| Pahari Pothwari | |
|---|---|
| پہاڑی ،پوٹھوہاری Poṭhohārī, Pahāṛī | |
 | |
| Native to | Pakistan |
| Region | Pothohar region ofPunjab,Azad Kashmir and western parts ofJammu and Kashmir |
Native speakers | several million[a] |
| Shahmukhi | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | phr |
| Glottolog | paha1251 Pahari Potwari |
Pahari Pothwari[b][c] is anIndo-Aryanlanguage variety of theLahnda group,[d] spoken in the northern half ofPothohar Plateau, inPunjab, Pakistan, as well as in the most of Pakistan-administeredAzad Kashmir and in the western areas of Indian-administeredJammu and Kashmir. It is known by a variety of names, the most common of which arePahari (English:/pəˈhɑːri/;[1]an ambiguous name also applied to other unrelated languages of India), andPothwari (orPothohari).
The language is transitional betweenHindko andstandard Punjabi and is mutually intelligible with both.[2] There have been efforts at cultivation as a literary language,[3] although a local standard has not been established yet.[4]
Grierson in his early 20th-centuryLinguistic Survey of India assigned it to a so-called "northern cluster" of Lahnda (Western Punjabi), but this classification, as well as the validity of the Lahnda grouping in this case, have been called into question.[5] In a sense allLahnda varieties, and standard Punjabi are "dialects" of a "greater Punjabi" macrolanguage.[6]
There are at least three major dialects: Pothwari, Mirpuri and Pahari.[e]
The dialects are mutually intelligible,[7] but the difference between the northernmost and the southernmost dialects (fromMuzaffarabad andMirpur respectively) is enough to cause difficulties in understanding.[8]
Pothwari (پوٹھوہاری), also speltPotwari,Potohari andPothohari,[9] is spoken in the north-eastern portion ofPothohar Plateau of northern Punjab,[10] an area administratively withinRawalpindi division.[11] Pothwari is its most common name, and some call itPindiwal Punjabi to differentiate it from the Punjabi spoken elsewhere in Punjab.[12]
Pothwari extends southwards up to theSalt Range, with the city ofJhelum marking the border withMajha dialect. To the north, Pothwari transitions into the Pahari-speaking area, withBharakao, near Islamabad, generally regarded as the point where Pothwari ends and Pahari begins.[13] InAttock andTalagang districts of Pothohar, it comes in contact with other Lahnda varieties, namelyChacchi,Awankari andGhebi. InChakwal, yet another dialect is spoken,Dhani.[14]
Pothwari has been represented as a dialect of Punjabi by the Punjabi language movement,[4] and in census reports the Pothwari areas of Punjab have been shown as Punjabi-majority.[f]
East of the Pothwari areas, across theJhelum River intoMirpur District in Azad Kashmir, the language is more similar to Pothwari than to the Pahari spoken in the rest of Azad Kashmir.[15]Locally it is known by a variety of names:[g]Pahari,Mirpur Pahari,Mirpuri,[h] andPothwari,[16] while some of its speakers call itPunjabi.[17]Mirpuris possess a strong sense of Kashmiri identity that overrides linguistic identification with closely related groups outside Azad Kashmir, such as the Pothwari Punjabis.[18]The Mirpur region has been the source of the greater part of Pakistani immigration to the UK, a process that started when thousands were displaced by the construction of theMangla Dam in the 1960s and emigrated to fill labour shortages in England.[19]TheBritish Mirpuri diaspora now numbers several hundred thousand, and Pahari has been argued to be the second most common mother tongue in the UK, yet the language is little known in the wider society there and its status has remained surrounded by confusion.[20]
Pahari (پہاڑی) is spoken to the north of Pothwari. The central cluster of Pahari dialects is found aroundMurree.[21] This area is in theGalyat: the hill country ofMurree Tehsil in the northeast of Rawalpindi District (just north of the capital Islamabad) and the adjoining areas in southeasternAbbottabad District.[22] One name occasionally found in the literature for this language isDhundi-Kairali (Ḍhūṇḍī-Kaiṛālī), a term first used byGrierson[23] who based it on the names of the two major tribes of the area – theKairal and theDhund.[10] Its speakers call itPahari in Murree tehsil, while in Abbottabad district it is known as eitherHindko orḌhūṇḍī.[24]Nevertheless,Hindko – properly the language of the rest of Abbottabad District and the neighbouring areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa – is generally regarded as a different language.[25] It forms adialect continuum with Pahari,[10] and the transition between the two is in northern Azad Kashmir and in the Galyat region. For example, on the road from Murree northwest towards the city of Abbottabad, Pahari gradually changes into Hindko betweenAyubia andNathiagali.[26]
A closely related dialect is spoken across the Jhelum River in Azad Kashmir, north of the Mirpuri areas. Names associated in the literature with this dialect arePahari (itself the term most commonly used by the speakers themselves),Chibhālī,[27] named after theChibhal region[28] or the Chibh ethnic group,[11] andPahari (Poonchi) (پونچھی, also speltPunchhi). The latter name has been variously applied to either the Chibhali variety specific to thedistrict of Poonch,[29] or to the dialect of the whole northern half of Azad Kashmir.[30] This dialect (or dialects) has been seen either as a separate dialect from the one in Murree,[23] or as belonging to the same central group of Pahari dialects.[31] The dialect of thedistrict of Bagh, for example, has more shared vocabulary with the core dialects from Murree (86–88%) than with the varieties of either Muzaffarabad (84%) or Mirpur (78%).[32]
InMuzaffarabad the dialect shows lexical similarity[i] of 83–88% with the central group of Pahari dialects, which is high enough for the authors of the sociolinguistic survey to classify it is a central dialect itself, but low enough to warrant noting its borderline status.[33] The speakers however tend to call their languageHindko[34] and to identify more with the Hindko spoken to the west,[35] despite the lower lexical similarity (73–79%) with the core Hindko dialects ofAbbottabad andMansehra.[36] Further north into theNeelam Valley the dialect, now known locally asParmi, becomes closer to Hindko.[37]
Pahari is also spoken further east across theLine of Control into thePir Panjal mountains in IndianJammu and Kashmir. The population, estimated at 1 million,[38] is found in the region between theJhelum andChenab rivers: most significantly in the districts ofPoonch andRajouri, to a lesser extent in neighbouringBaramulla andKupwara,[39] and also – as a result of the influx of refugees during thePartition of 1947 – scattered throughout the rest of Jammu and Kashmir.[40] Pahari is among the regional languages listed in the sixth schedule of theConstitution of Jammu and Kashmir.[41] This Pahari is sometimes conflated with theWestern Pahari languages spoken in the mountainous region in the south-east of Indian Jammu and Kashmir. These languages, which includeBhadarwahi and its neighbours, are often called "Pahari", although not same they are closely related to Pahari–Pothwari.[42]
Pahari Pothwari is also very widely spoken in theUnited Kingdom. Labour shortages afterWorld War II, and the displacement of peoples caused by the construction of the Mangla Dam, facilitated extensive migration of Pahari-Pothwari speakers to the UK during the 1950s and 1960s, especially from the Mirpur District. Academics estimate that between two thirds and 80% of people officially classified asBritish Pakistanis originate as part of this diaspora, with some suggesting that it is the second most spokenlanguage of the United Kingdom, ahead of even Welsh, with hundreds of thousands of speakers.[43] However, since there is little awareness of the identity of the language among speakers,[44] census results do not reflect this.[45] The highest proportions of Pahari-Pothwari speakers are found in urban centres, especially theWest Midlands conurbation and theWest Yorkshire Built-up Area.[45]
| Front | Central | Back | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| oral | nasal | oral | nasal | oral | nasal | |
| Close | iː | ĩː | uː | ũː | ||
| Near-close | ɪ | ʊ | ||||
| Mid | eeː | ẽː | ə | ooː | ||
| Open | ææː | aː | ãː | |||
| Front | Central | Back | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| oral | nasal | oral | nasal | oral | nasal | |
| Close | iiː | ĩĩː | uuː | ũũː | ||
| Mid | e | ẽ | ɐ | ɐ̃ | o | õ |
| Open | ɑ | ɑ̃ | ||||
A long diphthong /ɑi/ can be realized as[äː].[46]
| person | number | direct | oblique | dative | genitive | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st person | singular | mẽ | mikī | mhārā | ||
| plural | as | asā̃ | asā̃-kī | sāhṛā | ||
| 2nd person | singular | tū̃ | tukī | tahṛā/tuhāṛā | ||
| plural | tus | tusā̃ | tusā̃-kī | tusā̃-nā | ||
| 3rd person | near | singular | é | is | is-kī | is-nā |
| plural | ehnā̃ | ehnā̃-kī | ehnā̃-nā | |||
| remote | singular | ó | us | us-kī | us-nā | |
| plural | ohnā̃ | ohnā̃-kī | ohnā̃-nā | |||
Pahari-Pothwari Pronominal forms are:
| romanisation | ||
|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | |
| 2nd person | -ī | -ne |
| 3rd person | -s | -ne |
| English | Pahari-Pothwari | |
|---|---|---|
| Shahmukhi | Transliteration | |
| alright, what did he say next? (3.p.s.) | ہالا فیر کے آخیا ہیس/ہس؟ | Halā fer ke ākhyā hais/has |
| are your hands and feet broken? (2.p.p.) | ہتھّ پَیر بھجّے / ترُٹّے نی؟ | Hatth pair bhajje truṭṭe nī |
| I'm bringing it for you (2.p.s.) | ایہہ میں تہاڑے واسطے آݨنا ای | Eh maiñ tuhāṛe wāste āṇnā ī |
| did you eat? (2.p. respectful) | روٹی کھادی نے؟ | Roṭī khādī ne |
| he didn't even bother this much (3.p.s.) | اتنا وی نہیں٘س آخیا | Itnā vī nahīñs ākhyā |
Extendedmasculine forms can be realised as being added theoblique forms ending in -e, which is shortened to-i- (phonetically [e̯]) beforeback vowels and is lost beforefront vowels.
| Class | Gender | Number | Direct | Oblique | Vocative | Ablative | Locative | Instrumental |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Extended | Masculine | Singular | ā | e | iā | iū̃ | e | |
| Plural | e | iāñ | io | n/a | ī̃ | |||
| Feminine | Singular | ī | īe | īū̃ | e | |||
| Plural | īā̃ | īo | n/a | ī̃ | ||||
| Unextended | Masculine | Singular | Ø | ai | ā | ū̃ | e | |
| Plural | āñ | o | n/a | ī̃ | ||||
| Feminine | Singular | ai | e | ū̃ | e | |||
| Plural | āñ | o | n/a | ī̃ | ||||
| class | gender | number | direct | oblique | vocative | ablative | locative | instrumental |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| extended form | masculine | singular | kuttā | kutte | kuttiā | kuttiū̃ | kutte | |
| plural | kutte | kuttiā̃ | kuttio | kutteī̃ | ||||
| feminine | singular | kuttī | kuttīe | kuttīū̃ | kutte | |||
| plural | kuttīā̃ | kuttīo | kuttī̃ | |||||
| unextended forms | masculine | singular | ghar | ghare | gharā | gharū̃ | ghare | |
| plural | ghar | gharā̃ | gharo | gharī̃ | ||||
| feminine | singular | gall | galle | galle | gallū̃ | galle | ||
| plural | gallā̃ | gallo | gallī̃ | |||||
Pahari-Pothwari has unique forms for nouns in oblique cases. This is not observed in standard Punjabi, but is seen inHindko.[48]
| English | Pahari-Pothwari | Standard Punjabi | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shahmukhi | Transliteration | Shahmukhi | Transliteration | |
| housework | گھرے نا کمّ | Ghare nā kamm | گھر دا کمّ | Ghar dā kamm |
| dinner | راتی نی روٹی | Rātī nī roṭī | رات دی روٹی | Rāt dī roṭī |
| in a young age | نِکّی عُمرے وِچ | Nikkī umre vicc | نِکّی عُمر وِچّ | Nikkī umr vicc |
| on my heart | مھاڑے دِلّے اپّر | Mhāṛe dille appar | میرے دِل تے | Mere dil te |
| with care | دھیاݨے نال | Dhyāṇe nāl | دھیان نال | Dhyān nāl |
| patiently | ارامے نال | Arāme nāl | ارام نال | Arām nāl |
| to my sister | بھیݨُوں کی | Bhaiṇūñ kī | بھین نُوں | Bhaiṇ nūñ |
| for my brother | بھراُو واسطے | Bhrāū vāste | بھرا واسطے | Bhrā vāste |
| important detail | کمّے نی گلّ | Kamme nī gall | کمّ دی گلّ | Kamm dī gall |
| there's no accounting for taste | شَونقے نا کوئی مُل نہیں ہوݨا | Shaunqe koī mul nahīñ hoṇā | شَونق دا کوئی مُل نہیں ہوندا | Shaunq koī mul nahīñ hondā |
| understand the point | گلّے کی سمجھ | Galle kī samjh | گلّ نُوں سمجھ | Gall nūñ samjh |
A peculiar feature of Pahari-Pothwari is to end the basic root form of verbs with an "i" sound.[49]
| English | Pahari-Pothwari | |
|---|---|---|
| Shahmukhi | Transliteration | |
| it happened | ہوئی گیا | Hoī gyā |
| it may be possible | ہوئی سکنا اے | Hoī saknā ai |
| together | رلی مِلی تے | Ralī milī te |
| finish it | مُکائی چھوڑ | Mukāī choṛ |
| look | تکّی گھِنو | Takkī ghinno |
| come back after having lunch | روٹی کھائی تے مُڑی اچھِیں | Roṭī khāī te muṛī achhī̃ |
| eat it | کھائی گھِن | Khāī Ghin |
| sit quietly for once | کدے ٹِکی تے بہی وی جُلیا کر | Kade ṭikī te bahī vī julyā kar |
The future tense in Pothwari is formed by adding -s as opposed to the Eastern Punjabigā.[50]
This tense is also used in otherwestern Punjabi dialects such as the Jatki dialects,Shahpuri,Jhangochi andDhanni, as well as in andHindko andSaraiki.[51]
| English | Pahari-Pothwari | Eastern Punjabi | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shahmukhi | transliteration | Shahmukhi | transliteration | |
| I will do | مَیں کرساں | mãi karsāñ | مَیں کرانگا | mãi karāngā |
| we will do | اَساں کرساں | asā̃ karsāñ | اَسِیں کرانگے | asī̃ karānge |
| you will do (s) | تُوں کرسَیں | tū̃ karsaiñ | تُوں کریں گا | tū̃ karaiñgā |
| you will do (p) | تُساں کرسو | tusā̃ karso | تُسِیں کروگے | tusī̃ karoge |
| he/she will do | اوه کَرسی | ó karsī | اوه کرے گا | ó karega |
| they will do | اوہ کرسن | ó karsan | اوه کرݨ گے | ó karaṇge |
This type of future tense was also used by classical Punjabi poets. Punjabi poetBulleh Shah sometimes uses a similar form of future tense in his poetry:[52]
Shahmukhi: جو کُجھ کرسَیں, سو کُجھ پاسَیں
Transliteration: jo kujh karsãĩ, so kujh pāsãĩ
Translation: whatsoever you do, is what you shall gain[53]
It should also be noted that in Pahari-Pothwari, the Habitual form of verbs end innā. This means that "to say" would beākhnā in Pahari-Pothwari.
| English | Pahari-Pothwari | |
|---|---|---|
| Shahmukhi | Transliteration | |
| we come | اساں اچھنے آں
| Asāñ acchne āñ |
| what do you say? | تُوں کے آخنا ایں؟ | Tūñ ke ākhnā eñ |
| the things I do | جہڑے کمّ میں کرنا آں | Jahiṛe kamm main̄ karnā āñ |
Pahari-Pothwari usespeyā (past tense form ofpēṇā) to signify the continuous tense.[54]
| English | Pahari-Pothwari | |
|---|---|---|
| transliteration | Shahmukhi | |
| I am doing (m.) | mē̃ karnā peyā ā̃̀ | میں کرنا پیا ہاں |
| we are doing (m./mixed) | asā̃ karne pa'e ā̃̀ | اساں کرنے پئے ہاں |
| you are doing (sing., m.) | tū̃ karna peya aĩ̀ | تُوں کرنا پیا ہیں |
| you are doing (sing., f.) | tū̃ karnī paī aĩ̀ | تُوں کرنی پئی ہیں |
| you are doing (plural, m./mixed) | tusā̃ karne pa'e ò | تُساں کرنے پئے ہو |
| he is doing | ó karna peya aì | اوہ کرنا پیا ہے |
| she is doing | ó karnī paī aì | اوہ کرنی پئی ہے |
| they are doing (m.) | ó karne pa'e ìn | اوہ کرنے پئے ہِن |
| they are doing (f.) | ó karniyā̃ paiyā̃ ìn | اوہ کرنیاں پئیاں ہِن |
The genitive marker in Pahari-Pothwari is represented through the use ofnā (ਨਾ /نا).[55]
The dative and definite object marker in Pahari-Pothwari iskī (ਕੀ /کی).
The phrase:"to the people" would belokkā̃kī (ਲੋਕਾਂਕੀ / لوکاںکی) in Pahari-Pothwari.
Pahari-Pothwari follows the numbering traditions of standard Punjabi. A point of departure from eastern Punjabi dialects occurs in the use oftrai (ترَے) instead oftinn (تِنّ) for "three". Other western Punjabi dialects also tend to usetrai overtinn.[56]
| English | Pahari-Pothwari | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| numbers | numerals | transliteration | Shahmukhi | numerals |
| one | 1 | ikk | اِکّ | ۱ |
| two | 2 | do | دو | ۲ |
| three | 3 | trai | ترَے | ۳ |
| four | 4 | chār | چار | ۴ |
| five | 5 | panj | پَنج | ۵ |
| six | 6 | che | چھے | ۶ |
| seven | 7 | satt | سَتّ | ۷ |
| eight | 8 | aṭṭh | اَٹّھ | ۸ |
| nine | 9 | nau | نَو | ۹ |
| ten | 10 | das | دَس | ۱۰ |
| English | Pahari-Pothwari | |
|---|---|---|
| ordinals | Shahmukhi | transliteration |
| First | پہلا | Pehlā |
| Second | دووا | Dūwā |
| Third | تریا | Trīyā |
| Fourth | چوتھا | Chautthā |
A majority of the general verbs between Pahari-Pothwari and most other dialects of Punjabi appear to be the same.[57]
| Pahari-Pothwari general verbs | ||
|---|---|---|
| English | Pahari-Pothwari | |
| Shahmukhi | Transliteration | |
| taking out | کڈھّݨا | Kaḍḍhṇā |
| taking off | لاہݨا | Lāhṇā |
| applying | لاݨا | Lāṇā |
| decreasing | گھٹّݨا | Ghaṭṭṇā |
| jumping | چھال مارنی | Chāl mārnī |
| agreeing | منّݨا | Mannaṇā |
| hesitating | جھکّݨا | Jhakkṇā |
| forgetting | بھُلّݨا | Bhullaṇā |
| wearing / pouring | باݨا | Bāṇā |
| lying / to be poured | پَیݨا | Paiṇā |
| sitting | بہݨا | Bahiṇā |
| breaking | بھنّݨا یا تروڑنا | Bhannaṇā yā troṛnā |
| returning | موڑنا | Moṛnā |
| flipping | پرتاݨا | Paratāṇā |
| seeing | تکݨا | Takkṇā |
| to be seen | دِسّݨا | Dissṇā |
| telling | دسّݨا | Dassṇā |
| saying | آخݨا | Ākhṇā |
| running | نسّݨا | Nassṇā |
| falling | ڈھیہݨا | Ḍhehṇā |
| slipping | تِلکݨا | Tilkaṇā |
| chewing | چِتھّݨا | Citthṇā |
| coughing | کھنگھݨا | Khanghṇā |
| raising | چاڑھنا | Cāṛhnā |
| coming | اچھݨا | Acchṇā |
| walking | ٹُرنا | Ṭurnā |
| pulling | چھِکّݨا | Chikkṇā |
| passing | لنگھّݨا | Langhṇā |
| capturing | مَلّݨا | Mallṇā |
| cooling | ٹھارنا | Ṭhārnā |
| obtaining | لبھّݨا | Labbhṇā |
| lighting up | بالݨا | Bālṇā |
| cooking | رِنھّݨا | Rinnhṇā |
| tying | بنھّݨا | Bannhṇā |
| roasting | بھُنّݨا | Bhunnaṇā |
| slaughtering | کوہݨا | Kohṇā |
| identifying | سیاݨنا | Siyāṇnā |
| throwing | سٹّݨا | Saṭṭṇā |
| losing | ہرنا | Harnā |
| entering | بڑنا | Baṛnā |
| crumbling | بھورنا | Bhornā |
| covering | کجّݨا | Kajjṇā |
| dividing | ونڈݨا | Wanḍaṇā |
| stuffing / thrusting | تُنّݨا | Tunnaṇā |
| pressing | منڈݨا | Manḍaṇā |
| vexing | کھپاݨا | Khapāṇā |
| spreading | کھِلارنا | Khilārnā |
| to be stolen | کھُسّݨا | Khussṇā |
| blowing | پھُوکݨا | Phūkṇā |
| dusting off | چھنڈݨا | Chanḍṇā |
| mixing | رلݨا | Ralṇā |
| drying | سُکّݨا | Sukkṇā |
| hanging | لمکݨا | Lamkṇā |
| boiling | کاڑھنا | Kāṛhnā |
| spilling | ڈولھݨا | Ḍolhṇā |
| shining | لِشکݨا | Lishkṇā |
| plastering / coating | لِنبݨا | Lanbṇā |
| maintaining | سانبھݨا | Sānbhṇā |
| taking along | کھڑنا | Khaṛnā |
Differences in brackets.
Word for sleep
| Forms of the verb to sleep | ||
|---|---|---|
| English | Pahari-Pothwari | |
| Shahmukhi | Transliteration | |
| to sleep | سَیݨا | Saiṇā |
| has slept | سئی ریہا | Saī rehā |
| he is sleeping | اوہ سَیݨا اے پیا | Oh saiṇā ai pyā |
| asleep | سُتّا پیا | Suttā pyā |
| having slept / while asleep | سُتّیوں | Sutteyūñ |
| after sleeping | سئی تے | Saī te |
| go to sleep | سئی گو سئی جاسئی روہ | Saī go Saī jā, saī roh |
| he is to sleep | اوہ سئے | Oh sae |
| putting to sleep | سن٘واولݨا | Sañwāwlṇā |
| Adjectives | ||
|---|---|---|
| English | Pahari-Pothwari | |
| Shahmukhi | Transliteration | |
| difficult | اوکھا | Aukhā |
| easy | سَوکھا | Saukhā |
| small | نِکّا | Nikkā |
| large | بڑا / بڈّا | Baṛā/Baḍḍā |
| unfamiliar | اوپرا | Oprā |
| new | نوَاں | Nawāñ |
| old | پراݨاں | Purāṇāñ |
| straight | سِدھّا | Siddhā |
| inverted | پُٹھّا | Puṭṭhā |
| crooked | ڈِنگّا | Ḍinggā |
| high | اُچّا | Uccā |
| low | نِیواں | Nīwāñ |
| good | چنگا | Cangā |
| bad | ماڑا / مندا | Māṛā/Mandā |
| very bad | بھَیڑا | Bhaiṛā |
| heavy | بھارا | Bhārā |
| light (weight) | ہَولا | Haulā |
| narrow | سَوڑا | Sauṛā |
| open | کھُلھّا | Khullhā |
| firm | پِیڈا | Pīḍā |
| loose | ڈھِلّا | Ḍhillā |
| late | چِرکا | Cirkā |
| on time | ویلے نال | Vele nāl |
| red | رتّا لال | Rattā lāl |
| crimson | سُوہا کھٹّ | Sūhā ghuṭṭ |
| white | چِٹّا دُدھّ | Ciṭṭā duddh |
| black | کالا شاہ | Kālā shāh |
| yellow | پِلّا زرد | Pīlā zard |
| sweet | مِٹھّا | Miṭṭhā |
| bitter | کَوڑا | Kauṛā |
| slow | مٹھّا | Maṭṭhā |
| well | بلّ | Ball |
| empty | سکھّݨاں | Sakkhṇāñ |
| filled | بھریا | Bharyā |
| dry | سُکّا / آٹھریا | Sukkā/Āthrīyā |
| wet | گِلّا / بھِجّا | Gillā/bhijjā |
| hot | تتّا | Tattā |
| cold | ٹھڈّا | Ṭhaḍḍā |
| hungry | بھُکھّا | Bhukkhā |
| fed | رجّیا پُجّیا | Rajjyā pujjyā |
| smart | سیاݨا | Syāṇā |
| fool | جھلّا | Jhallā |
| deep | ڈُونگھا | Ḍūngha |
| beautiful | سوہݨاں | Sohṇā |
| ugly | کوجھا | Kojhā |
| evil | لُچّا | Luccā |
| faux naïf | مِیسݨا | Mīsṇā |
The names of family relations are:
| Relations | ||
|---|---|---|
| English | Pahari-Pothwari | |
| Shahmukhi | Transliteration | |
| mother, father | ماں پیو | Māñ pio |
| son, daughter | دھِیاں پُتّر | Dhīyāñ puttr |
| brother, sister | بھَیݨاں بھرا | Bhaiṇāñ bhrā |
| elder brother | بھاپا | Bhāpā |
| husband | گھر الا / جݨا / خسم | Ghar ālā/jaṇā/khasam |
| wife | گھر آلی / زنانی | Ghar ālī/zanānī |
| grandsons, granddaughters (from son) | پوترے پوترِیاں | Potre potrīyāñ |
| grandsons, granddaughters (from daughter) | دوترے دوترِیاں | Dotre dotrīyāñ |
| son-in-law | جوائی | Jawāī |
| daughter-in-law | نوں٘ہہ | Nūñh |
| mother-in-law | سسّ | Sass |
| father-in-law | سوہرا | Sohrā |
| husband's sister | نناݨ | Nanāṇ |
| sister's husband | بھݨوئیا | Bhan̄oīyā |
| brother's wife | بھرجائی | Bharjāī |
| father's brother, father's sister | چاچا / پُپھّی | Cācā/phupphī |
| father's brother's wife | چاچی | Cācī |
| father's sister's husband | پُھپھّڑ | Phupphṛā |
| mother's brother, mother's sister | ماما / ماسی | Māmā/māsī |
| mother's brother's wife | مامی | Māmī |
| mother's sister's husband | ماسڑ | Māsaṛ |
| cousin from father's brother | چچیر / داد پوترا | Cacer/dād potrā |
| cousin from father's sister | پھُپھیر | Phuppher |
| cousin from mother's brother | ملویر | Malwer |
| cousin from mother's sister | مسیر | Maser |
Names of body parts are:
| Body parts | ||
|---|---|---|
| English | Pahari-Pothwari | |
| Shahmukhi | Transliteration | |
| eyes | اکھِّیاں | Akkhīyāñ |
| head | سِر | Sir |
| forehead | متھّا | Matthā |
| eyelashes | پِمݨِیاں | Pimṇīyāñ |
| eyebrows | بھروٹّے | Bharwaṭṭe |
| eyelids | چھپّر | Chappar |
| eyeballs | آنّے | Ānne |
| ears | کنّ | Kann |
| arms | باہاں | Bāhāñ |
| throat | سنگھ | Sangh |
| neck | دھَوݨ | Dhauṇ |
| shoulders | موڈھے | Moḍhe |
| elbow | ارک | Arak |
| nails | نَونہہ | Nauñh |
| hands | ہتھّ | Hatth |
| fingers | انگلاں | Angalāñ |
| belly | ڈھِڈّ | Dhiḍḍ |
| waist | لکّ | Lakk |
| legs | لتّاں | Lattāñ |
| knees | گوڈے | Goḍe |
| ankles | گِٹّے | Giṭṭe |
| feet | پَیر | Pair |
| palm | تلّی | Tallī |
| teeth | دند | Dand |
| molars | ہݨیوں | Haṇyūñ |
| tongue | جِیبھ | Jībh |
| nose | نکّ | Nakk |
| nostrils | ناساں | Nāsāñ |
| face | مونہہ | Mūñh |
| back | کنڈ | Kanḍ |
| hips | ڈھاکاں | Ḍhākāñ |
| hip bone | چُوکݨا | Cokṇā |
The Pahari-Pothwari word for "coming" isacchṇā, whereas for "going"gacchṇā,julṇā andjāṇā are used.[49]
| English | Pahari-Pothwari | |
|---|---|---|
| Shahmukhi | Transliteration | |
| I am coming | میں اچھنا پیا ہاں | Main̄ acchnā pyā hāñ |
| I am going | میں گچھنا پیا ہاں میں جُلنا پیا ہاں | Maiñ gacchnā pyā hāñ Maiñ julnā pyā hāñ |
| I don't understand | میکی سمجھ نِیہ اچھنی پئی | Mekī samjh nahī acchnī paī |
| I will leave tomorrow | میں کلّ گیساں میں کلّ جُلساں | Maiñ kall gyāsāñ Maiñ kall julsāñ |
| we are going for work | اساں کمّے اپّر جُلے ہاں | Asāñ kamme appar julne hāñ |
| it happens | ہوئی گچھنا ہے ہوئی جُلنا ہے ہوئی جانا ہے | Hoī gacchnā hai Hoī julnā haiHoī jānā hai |
| sit down | بہی جُل بہی گچھ بہی جا | Bahī jul Bahī gacchBahī jā |
| I will take him along | اُسکی وی نال گھِنی گیساں اُسکی وی نال گھِنی جُلساں | Uskī vī nāl ghinnī gesāñ Uskī vī nāl ghinnī julsāñ |
The imperative forgacchṇā is bothgacch andgau.
| Adverbs and post-positions | ||
|---|---|---|
| English | Pahari-Pothwari | |
| Shahmukhi | Transliteration | |
| which (relative) | جہڑا | Jahiṛā |
| which (interogative) | کہڑا | Kahiṛā |
| if | جے | Je |
| and | تے | Te |
| near | نیڑے | Neṛe |
| distant | پرھاں | Parhāñ |
| before / previously | اگّے | Agge |
| hence / thus | تاں مارے | Tāñ māre |
| exactly why | تاں ای | Tān̄ ī |
| first | پہلوں | Pahilūñ |
| once | اِکّ واری | Ikk vārī |
| now | ہُن | hun |
| just now | ہُنے / میسں | hunne/Mesañ |
| right at that time | اوسے ویلے | Ose vele |
| sometimes | کدے | Kade |
| somewhere | کِرے / کُرے | Kire/Kure |
| when | کدوں | Kadūñ |
| like this (adv.) | ایوں / اِنج / اِسراں | Ayūñ/Inj/Isrāñ |
| like this (adj.) | ایہے جیہا | Īhe jehā |
| exactly this / only this | ایہے | Īhe |
| above | اَپّر | Appar |
| below | تھلّے / بُن | Thalle/bun |
| from below | تھلّوں | Thallūñ |
| right | سجّے | Sajje |
| left | کھبّے | Khabbe |
| within | وِچّ | Vicc |
| from within | وِچّّوں | Viccūñ |
| between | وِشکار | Vishkār |
| from | توں / سوں / کولں | Tūñ/Sūñ/Kolūñ |
| from the front | اگّوں | Aggūñ |
| from behind | پِچھوں، مگروں | Picchūñ/Magrūñ |
| in comparison | کولوں / نالوں | Kolūñ/Nālūñ |
| with (utility) | نال | Nāl |
| furthermore | نالے | Nāle |
| yet / still | حالے / اجے | Hāle/Ajje |
| with (possession) | کول | Kol |
| along / including | سݨے | Saṇe |
| ٰeverywhere | چوہاں پاسے | Cohāñ pāse |
| properly | چنگی طرحاں | Cangī tarhāñ |
| harshly | ڈاہڈا | Ḍāhḍā |
| with ease | سوکھا | Saukhā |
| with difficulty | اوکھا | Aukhā |
| lest | متے | Matte |
| who knows | خورے | Khore |
| very | بہُوں | Bahūñ |
| enough | بتیرا | Baterā |
| less | گھٹّ | Ghaṭṭ |
| alone | کلھیوں | Kallhyūñ |
| together | کٹھّیوں | Kaṭṭhyūñ |
| again | مُڑی تے | Muṛī te |
| repeatedly | مُڑی مُڑی | Muṛī muṛī |
| eventually | ہَولے ہَولے | Haule Haule |
| quickly | بہلی | Bahilī |
| this much (quality.) | ایڈا | Eḍā |
| this much (quantity.) | ہیتݨاں | Hetṇān̄ |
| alright / okay / oh | ہلا | Halā |
Pahari-Pothwari causative verbs end with -ālnā.[58] This feature also exists in the eastern Majhi dialect. (e.g.:vikhālṇā)
| English | Pahari-Pothwari | Standard Punjabi | Jatki | Hindi |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| to cause to eat | کھوالݨا | کھواوݨا | खिलाना | |
| to cause to drink | پیالݨا | پیاوݨا | پِواوݨا | पिलाना |
| to cause to bathe | نہوالݨا | نہواوݨا | नहलाना | |
| to cause to wash | دھوالݨا | دھواوݨا | धुलना | |
| to cause to cry | رووالنا | رواوݨا | रुलाना | |
| to cause to sleep | سوالݨا | سواوݨا | सुलाना | |
| to cause to sit | بہالݨا | بہاوݨا | बिठाना | |
| to cause to stand | اُٹھالݨا | اُٹھاوݨا | उठाना | |
Not all causative verbs are formed like this, e.g. to play -kheṛṇā tokhaṛāṇa,
Commonly observed in theLahnda dialects is the use ofghinṇā (گھِننا)[59][60] andānṇā (آننا)[61][62] instead of the eastern Punjabi wordslaiṇā (لَینا) andlyāṇā (لیانا).
Notice howghin āo becomesghini achho, andghin ghidā becomesghini ghidā in accordance with Pothwari grammar and vocabulary.
| English | Pahari-Pothwari | Jatki | Hindko | Saraiki | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shahpuri/Jhangochi | Dhanni | ||||
| from tomorrow onwards, I'll also bring it for you, just cope for today | کلّ سوں میں تُساں کی وی آݨی دِتّا کرساں، اجّ گُزارہ کری گھِنو | کلّ توں میں تُہانُوں وی لیا دِتّا کرساں، اجّ گُزارہ کر لوو | کلّ توں میں تُسانُوں وی آݨ دِتّا کریساں، اجّ گُزارہ کر گھِنو | کلّ توں میں تُساں آں وی آݨ دیا کرساں، اجّ گُزارہ کر گھِنو | کلّ توں میں تُہاکُوں وی آݨ ڈِتّا کریساں، اجّ گُزارہ کر گھِنو |
| take him along as well | اُسکی وی نال گھِنی اچھو | اوہنُوں وی نال لَے آوو | اوہنُوں وی نال گھِن آوو | اُساں وی نال گھِن آؤ | اُوکُوں وی نال گھِن آوو |
| they took it from me as well | اُنھاں مھاڑے کولُوں وی گھِنی گھِدا | اُنھاں میرے کولُوں وی لَے لیا | اُنھاں مینڈھے کولُوں وی گھِن گھِدا | اُنھان مڑھے کولُوں وی گھِن گھِدا | اُنھاں میڈے کولُوں وی گھِن گھِدا |
| he is bringing | اوہ آݨنا پیا ہے | اوہ لیاندا پیا ہے | اوہ اݨیندا پیا ہے | اوہ آݨدا پیا ہے | اوہ اݨیندا پیا ہے |
| we will also have to bring them back | اُنھاں کی واپس وی آݨنا ہوسی | اُنھاں نُوں واپس وی لیاوَݨا ہوسی | اُنھاں نُوں واپس وی آݨنا ہوسی | اُنھاں آں واپس وی آݨنا ہوسی | اُنھاں کُوں واپس وی آݨنا ہوسی |
| eat it | کھائی گھِن | کھا لَے | کھا گھِن | کھا گھِن | کھا گھِن |
| bring it brought it | چائی آݨو چائی آݨنا | چا لیاؤ چا لیاندا | چا آݨو چا اݨیندا | چا آݨو چا اݨدا | چا آݨو چا اݨیندا |
| take it took it | چائی گھِنو چائی گھِدا | چا لوو چا لیا | چا گھِنو چا گھِدا | چا گھِنو چا گھِدا | چا گھِنو چا گھِدا |
| he will take him along | اوہ اِسکی نال گھِنی گیسی/ جُلسی/ جاسی | اوہ ایہنُوں نال لَے ویسی اوہ ایہنُوں لے جاسی | اوہ ایہنُوں نال گھِن ویسی | اوہ اِساں نال گھِن جُلسی | اوہ اِیکُوں نال گھِن ویسی |
| English | Pahari-Pothwari | |
|---|---|---|
| Shahmukhi | Transliteration | |
| why | کِیاں | Kīyā̃ |
| where | کتھے | Kutthe |
| whither | کُدھّر | Kuddhar |
| who | کُݨ | Kuṇ |
| what? | کے | Ke |
| English | Pahari-Pothwari | Punjabi(Jatki) | Hindko | Saraiki | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shahmukhi | Transliteration | Shahmukhi | Transliteration | Shahmukhi | Transliteration | Shahmukhi | Transliteration | |
| very / much | بُہو | Bahūñ | بہُوں | Bahūñ | بہُوں | Bahūñ | بہُوں | Bahūñ |
| go to sleep | سئی گو | saī go | سَیں ونج | Saiñ vanj | سَیں جُل | Sen̄ jul | سم ونج | Sam vanj |
| alright / okay | ہلا | Halā | ہلا | Halā | ہلا | Halā | ہلا | Halā |
| boy | جاکت / جاتک | Jākat/Jātak | جاتک / چھوہر | Jātak/Chohar | جندک | Jandak | چھُوہر | Chohur |
| what is his name? | کے ناں اُسنا؟ | Ke nāñ usnā? | کیہ/کے ناں اُس؟ | Keh/ke nāñ us? | کے ناں اُس؟ | Ke nāñ us? | کیا ناں اُس؟ | Kyā nāñ us? |
| take | گھِنو | Ghinno | لَوو (جھنگوچی/شاہپُوری) گھِنو (دھنی) | Lawo(Jhangochī/Shāhpūrī) Ghino(Dhanī) | گھِنو | Ghinno | گھِنو | Ghinno |
| bring | آݨو | Āṇo | لیاوو (جھنگوچی/شاہپُوری) آنو (دھنی) | Lyāwo(Jhangochī/Shahpūrī) Āno(Dhanī) | آنو | Āno | آنو | Āno |
| he speaks like us | اوہ اساں آر بولنا اے | Oh asāñ ār bolnā ai | اوہ ساڈے آر بولیندا اے | Oh sāḍe ār bolendā ai | اوہ اساں آر بولدا اے | Oh asāñ ār boldā ai | اوہ ساڈے آر الیندا اے | Oh sāḍe ār alendā ai |
| let's go | آ جُلِیَے | Ā julyā | آ چلِیئے/جُلِیے | Aclīye/juliye | آ جُلاں | Ā julāñ | آ جُلُوں | Ā julūñ |
| lift / raise | چاؤ | Cāo | چاوو | Cawo | چاؤ | Cāo | چاوو | Cawo |
| life | حیاتی | Hyātī | حیاتی | Hyātī | حیاتی | Hyātī | حیاتی | Hyātī |
In the dialect of the Salt Range many nouns, and especialy monosyllables ending in a consonant, to form the absolute singular, add to the absolute form an e if masculine, and an i or u if feminine.
The future tense is formed by adding to the root the letter -s with the general personal endings
me venda pyā̃, me kamm pya karendā̃.
the genitive postposition (of) is nā instead of dā...These characteristics are also found in the dialects spoken In the western tehsils of the Rawalpindi District as far north as Attack, and probably in the intervening tahsils of the Jehlam District
کھوالن مصدر کھواون.
GHINNAṈÁ ਘਿੱਨਣਾ v. a. To take
Ghinn for Le (Take).
آننْڑ / Anan, v. t. To bring.
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