander-in-Chief while thePrime Minister, an elected civilian, to act as theChief Executive.[130] TheChief of Army Staff, an appointedfour-star rank army general, is the highest general officer, under ChairmanJoint Chiefs of Staff Committee and Secretary Defense, who acts as the principal military adviser on theexpeditionary andland/ground warfare affairs, and a senior member of theJoint Chiefs of Staff Committee– a military body that advises and briefs the electedPrime Minister and itsexecutive cabinet on national security affairs and operational military matters under theChairman of theJoint Chiefs of Staff Committee.[131]
The single combat headquarter, theArmy GHQ, is located inRawalpindi Cantonment inPunjab inPakistan, in the vicinity of theJoint Staff Headquarters.[131] TheChief of Army Staff controls and commands the army at all levels of operational command, and is assisted the number ofPrincipal Staff Officers (PSOs) who arethree-star rank generals.[131]The military administration under thearmy chief operating at theArmy GHQ including the appointed Principal Staff Officers:
In 2008, a major introduction was made in the military bureaucracy at theArmy GHQ under Gen.Ashfaq Parvez Kayani, when two new PSO positions were introduced: the Inspector-General of Arms and the Inspector-General Communications andIT.[132]
The Army'scorps are divided into three regional-levelcommands which are assigned for defending theterritories ofPakistan.
Thecommissionedarmy ranks and insignia authorized in the Pakistan Army are modified and patterned on theBritish Army'sofficer ranks and insignia system.[133] There are several paths of becoming the commissioned officer in the army including the admission and required graduation from thePakistan Military Academy inKakul.[citation needed] To become an officer in the army, the academic four-yearcollege degree is required for the candidates to become officers in the army, and therefore they are designated by insignia unique to their staff community.[citation needed]
Selection to the officer candidates is highly competitive with ~320–700 individuals are allowed to enter in thePakistan Military Academy annually, with a small number of alreadygraduated physicians, specialists,veterinaries and the engineers from thecivilian universities are directly recruited in the administrative staff corps such asMedical Corps, Veterinary Corps,Engineering Corps, Dental Corps and these graduated individuals are the heart of the administrative corps.: 293 [134] The product of a highly competitive selection process, members of the staff corps have completed twelve years of education in their respected fields (such as attending the schools and universities), and has to spend two years at the Pakistan Military Academy, with their time divided about equally betweenmilitary training and academic work to bring them up to a baccalaureate education level, which includesEnglish-language skills.: 293 [134] The Department of Army also offers employment to civilians in financial management, accountancy, engineering, construction, and administration, and has currently employed 6,500 civilians.[135]
The military officers in the Pakistani military seek retirement between the ages of forty-two and sixty, depending on their ranks, and often seeks employment in thefederal government or theprivate sector where the pay scales are higher as well as the opportunity for gain considerably greater.: 294 [134]
| Rank | O-10 | O-9 | O-8 | O-7 | O-6 | O-5 | O-4 | O-3 | O-2 | O-1 | O-1 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Insignia |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | _Pakistan_Army.svg) | _Pakistan_Army.svg) |
| Title | Field Marshal | General | Lieutenant-General | Major-General | Brigadier | Colonel | Lieutenant-Colonel | Major | Captain | Lieutenant | Second Lieutenant |
| Abbreviation | FM | Gen. | Lt-Gen. | Maj-Gen. | Brig. | Col. | Lt-Col. | Maj. | Capt. | Lt. | 2nd-Lt. |
| NATO Code | OF-10 | OF-9 | OF-8 | OF-7 | OF-6 | OF-5 | OF-4 | OF-3 | OF-2 | OF-1 | OF-1 |
| Rank Hierarchy |  Five-star |  Four-star |  Three-star |  Two-star |  One-star |
The Pakistan Army uniquely uses thejunior commissioned officer (JCO) ranks, equivalent of theWarrant officers or theLimited duty officers in theUnited States military, inherited from the formerBritish Indian Army introduced by theBritish Army inIndia between the enlisted and officer ranks.[citation needed] The JCOs are single-track specialists with their subject of expertise in their particular part of the job and initially appointed (NS1) after risen from their enlisted ranks, receiving the promotion (SM3) from the commanding officer.[citation needed]
The usage of thejunior commissioned officer is the continuation of the formerViceroy's commissioned officer rank, and the JCO ranking system benefited the army since there was a large gap existed between the officers and the enlisted personnel at the time of the establishment of the new army in 1947.[citation needed] Over the several years, the JCOs rank system has outlived its usefulness because the educational level of the enlisted personnel has risen and the army has more comfortably adopted theU.S. Army's ranking platform than the British.[36] Promotion to theJCO ranks remains a powerful and influential incentive for that enlisted personnel desire not to attend the accredited four-year college.[citation needed]
| Insignia |  |  |  |
|---|---|---|---|
| Infantry/other title | Subedar-Major | Subedar | Naib Subedar |
| Cavalry/armor title | Risaldar Major | Risaldar | Naib Risaldar |
The recruiting and enlistment in the army is nationwide but the army's recruiting command maintains an ethnic balance, with those who turned away are encourage to join the either theMarines or theAir Force.: 292 [134] Most enlisted personnel had come from thepoor and rural families with many had only rudimentary literacy skills in thepast, but with the increase in theaffordable education have risen to thematriculation level (12th Grade).: 292 [134] In the past, the army recruits had to re-educate the illiterate personnel while processing them gradually through a paternalistically run regimental training center, teaching the official language,Urdu, if necessary, and given a period of elementary education before their military training actually starts.: 292 [134]
In the thirty-six-week training period, they develop an attachment to the regiment they will remain with through much of their careers and begin to develop a sense of being a Pakistani rather than primarily a member of a tribe or a village.: 292 [134] Enlisted personnel usually serve for eighteen to twenty years, before retiring or gaining a commission, during which they participate in regular military training cycles and have the opportunity to take academic courses to help them advance.: 292 [134]
Thenoncommissioned officers (or enlists) wear respective regimental color chevrons on the right sleeve.: 292 [134] Center point of the uppermost chevron must remain 10 cm from the point of the shoulder.: 292 [134] The Company/battalion appointments wear the appointments badges on the right wrist.: 292 [134] Pay scales and incentives are greater and attractive upon enlistment including the allocation of land, free housing, and financial aid to attend the colleges and universities.: 294 [134] Retirement age for the enlisted personnel varies and depends on the enlisted ranks that they have attained during their services.: 294 [134]
| Pay grade | E-9 | E-8 | E-7 | E-6 | E-5 | E-4 | E-3 | E-2 | E-1 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Insignia |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | No insignia | No insignia |
| Title | Battalion Havildar Major/Regimental Daffadar Major | Battalion Quartermaster Havildar/Regimental Quartermaster Daffadar | Company Havildar Major/Squadron Daffadar Major | Company Quartermaster Havildar/Squadron Quartermaster Daffadar | Havildar/Daffadar | Naik/Lance Daffadar | Lance Naik/Acting Lance Daffadar | Sepoy/Sowar | No Equivalent |
| Abbreviation | BHM/RDM | BQMH/RQD | CHM/SDM | CQMH/SQD | Hav/Dfdr | Nk/L Dfdr | L/Nk/Actg L/Dfdr | Sep/Swr | NE |
| NATO Code | OR-9 | OR-8 | OR-7 | OR-6 | OR-5 | OR-4 | OR-3 | OR-2 | OR-1 |
| U.S. Code | SGM | MSG | SFC | SSG | SGT | CPL | PFC | PVT | – |
Prior to August 1947, theBritish Army's recruiting administration had recruited the enlists from the districts of theJhelum,Rawalpindi, andCampbellpur that dominated the recruitment flows.[4] From 1947 to 1971, the Pakistan Army was predominantly favored to recruit fromPunjab and was popular in the country as the "Punjabi Army" because of heavy recruiting interests coming from therural and poor families of villages in Punjab as well as being the most populous province of Pakistan.: 149 [137][138]
Even as of today, the Pakistan Army's recruiters struggle to enlist citizens and their selfless commitment to the military from theurban areas (i.e.Karachi andPeshawar) where the preference of thecollege education is quite popular (especially attendingpost-graduate schools in theUnited States and theEnglish-speaking countries) as well as working in the settledprivate industry for lucrative salaries and benefits, while the military enlistment still comes from the most rural and remote areas of Pakistan, where commitment to the military is much greater than in themetropolitan cities.: 31 [7]
After 1971, theBhutto administration introduced theQuota system and drastically reduced the officers and enlists from Punjab and gave strong preference to residents inSindh,Balochistan, andKhyber-Pakhtunkhwa, and such policy continue to exists to maintain an ethnic balance in the army.: 163 [139] Those who are turned away are strongly encourage to join theMarines Corps or theAir Force.[4]
In 1991, the department of the army drastically reduced the size of personnel from Punjab, downsizing the army personnel to 63%, and issues acceptable medical waivers interested enlists while encouraging citizens ofKhyber-Pakhtunkhwa andSindh. This decision has given a fair chance to every citizen of Pakistan to be part of the Pakistan Army as each district possesses a fixed percentage of seats in all branches of the Army, as per census records.[citation needed] By 2003–05, the department of army continued its policy by drastically downsizing the personnel from Punjab to 43–70%.[140]
The Department of Army has relaxed its recruitment and medical standards inSindh andBalochistan where the height requirement of 5 feet 4 inches is considered acceptable even with the enlists educational level at eighth grade is acceptable for the waiver; since the army recruiters take responsibility of providing education to 12th grade to the interested enlists from Balochistan and Sindh.: 31 [7] In Punjab andKhyber-Pakhtunkhwa where the recruitment is popular, the height requirement remains to be at 5 feet 6 inches with minimum education of 10th grade.[7]
The army cadets undergo training inKakul at thePakistan Military Academy where basic training takes place. Such training usually lasts for two years until the cadets are able to meet their graduation requirements from the academy.[136] All the cadets have to attend and be trained at the PMA regardless of attending the military schools and colleges in other parts of the country.[136]
Duration wise, it is one of the longest military training period in the country, and the training continues for two years until the cadet is being ablepass out from the academy, before selecting the college to start the career of their choice in the military.[136]
.jpg)
Women have been part of the Pakistan Army since 1947, and from the army's inception to 2018 approximately 4,000 women served the army though most women were doctors and civilians.[141] In the years of 1947, '48 and '49, women were inducted into the Women's Guard Section of theNational Guard and trained in medical work, welfare, and clerical positions (this was later disbanded).[142] Pakistan Army has a separate cadet course for women which is known as 'Lady Cadet Course', female cadets are trained inPakistan Military Academy.[143] After induction, women army officers go through a six-month military training at the Pakistan Military Academy which is not like their male counterparts. The comprehensive training includes military education and development of physical efficiency skills.[144]
Pakistan is the only Muslim-majority nation which appoints women togeneral officer ranks, such asMajor-GeneralShahida Malik, the first woman army officer and military physician by profession who was promoted to a two-star rank.[145] In July 2013, the Army trained female paratrooper officers for the first time.[146][147][148] In 2020,Nigar Johar became the first femaleLieutenant General in the army, she was from thePakistan Army Medical Corps.[149]
The Army recruits from all religions in Pakistan includingHindus,Sikhs,Zoroastrians,Christians who have held command-level positions.[150] Religious services are provided by the Chaplain Corps for Muslims, Hindus, Christians, Sikhs, and Zoroastrians.[79]
In 1993, Major-GeneralJulian Peter was the first Christian to be appointed at the command position whileHercharn Singh became the first Sikh to be commissioned in the army. Between 1947 and 2000, a policy of restrictingHindus prior enlisting in the Pakistan Army was in practice until the policy was reversed by the federal government.[151] In 2006, army recruiters began recruiting Hindus into the army and people of all faith or no faith can be promoted to any rank or commanding position in the army.[152][153]
The equipment and weapon system of Pakistan Army is developed and manufactured by thelocal weapons industry and modern arms have been imported fromChina,Turkey,United Kingdom,United States,France and other countries in theEuropean Union.[4]
TheHeavy Industries Taxila (HIT),Pakistan Ordnance Factories (POF),National Radio and Telecommunication Corporation (NRTC) and thePakistan Aeronautical Complex (PAC) are the major defense contractors for the Army.[154] The industrial concern GIDS has also emerged as a major manufacturer of drones and other defence equipment.
TheHeavy Industries Taxila designs and manufacturedmain battle tanks (MBT) in cooperation with theChina andUkraine, while the fire arms and standard rifles for the army are licensed manufactured by thePakistan Ordnance Factories (POF).[154] The Chinese cooperation and further assistance with the Pakistan Army is vital in designing, vehicular construction, and material manufacturing of themain battle tanks.: xxxv [155] The standard rifle for the army is theGerman designed andPOF manufacturedKoch G3P4.[154]
The defense funding for the army was preferential, which was described as the "lion's share", however, in light ofCPEC's security demanding to secure the seaborne borders, the army financial planners significantly lowered its share in a view of strengthening the under-fundedPakistan navy.[156]
From 1947 to 1971, thearmy service uniform of the Pakistan Army closely resembled to thearmy uniform of theBritish Army, but the uniform changed in preference ofSherwani.[citation needed] The army service uniform consists of a light khaki (tan) coloured long-sleeved shirt with matching trousers. It is accompanied by beret or peaked cap depending on the regiment the soldier belongs to. Organizational headwear, sashes, belts, spats, medals, lanyards, and other achievements are added for ceremonial duties. Unlike other countries inSouth Asia, Pakistan armyofficer uniforms don't include aaiguillette, rather it is used mostly byaid-de-camps. Senior officers wear a greenish-khaki stand-and-fall collared tunic, called theSherwani, with two front pockets, cap of a synthetic material, trousers with two pockets.: 222 [157]
In the 1970s, theMinistry of Defense introduced the first camouflage pattern in thearmy combat uniform, resembling the British-styledDPM but this was changed in 1990 in favor of adopting theU.S. Woodland which continued until 2010.[158] In winter front such as in theSiachen and near theWakhan Corridor, the Pakistan Army personnel wears the heavy winter all white military gear.[159]
As of 2011, the camouflage pattern of the brown and blackBDU was issued and is worn by the officers and the army troops in their times of deployments.[citation needed] The Pakistan Army has introduced arid camouflage patterns in uniform and resized qualification badges which are now service ribbons and no longer worn along with the ranks are now embroidered and are on the chest.[citation needed] The name is badged on the right pocket and the left pocket displays achievement badges by Pakistan Army.[citation needed]
Flag of Pakistan is placed over the black embroidered formation sign on the left arm and class course insignias are put up for the Goldish uniform,[citation needed] decorations and awards[citation needed] and the ranks.[citation needed]
Since the commencement of its organization in 1947, the army's functionality is broadly maintained in two main branches: Combat Arms and Administrative Services.: 46 [35]: 570 [160] From 1947 to 1971, the Pakistan Army had the responsibility of maintaining the British-builtforts till the new and modern garrisons were built after 1971 and performing non-combat duties such as engineering and construction.[4]
Currently, the Army's combat services consist of active-duty personnel and reservists that operate as members of theNational Guard and the paramilitaryCivil Armed Forces.[131] The latter includes theFrontier Corps and thePakistan Rangers, which often perform military police duties for the provincial governments in Pakistan to help control and manage the law and control situation.[131]
The two main branches of the army, Combat Arms and Administrative Services, also consist of several branches and functional areas that include thearmy officers,junior commissioned (orwarrant officers), and the enlisted personnel who are classified from their branches in their uniforms and berets.[131] In Pakistan Army, the careers are not restricted to military officials but are extended to civilian personnel and contractors who can progress in administrative branches of the army.[161]
| Combined Arms | Insignia | Administrative Services | Insignia | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Armoured Corps (AC) | Service Corps (ASC) | |||
| Air Defence (AD) | Military Police (MP) | |||
| Aviation Corps (AVN) | Electrical and Mechanical Engineering (EME) | |||
| Artillery Corps (ARTY) | Medical (AMC) | _Badge.jpg){kind=icon} | ||
| Signals Corps (SIGS) | Education (AEC) | |||
| Engineers Corps (ENG) | Remount Veterinary and Farms (RVFC) | |||
| Infantry Regiments (INF) |       | Ordnance (ORD) | ||
| Special Forces (SSG) | .svg) | Military Intelligence (MI) |
The reorganization of the position standing army in 2008, the Pakistan Army now operates six tactical commands, each commanded by theGOC-in-C, with a holdingthree-star rank:Lieutenant-General.[97][failed verification] Each of the six tactical commands directly reports to the office ofChief of Army Staff, operating directly at theArmy GHQ.[97][failed verification] Each command consists of two or moreCorps– an army field formation responsible forzone within a command theater.[131][failed verification]
There are nine active Corps in the Pakistan Army, composing of mixed infantry, mechanized, armored, artillery divisions, while theAir Defense,Aviation, and theAviation andSpecial Forces are organized and maintained in the separate level of their commands.[131][failed verification]
Established and organized in March 2000, theArmy Strategic Forces Command is exercise its authority for responsible training insafety, weapons deployments, and activation of theatomic missile systems.[162]
In events involving the large and massive foreign invasion by theIndian Army charging towards the Pakistan-sidePunjab sector, the Pakistan Army maintains the "Pakistan Army Reserves" as a strategicreserve component for conducting the offense and defense measures against the advancing enemy.[163]
Since its establishment in 1947, the Pakistan Army has traditionally followed theBritishregimental system and culture, and currently there are six organizedinfantry regiments.[164]
In the infantry branch, there are originally six regiments are in fact the administrative military organization that are not combat field formation, and the size of the regiments are vary as their rotation and deployments includingassisting thefederal government incivic administration.[165]
In each of original six regiments, there are multiple battalions that are associated together to form an infantry regiment and such battalions do not fight together as one formation as they are all deployed over various formations in shape of being part of thebrigade combat team (under aBrigadier),division, or a being part of much largercorps.[166]
After the independence from theGreat Britain in 1947, the Pakistan Army begin to follow theU.S. Army's standing formation of theirInfantry Branch, having the infantry battalion serving for a time period under a different command zone before being deployed to another command zone, usually in another sector or terrain when its tenure is over.[166]
| The Infantry Regiments by seniority | Insignia | Activation Date | Commanding Regimental Center | Motto | War Cry |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Punjab Regiment |  | 1759 | Mardan,Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa | Urdu:نارا-یا-حیدری یا علی (English lit. Ali the Great) | |
| Baloch Regiment | | 1798 | Abbottabad,Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa | غازی یا شہید (English lit.Honoured or Martyr) | کی کی بلوچ (English lit.Of the Baloch) |
| Frontier Force Regiment |  | 1843 | Abbottabad,Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa | لبّیک (English lit. Lucky) | |
| Northern Light Infantry Regiment | | 1913 | Gilgit,Gilgit Baltistan | سبط قدم (English lit. Consistent) | |
| Azad Kashmir Regiment | | 1947 | Mansar,Punjab | ||
| Sind Regiment | | 1980 | Hyderabad,Sindh |
The Pakistan Army has a division dedicated towards conducting theunconventional andasymmetric warfare operations, established with the guidance provided by theUnited States Army in 1956.[168] This competitive special operation force is known as theSpecial Services Group (Army SSG, distinguishing theNavy SSG), and is assembled in eight battalions, commanded by theLieutenant-Colonel, with addition of threecompanies commanded by theMajor or aCaptain, depending on the availability.[169]
The special operation forces training school is located inCherat inKhyber Pakhtunkhwa.[169]
Each battalion in thePakistan Army Special Forces is specifically trained for a specific type of operation, and each battalion is a specialist in their nature of conducting the operation.[169] Due to their distinctive service headgear, the Army SSG is colloquially known as theMaroon Berets.[169]
In 1947, the Pakistan Army's war strategists developed a combat doctrine which was called "The Riposte", which featured a strategy of "offensive-defense".: 310 [170][171] In 1989, the first and official implementation of this strategy was refined and featured in the major military exercise,Exercise Zab-e-Momin, organized underLt-Gen.Hamid Gul[172]– this combat doctrine was fully focused in engaging towards its primary adversary,Indian Army.: 310 [170]
In 1989–99, theJS HQ, working with the Army GHQ to identify several key factors considering the large conventional attacks from the better equipped and numerically advantage adversary, theIndian Army, derived the combat doctrine to assess the vulnerability of Pakistan where its vast majority ofpopulation centers as well as political and military targets lies closer to theinternational border withIndia.[173]
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The national security strategists explored the controversial idea ofstrategic depth in form of fomenting friendly foreign relations withAfghanistan andIran while India substantially enhancing its offensive capabilities designed in its doctrine, theCold Start Doctrine.[173] Due to the numerical advantage ofIndian Army over its smaller adversary, the Pakistan Army, the Pakistani national security analysts noted that any counterattack on advancing Indian Army would be very tricky and miscalculated – the ideal response of countering the attacks from the Indian ground forces would be operationalizing thebattle-rangedHatf-IA/Hatf-IB missiles.[173] In times of national emergency, the Pakistan Army Reserves, supported by theNational Guard andCivil Armed Forces, would likely be deployed to reinforce defensive positions and fortifications.[174] However, after the orders are authorized the Corps in both nation's will take between 24 and 72 hours to completely mobilize their combat assets. Therefore, both nation's armies will be evenly matched in the first 24 hours since the Pakistani units have to travel a shorter distance to their forward positions.[174]
Pakistan's military doctrine emphasizes a proactive defense, also referred to as "offensive-defense". This strategy prioritizes seizing the initiative in a conflict and launching limited counteroffensives to preempt potential enemy advances.[174] Proponents of Pakistan's "offensive-defense" doctrine argue that it offers several advantages. One key benefit is the potential to disrupt an enemy's offensive plans, forcing them to shift focus from their initial attack to defending their own territory. This could place Pakistan in a more favorable position by dictating the terms of engagement on the battlefield.[174] The strategic calculations by Pakistan Army's war strategists hope that the Pakistan Army's soldiers would keep the Indian Army engaged in fighting on the Indian territory, therefore the collateral damage being suffered by the Indian Army will be higher.[174] Pakistani planners also estimate that since Indian forces will not be able to reach their maximum strength near the border for another 48–72 hours, Pakistan might have parity or numerical superiority against India.[174] An important aspect in "offensive-defense" doctrine was to seize sizable Indian territory which gives Pakistan an issue to negotiate with India in the aftermath of a possible ceasefire brought about by the international pressure after 3–4 weeks of fighting.[174]
Due to fortification ofLoC inKashmir and difficult terrains in Northern Punjab, the Army created thePakistan Army Reserves in the 1990s that is concentrated in the desert terrain ofSindh-Rajasthan sector, The Army Reserve South of thePakistan Army Reserves is grouped in several powerful field-level corps and designed to provide defensive maneuvers in case of war with the Indian Army.[174]
After the failure of the "Offensive-defense" in 1999, the national security institutions engaged incritical thinking to evaluate new doctrine that would provide a comprehensivegrand strategy against the infiltrating enemy forces, and development began 2010–11 for the new combat doctrine.[175] In 2013, the new combat doctrine, theThreat Matrix, was unveiled by theISPR, that was the first time in its history that the army's national security analysts realized that Pakistan faces a real threat from within, a threat that is concentrated in areas along western borders.[175] The Threat Matrix doctrine analyze the military's comprehensive operational priorities and goes beyond in comprehensively describing both existential and non-existential threats to the country.[175]
Based on that strategy in 2013, the Pakistani military organized a four-tier joint military exercise, code-named:Exercise Azm-e-Nau, in which the aim was to update the military's "readiness strategy for dealing with the complex security threat environment."[176] The objective of such exercises is to assess tactics, procedures, and techniques, and explore joint operations strategies involving all three branches of the military: the Army,Air Force, andNavy.[176] In successive years, the Pakistani military combined all the branch-level exercises intojoint warfare exercises, in which all four branches now participate, regardless of the terrain, platforms, and control of command.[176]
The Pakistan Army offers wide range of extensive and lucrative careers in the military to young high school graduates and the college degree holders upon enlistment, and Pakistan Army operates the large number of training schools in all over the country.[177] The overall directions and management of thearmy training schools are supervised and controlled by the policies devised by theEducation Corps, and philosophy on instructions in army schools involves in modern education with combat training.[178]
At the time of its establishment of the Pakistan Army in 1947, theCommand and Staff College in Quetta was inherited to Pakistan, and is the oldest college established during thecolonial period inIndia in1905.[179] TheBritish officers in the Pakistan Army had to established the wide range of schools to provide education and to train the army personnel in order to raise the dedicated and professional army.[180] The wide range of military officers in the Pakistani military were sent to attend the staff colleges in theUnited States,United Kingdom,Australia, andCanada who were trained and excelled in courses in armory, infantry, artillery, and ordnance in 1950–1961.: 293 [134]
TheUnited States eventually took over the overall training programs in the Pakistan Army under theInternational Military Education and Training (IMET) but the U.S. coordination with Pakistan varied along with the vicissitudes of themilitary relations betweentwo countries.: 12 [181] In the 1980s, the army had sent ~200 army officers abroad annually, two-thirds actually decided to attend schooling in theUnited States but the cessation of the United States' aid to Pakistan led the suspension of theIMET, leading Pakistani military officers to choose the schooling in theUnited Kingdom.: 294 [134]
After theterrorist attacks in theUnited States in 2001, theIMET cooperation was again activated with army officers begin attending the schooling in the United States but the training program was again suspended in 2018 by theTrump administration, leveling accusations onsupporting armed Jihadi groups inAfghanistan.[182]
During the reconstruction and reorganization of the armed forces in the 1970s, the army established more training schools as below:
| Army schools and colleges | Year of establishment | School and college principal locations | Website |
|---|---|---|---|
| School of Armour and Mechanized Warfare | 1947 | Nowshera inKhyber-Pakhtunkhwa | "School of Armour and Mechanized Warfare". Archived fromthe original on 3 January 2019. Retrieved3 January 2019. |
| School of Artillery | 1948 | Kakul inKhyber-Pakhtunkhwa | "School of Artillery". Archived fromthe original on 3 January 2019. Retrieved3 January 2019. |
| School of Army Air Defense | 1941 | Karachi inSindh | "School of Army Air Defence". Archived fromthe original on 21 January 2019. Retrieved20 January 2019. |
| Military College of Engineering | 1947 | Risalpur inKhyber-Pakhtunkhwa | "Military College of Engineering". Archived fromthe original on 21 January 2019. Retrieved20 January 2019. |
| Military College of Signals | 1947 | Rawalpindi inPunjab | "Military College of Signals". Archived fromthe original on 21 January 2019. Retrieved20 January 2019. |
| School of Infantry and Tactics | 1947 | Quetta inBalochistan | "School of Infantry and Tactics". Archived fromthe original on 3 January 2019. Retrieved3 January 2019. |
| Aviation School | 1964 | Gujranwala in Punjab | "Army Aviation School". Archived fromthe original on 3 January 2019. Retrieved3 January 2019. |
| Service Corps School | 1947 | Nowshera in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa | "Army Service Corps School". Archived fromthe original on 20 January 2019. Retrieved20 January 2019. |
| Army Desert Warfare School | 1977 | Rawalpindi in Punjab | "Army Medical College". Archived fromthe original on 21 January 2019. Retrieved20 January 2019. |
| Ordnance College | 1980 | Karachi in Sindh | "Ordnance College". Archived fromthe original on 3 January 2019. Retrieved3 January 2019. |
| College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering | 1957 | Rawalpindi in Punjab | "College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering". Archived fromthe original on 21 January 2019. Retrieved20 January 2019. |
| Special warfare and skills schools | Year of establishment | School and college principal locations | Website |
| Special Operations School | 1956 | Cherat inKhyber-Pakhtunkhwa | "Special Operations School".[permanent dead link] |
| Parachute Training School | 1964 | Kakul inKhyber-Pakhtunkhwa | "Parachute Training School". Archived fromthe original on 20 January 2019. Retrieved20 January 2019. |
| Corps of Military Police School | 1949 | D.I. Khan in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa | "Corps of Military Police School". Archived fromthe original on 21 January 2019. Retrieved20 January 2019. |
| School of Logistics | 1974 | Murree in Punjab | "Army School of Logistics". Archived fromthe original on 2 August 2019. Retrieved20 January 2019. |
| School of Mountain Warfare and Physical Training | 1978 | Kakul inKhyber-Pakhtunkhwa | "Army School of Mountain Warfare and Physical Training". Archived fromthe original on 21 January 2019. Retrieved20 January 2019. |
| High Altitude School | 1987 | Rattu inGilgit-Baltistan | "Army High Altitude School". Archived fromthe original on 21 January 2019. Retrieved20 January 2019. |
| Army Desert Warfare School | 1987 | Chor in Sindh | "Army Desert Warfare School".[permanent dead link] |
| School of Music | 1970 | Abbottabad in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa | "Army School of Music". Archived fromthe original on 21 January 2019. Retrieved20 January 2019. |
| Dog Breeding Training Center and School | 1952 | Rawalpindi in Punjab | "Army Dog Breeding Training Centre and School". Archived fromthe original on 21 January 2019. Retrieved20 January 2019. |
| Veterinary School | 1947 | Sargodha in Punjab | "Army Veterinary School"(PDF). Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 21 January 2019. Retrieved20 January 2019. |
| Higher education institutions | Year of establishment | Locations | Website |
| Command and Staff College | 1905 | Quetta in Balochistan | "Command and Staff College". Archived fromthe original on 21 January 2019. Retrieved20 January 2019. |
| National Defense University | 1971 | Islamabad | "National Defense University". Archived fromthe original on 21 January 2019. Retrieved20 January 2019. |
| National University of Sciences and Technology | 1991 | Multiple campuses | "National University of Sciences and Technology". Archived fromthe original on 23 October 2020. Retrieved20 January 2019. |
Sources:Army SchoolsArchived 3 August 2019 at theWayback Machine andSkills SchoolsArchived 21 January 2019 at theWayback Machine of Pakistan Army
The Pakistan Army's training schools are not restricted to the department of the army only but inter-services officers and personnel have been trained and educated as part of the interdepartmental cooperation.[177] The Pakistan Army takes responsibility of providing the military training and education toPakistan Marines at their School of Infantry and Tactics, and military officers in other branches have attended and qualifiedpsc from theCommand and Staff College in Quetta.[177] Officers holding the ranks ofcaptains,majors,lieutenants andlieutenant-commanders in marines are usually invited to attend the courses at the Command and Staff College in Quetta to be qualified aspsc.: 9 [44]
Established in 1971, theNational Defense University (NDU) inIslamabad is the senior and higher education learning institution that provides the advancecritical thinking level and research-basedstrategy level education to the senior military officers in the Pakistani military.[183] TheNDU in Islamabad is a significant institution of higher learning in understanding the institutional norms of military tutelage in Pakistan because it constitutes the "highest learning platform where the military leadership comes together for common instruction", according to thesis written by Pakistani author Aqil Shah.: 8 [44] Without securing theirgraduation from their master's program, no officer in the Pakistani military can be promoted as general in the army or air force, or admiral in the navy as it is a prerequisite for their promotion to become a senior member at theJoint Chiefs of Staff Committee.: 8–9 [44]
Besides, the platform provided at theNDU in Islamabad represents a radical shift from the emphasis on operational and staff functions and the level of ranks are imposed as a qualification to attend themaster's program at theNDU, usuallybrigadiers,air commodores, andcommodores, are invited to given admission in a broad range of strategic, political, social, and economic factors as these factors affect the country's national security.: 8–9 [44] In this sense, theNDU becomes the critical thinking institution as its constitutes active-duty senior military officers corps' baptism into a shared ideological framework about the military's appropriate role, status, and behavior in relation to state and society, and shared values affect how these officers perceive and respond to civilian governmental decisions, policies, and political crises.: 9–10 [184] Admissions to the army's military engineering colleges andNDU is not restricted to military officials but the civilians can also attend and graduate from the NDU, allowing the civilians to explore the broader aspects of national security.: 8–9 [44]
Established in 1991, theNational University of Sciences and Technology (NUST) has now absorbed and amalgamated the existing military colleges of engineering, signals, aeronautical, medical and is a counterpart institution inscience and technology to that of theNational Defense University (NDU) inIslamabad.[185]
The foreign military officials and students, including from theUnited States, have attended the Command and Staff College in Quetta and theNational Defense University (NDU) inIslamabad but the American instructors and observers have penned critical analysis by reporting the curriculum offered by the Command and Staff College in Quetta to be narrow focus and failure to encourage speculative thinking or to give adequate attention to less glamorous subjects, such as logistics.: 293 [134]: 518 [186]
Since the 1970s, the Pakistan Army's engineering formations have been involved incivil engineering of the important landmarks in the country,hydroelectricity,power generation,dams, andnational freeways.[135]
The Pakistan Army builds major civil engineering landmarks in the country, including theKarakoram Highway,Skardu Airport, and thenational security sites inKahuta.[135] TheFrontier Works Organization of the army, has built several infrastructures with theCorps of Engineers all over the country, and has built the communications lines in Northern Pakistan through itsSpecial Communications Organization (SCO).[135]
The Corps of Engineers are the major civil engineering contractor and engineering consultant employed by thefederal government, advising on construction management and on to improving the efficiency of construction measures in times of natural calamities.[187]
The Pakistan Army's landmark civil engineering projects included theLyari Expressway in Karachi,Makran Coastal Highway inBalochistan and theKhanpur Dam inKhyber-Pakhtunkhwa.[187] Besides their infrastructure projects in Pakistan, the Pakistan Army has built several infrastructures projects in other parts of the world as part their deployment in United Nation's peacekeeping missions.[187]
In the wake of the new world power equilibrium, a more complex security environment has emerged. It's characterized by growing national power politics.
| Start of operation | Name of operation | Location | Conflict | Contribution |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1999 | United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO) |  Democratic Republic of Congo | Second Congo War | 3,556 troops[188] |
| 2003 | United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) |  Liberia | Second Liberian Civil War | 2,741 troops[188] |
| 2004 | United Nations Operation in BurundiONUB |  Burundi | Burundi Civil War | 1,185 troops[188] |
| 2004 | United Nations Operation in Côte d'Ivoire (UNOCI) |  Côte d'Ivoire | Civil war in Côte d'Ivoire | 1,145 troops[188] |
| 2005 | United Nations Mission in the Sudan (UNMIS) |  Sudan | Second Sudanese Civil War | 1,542 troops[188] |
| Staff/observers | 191 observers[188] |
The Pakistan Army has played an integral part in the civil society of Pakistan, almost since its inception.[190] In 1996, General Jehangir Karamat described Pakistan armed forces' relations with the society:
In my opinion, if we have to repeat of past events then we must understand that Military leaders can pressure only up to a point. Beyond that their own position starts getting undermined because the military is after all is a mirror image of the civil society from which it is drawn.
— General Jehangir Karamat on civil society–military relations[190]
In times of national calamities and natural disasters, including the devastatingearthquake in 2005 or thegreat floods in 2010, the army engineering corps, medical, logistical personnel, and other armed forces services have played a major role inarea rehabilitation and reconstruction of cities and towns while distributing the relief goods andmilitary rations to the affected civilians.[191] Since 1948, the army has been involved in providing power generation to affected areas, building dams, and construction of towns and cities, and conducting rescue operations for evacuations of general public and animals from endangerment.[191]
To coordinate and manage the proper relief operations, reconstructions, and rehabilitation, thefederal governmentappoints the active-duty officers, as an external billets appointments, to lead federal agencies such as theNDMA.[192] Besides relief activities in the country, the Pakistan Army has also engaged in other parts of the world such as coordinating and leading the relief efforts inIndonesia,Bangladesh, andSri Lanka after these countries were affected by theunderwater earthquake that resulted in tsunami in 2004.[193]
Stephen P. Cohen in his article, Pakistan: Army, Society and Security writes:
There are armies which guard their nation's borders, there are armies which are concerned with protecting their own position in society, and there are armies which defend a cause or an idea. The Pakistan Army does all three.
— Stephen P. Cohen[194]
The Pakistan Army's business interests, managed through foundations like the Fauji Foundation, have been a subject of international scrutiny. News agencies and investigations by financial regulators allege the military controls a vast network of business enterprises and conglomerates, with estimates suggesting a total revenue of US$20 billion in 2007-2008.[195] TheDefence Housing Authority (DHA) andAskari Real Estate are prominent examples of the Pakistan Army's large-scale real estate ventures. However, critics point out that none of the 46 housing schemes directly built by the armed forces cater to ordinary soldiers, civilian officers or other army personnel.[196]
TheFauji Foundation (lit. 'Soldier Foundation') is a Pakistani conglomerate publicly traded on thePakistan Stock Exchange (PSX). It manufactures and sells processed meat, and operates stud and dairy farms primarily for the military's use. The foundation also has subsidiaries that contribute to the civilian economy through various enterprises, including bakeries, security services and banking. Its factories produce a wide range of goods, including sugar and fertilizer.[195]
 | Nishan-e-Haider(Order of the Lion) | [197] |
 | Hilal-e-Jurat(Crescent of Courage) | |
 | Sitara-e-Jurat(Star of Courage) | |
 | Tamgha-e-Jurat(Medal of Courage) | |
 | Imtiazi Sanad(Mentioned in Despatches) |
| Order of Wear | |||
|---|---|---|---|
(Order of the Lion) | .png) |  | (Crescent of Courage) |
 (Crescent of Bravery) | |  | (Star of Courage) |
(Star of Bravery) |  |  |  (Star of Good Conduct) |
 (Star of Sacrifice) | (Medal of Courage) | (Medal of Bravery) |  |
 (Medal of Good Conduct) |  (Medal of Sacrifice) | (Mentioned in Despatches) |  (General Service Medal) |
 (War Star 1965) |  (War Star 1971) | .png) (War Medal 1965) |  (War Medal 1971) |
.png) | .png) |  (Medal of Conviction) | .png) (Medal of Service Class I) |
.png) (Medal of Service Class I) | .png) (Medal of Service Class I) | .png) | .png) |
.png) | .png) | .png) |  |
 | .png) (Republic Commemoration Medal) |  (Hijri Medal) |  (Democracy Medal) |
 (Resolution Day Golden Jubilee Medal) |  (Independence Day Golden Jubilee Medal) |  Command & Staff College Quetta Instructor's Medal |  Command & Staff College Quetta Student Medal |
Inmilitary awards hierarchy, theNishan-e-Haidar (lit. 'Order of Lion Urdu نشان حیدر') is the highest and most prestigious honour awarded posthumously for bravery and actions of valor in event of war.: 220 [198] The honour is a namesake ofAli and the recipients receiving this honorary title as a sign of respect:Shaheed meaningmartyr.: 4 [199]
Since 1947–2019, there has been ten Pakistani military officers and personnel who have honoured with this prestigious medal— out of which, nine have been officers and soldiers in the Pakistan Army, bestowed to those who engaged in wars with India.[200]
The Pakistan Army has received foreign awards for its services to other nations. Notably, two army pilots from theAviation Corps were honored for a daring rescue operation. Lt-Col. Rashiduhlla Beg and Lt-Col. Khalid Amir were awarded the Golden Order for Services by the Slovenian President in the capital, Ljubljana, for rescuing Slovenian mountaineer Tomaz Humar, who was stranded on the 8,125-meter (26,657 ft) peak Nanga Parbat.[201]
In addition, there are numbers of the army general officers have been honoured multiple times with the United States'sLegion of Merit for cooperation and strengthening bilateral ties with the United States 1980s–2015.: 261 [202] In 2010, the Pakistan Army was awarded with agold medal at theExercise Cambrian Patrol held in Wales in theUnited Kingdom.[203][204]
The Army offers programs in many sports includingboxing,field hockey,cricket, swimming, table tennis,karate,basketball,soccer, and other sports.[205]
The Army basketball program regularly provides thePakistan national basketball team with players.[206]
after large numbers of tribesmen.
The invading Indian forces outfought their Pakistani counterparts and halted their attack on the outskirts of Lahore, Pakistan's second-largest city. By the time United Nations intervened on 22 September, Pakistan had suffered a clear defeat.
won a clear victory.Quote: India, however, was in a position to inflict grave damage to, if not capture, Pakistan's capital of the Punjab when the cease-fire was called, and controlled Kashmir's strategic Uri-Poonch bulge, much to Ayub's chagrin.
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{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
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