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Paeonian language

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Extinct Indo-European language of the Balkans

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Paeonian
Paionian
Region	Paeonia(ModernNorth Macedonia, northernGreece, south-westernBulgaria)
Ethnicity	Paeonians
Extinct	Late antiquity
Language family	Indo-European (unclassified) Paeonian
Language codes
ISO 639-3	None (`mis`)
Linguist List	`0iz`
Glottolog	None

Indo-European topics
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Paeonian,^[1] sometimes spelledPaionian, is a poorly attested, extinct language spoken by the ancientPaeonians untillate antiquity.

Paeonia was located to the north ofMacedon, south ofDardania, west ofThrace, and east of the southernmostIllyrians.

Classification

[edit]

Classical sources usually considered thePaeonians distinct from the rest of thePaleo-Balkan people, comprising their own ethnicity and language. It is considered a Paleo-Balkan language but this is only a geographical grouping, not a genealogical one. Modern linguists are uncertain as to the classification of Paeonian, due to the extreme scarcity of surviving materials in the language, with numerous hypotheses having been published:

Wilhelm Tomaschek andPaul Kretschmer have put forward an “Illyrian” hypothesis (i.e a part of the linguistic complex of the ancient north-westernBalkans) which, according toRadoslav Katičić, seems to be the prevailing opinion.^[2]
Dimitar Dečev andSusan Wise Bauer proposed aThracian hypothesis.^[3]
Francesco Villari proposed aThraco-Illyrian hypothesis.^[4]
Karl Beloch,Ioannis Svoronos and Irwin L. Merker consider Paeonian anancient Greek dialect,^[5]^[2] or a lostIndo-European language closely related to Greek, i.e. aHellenic language,^[6] with a great deal of Thracian and Illyrian influence.^[5]^[2]
Vladimir I. Georgiev suggested aPhrygian affiliation.^[2]
Athenaeus seems to have connected the Paeonian language to theMysian language, which was possibly a member of theAnatolian languages, or of theArmeno-Phrygian languages.^[7]^[8]^[9]
Radoslav Katičić has said that “we know so little about their language that any linguistic affiliation seems meaningless”.^[2]

Paeonian vocabulary

[edit]

Several Paeonian words are known from classical sources:

μόναπος (monapos), theEuropean bison^[10]
τίλων (tilôn), a species offish once found in Lake Prasias^[11]
paprax, a species of fish once found in Lake Prasias.Paprakas, masc. acc. pl.

A number ofanthroponyms (some known only from Paeonian coinage) are attested:Agis (Άγις),Patraos (Πατράος),Lycpeios (Λύκπειος),Audoleon (Αυδολέων),Eupolemos (Εὐπόλεμος),Ariston (Αρίστων), etc. In addition several toponyms (Bylazora (Βυλαζώρα),Astibos (Άστιβος) and a few theonymsDryalus (Δρύαλος),Dyalos (Δύαλος), the PaeonianDionysus, as well as the following:

Pontos, effluent of theStrumica River, perhaps from*ponktos,'boggy' (cf. Germanfeucht,'wet',Middle Irishéicne'salmon',Sanskritpánka'mud','mire',Greekpontos'passage','way');
Idomenae (Ιδομένη) (nowadays nearGevgelija), name of a city (cf.GreekIdomeneus, proper name in Homer; "Ida", mountain inCrete);
Stoboi (todayGradsko), name of a city, from*stob(h) (cf.Old Prussianstabis'rock',Old Church Slavonicstoboru,'pillar', Old Englishstapol,'post', Ancient Greekstobos,'scolding','bad language');
Dysoron (Δύσορον andΔύσωρον,^[12] nowadaysDysoro,Δύσορο), name of a mountain, from "dys-",'bad' (cf.Greekdyskolos'difficult'), and "oros" (cf.Greekoros,'mountain');
Agrianes, name of a tribe, possibly from*agro-'field' (cf.Latinager,Greekἀγρόςagros, Englishacre) with cognates in the Greek tribe of Agraioi who lived inAetolia, and the name of the month Agrianos which is found throughout theDorian andAeolian worlds.^[5]^[13]

References

[edit]

^Harry van der Hulst, Rob Goedemans and Ellen van Zanten as ed., A Survey of Word Accentual Patterns in the Languages of the World, Empirical Approaches to Language Typology, Walter de Gruyter, 2010,ISBN 311019631X, p. 433.
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^eRadoslav Katicic, (2012) Ancient Languages of the Balkans: n.a. Volume 4 of Trends in Linguistics. Walter de Gruyter, p. 119,ISBN 3111568873.
^Susan Wise Bauer (2007).The History of the Ancient World: From the Earliest Accounts to the Fall of Rome.ISBN 0-393-05974-X, page 518: "... Italy); to the north, Thracian tribes known collectively as the Paeonians."
^Francesco Villari.Gli Indoeuropei e le origini dell'Europa. Il Mulino, 1997.ISBN 88-15-05708-0.
^^a ^b ^cMerker, Irwin L. (1965)."The Ancient Kingdom of Paionia".Institute for Balkan Studies (Greece).6 (1):36–37.
^Blažek, Václav (2005)."Paleo-Balkanian Languages I: Hellenic Languages"(PDF).Sborník prací Filozofické fakulty brněnské univerzity. Vol. 10. Brno: Masarykova univerzita. pp. 15–33.ISBN 80-210-3784-9.
^cite journal|Hrach Martirosyan “Origins and historical development of the Armenian language” in Journal of Language Relationship, International Scientific Periodical, n.º10 (2013). Russian State University for the Humanities, Institute of Linguistics of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
^Martirosyan, Hrach (2014)."Origins and Historical Development of the Armenian Language"(PDF). Leiden University:1–23. Retrieved5 August 2019.{{cite journal}}:Cite journal requires|journal= (help)
^I. M. DiakonoffThe Problem of the Mushki Archived August 25, 2011, at theWayback Machine in The Prehistory of the Armenian People
^https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2368440 monapos
^https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%23103959
^Suda, delta, 1679
^Cuche, Vincent (2017),"Dorian festivals",The Encyclopedia of Ancient History, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, pp. 1–2,doi:10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah30116,ISBN 978-1-4443-3838-6, retrieved2021-01-02,...an Agrianos month is found throughout the Dorian and Aeolian worlds. (Burkert 1983: 168–79).

v t e Paeonian-related topics
Culture	Paeon Paeonian art Paeonian pottery Paeonian religion Paeonian clothing Paeonian coinage Paeonian fibulae
Political entities	Paeonian Kingdom
Language	Paeonian language
Cities	Astraion Vylazora Astibo Stobi
Kings	Agis Lycceius Patraus Audoleon Ariston Leon Dropion Bastareus
Tribes	Agrianes Almopians Derrones Doberes Laeaeans Odomantes Paeoplae Siropaiones

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Classification

Paeonian vocabulary

References

Further reading