The city had historically been a trading center since the pre-colonial era, in bothpepper and gold. The Dutch made contact with the city in the mid 17th century, eventually constructing a fortress and taking over control of the city from thePagaruyung Kingdom. Save for several interruptions of British rule, Padang remained part of theDutch East Indies as one of its major cities until Indonesian independence.[10] In 1906, Padang, along withPalembang, became the first populated places in Sumatra to achievecity status (gemeente).[2]
Padang has been a trade centre since the 16th century, having been controlled by thePagaruyung Kingdom and theAceh Sultanate.[11] During the 16th and 17th centuries, pepper was cultivated and traded with India, Portugal, the United Kingdom, and the Netherlands. In 1663, the city came under the authority of the Dutch and a trading post was built in 1680. The city came under the British Empire twice, firstlyfrom 1781 to 1784 during theFourth Anglo-Dutch War and again from 1795 to 1819 during theNapoleonic Wars. In 1819 the city was transferred back to the Netherlands. Up to circa 1780 the most important trade product was gold originating from gold mines in the region. When the mines were exhausted, the focus turned to other products such as coffee, salts, and textiles.
In 1797 Padang was inundated by a tsunami with an estimated flow depth of 5–10 metres, following anearthquake, estimated to be 8.5–8.7 Mw, which occurred off the coast. The shaking caused considerable damage and the deaths of two people, while the tsunami resulted in several houses being washed away and several deaths at the village of Air Manis. Boats moored in the Arau river ended up on dry land, including a 200-ton sailing ship which was deposited about 1 km (0.62 mi) upstream. In 1833, another tsunami inundated Padang with an estimated flow depth of 3–4 m (9.8–13.1 ft) as a result of anearthquake, estimated to be 8.6–8.9 Mw, which occurred offBengkulu. The shaking caused considerable damage in Padang, and due to the tsunami boats moored in the Arau river broke their anchors and were scattered.[12]
In 1837, the Dutch East Indies government made Padang the seat of government of theWest Coast of Sumatra (Sumatra's Westkust) which included present-day West Sumatra andTapanuli.[13] Subsequently the city became agemeente area since 1 April 1906 after the issuance of an ordinance (STAL 1906 No.151) on 1 March 1906. UntilWorld War II, Padang was one of the five largest port cities in Indonesia, apart from Jakarta, Surabaya, Medan, and Makassar.[14]
Coat of Arms of Padang during Dutch colonial era, granted in 1926
The population of Padang in 1920 was 28,754, making it the second largest city in Sumatra after Palembang.[15] At the time ofindependence in the 1940s, the city had around 50,000 inhabitants. Coffee was still important, but copra was also a major item produced by farmers in its hinterland. Since then, the population growth has been partly a result of growth in the area of the city, but largely a result of the migration to major cities seen in so many developing nations. From 1950 theOmbilin coal field developed with Padang as its outlet port. This was seen by some observers as reflecting the economic and political colonisation of Indonesia.
Upon the entry of the Japanese army on 17 March 1942, Padang was abandoned by the Dutch due to their panic. At the same time,Sukarno was detained in the city because the Dutch at that time wanted to take him with them to escape toAustralia.[16] Then the commander of the Japanese Army for Sumatra met him to negotiate the fate of Indonesia.[17] After the Japanese were able to control the situation, the city was then used as an administrative city for development and public works during theiroccupation of West Sumatra.[18]
On 30 September 2009,a 7.9 magnitude earthquake hit about 50 km (31 mi) off the coast of Padang. There were more than 1,100 fatalities, 313 of which occurred within Padang.[19][20][21]
The city of Padang is located on the west coast of the island ofSumatra, with a total area of 694.96 km2 (268.33 sq mi), equivalent to 1.65% of the area of West Sumatra.[22] More than 60% of the area of Padang is in the form of hills covered byprotection forests. Only around 205 km2 (79 sq mi) of the territory is considered urban.[23] The hills stretch in the east and south of the city. The notable hills in Padang include Lampu Hill, Mount Padang, Gado-Gado Hill, and Pegambiran Hill. The city of Padang has a coastline of 68 km (42 mi) on the mainland of Sumatra. In addition, there are also 19 small islands, includingSikuai Island with an area of 4.4 ha (11 acres) in Bungus Teluk Kabung District, andToran Island covering 25 ha (62 acres) andPisang Gadang Island in Padang Selatan District.[24][25]
Padang features atropical rainforest climate underKöppen's climate classification. Since this tropical rainforest climate is more subject to the Intertropical Convergence Zone than the trade winds and cyclones are very rare, it is equatorial. Padang is one of Indonesia's wettest cities, with frequent rainfall throughout the course of the year. The city averages roughly 4,300 mm (170 in) of rain per year. Padang's driest month is February, where 250 mm (9.8 in) of precipitation on average is observed. The city temperatures are relatively constant throughout the year, with an average of 26 °C (79 °F). Padang has 21 rivers, with the longest beingBatang Kandis 20 km (12 mi). In 1980 two-thirds of the city was flooded because the city's drainage which primarily empties toBatang Arau could not contain the water.[26]
By 2007 the city government began a number of religiously motivated policies. One requires females of all religious backgrounds who are municipal employees and students in government schools to wearjilbab (hijab), and high school students now take classes on reading theQur'an. Municipal employees are required to payzakat.[29]
The city of Padang is divided into elevendistricts (kecamatan), listed below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 Census[6] and the 2020 Census[7] together with the official estimates as of mid 2023.[3] The table also includes the locations of the district administrative centres, the number of administrative urban villages (kelurahan) in each district, and its post codes.
As of 2017, Padang had received the "Adipura" (cleanest and greenest city) award in the category of large city 18 times[30] and the "Adipura Kencana" award three times.[31]
The cuisine of theMinangkabau people is commonly calledPadang cuisine. Padang restaurants are common throughout the country and are famous for their spicy food. Padang food is usually cooked once per day, and all customers choose from those dishes, which are left out on display until no food is left. It is served in small portions of various dishes, but constituting, with rice, a complete meal. Customers take – and pay for – only what they want from this array of dishes. The best known Padang dish isrendang, a spicy meat stew.Soto Padang (crispy beef in spicy soup) is local residents' breakfast favourite, meanwhilesate (beefsatay incurry sauce served withketupat) is a treat in the evening.
Padang is a common transit point forsurfers travelling toBatu Islands andMentawai Islands, and for tourists visiting theWest Sumatran highlands. Padang Beach (known as Taplau or Tapi Lauik), stretching from Samudra Street until Puruih, is known for its sunsets and food stalls. The Kuranji River flows in Padang and on the northern area of the river at Batu Busuk, Lambung Bukit sub-district,white water activities are quite popular. Bungus Bay, to the south of Padang, is suitable for swimming and boating. There are some offshore islands near Bungus, such asSikuai island and Pagang Island.
Currently, the Regional Development Planning Board (Bappeda) of Padang has established development plans for "Padang Old City" in Kampung Pondok, South Padang district as a tourist area.[32] The mayor of Padang has designated 73 historic buildings as cultural heritage sites of Padang.[33]
There are many old buildings in Padang that still retain theirDutch andChinese architecture. The old city of Padang, located next to Muaro Harbor on the Arau River, formerly functioned as the city's main commercial avenue. The old city was the former business district of Padang, with many important buildings such as Padang City Hall,De Javasche bank (present-dayBank Indonesia), Nederlandsche Spaarbank, Geo Wehry & Co, Escompto Maatschappij Office, warehouses, and merchant houses.
There are several historic places such asAdityawarman Museum which specialises in the history and culture of the localMinangkabau ethnic group, and the main exhibits are housed within aRumah Gadang style building. Grand Mosque of West Sumatra, a new modern large mosque, is built according to traditional Minangkabau architecture. The mosque is located on Jalan Khatib Sulaiman, near the city centre of Padang.Ganting Grand Mosque, the oldest mosque in Padang and one of the oldest in Indonesia, is a popular tourist attraction. Muhammadan Mosque, founded byIndian merchants, is also located in the city centre. St. Leo Monastery, featuring a mixture of traditional Minang architecture on its bell tower roofing andDutch architecture on the church building, is one of the oldest churches in Padang. Along the beachside road, just down from the Tourist Information Office is a Buddhist temple, Vihara Buddha Warman, opened in 2006 for the large Chinese Buddhist community.
Air Manis Beach is located 10 km (6.2 mi) south of Padang, location of the legendary Malin Kundang Stone. The rock formations which are found there resemble ship wrecks. Across from the Arau River is the Siti Nurbaya Park, which can be reached by bridge or boat. There are still remains of Japanese cannons and bunkers from World War II. There are also great views of Padang City, Arau River and theIndian Ocean visible from the park. Bung Hatta Nature Reserve (Taman Hutan Raya Bung Hatta) is situated 18 km (11 mi) east of the city, with diverse flora and fauna including a fewSumatran tigers,tapirs,wild goats,bears, as well asRaflesia Gaduansi,Balangphora andAmorphopalus.
Padang is the hometown of the football teamSemen Padang, withHaji Agus Salim Stadium being the home stadium of the club. Padang is also home to an annual international professional bicycle racing competition—Tour de Singkarak—and once hosted the Fourth International Traditional (Dragonboat) Festival.[34]
The oldest newspaper in the Padang region isHarian Haluan. Several other newspapers such asPadang Ekspres andPos Metro Padang are also widely available.
The privately owned Padang TV is the most popular local TV station based in Padang. The publicTVRI West Sumatra is also broadcast in the city.
The TransPadang bus rapid transit service was developed using Jakarta'sTransJakarta system as a model, but without dedicated lanes and comfortable shelters. Today Trans Padang runs only from Lubuk Buaya to Pasar Raya, a distance of 18 km (11 mi), with a fleet of 10 large buses (capacity 60) and 15 medium buses (capacity 40). Current daily passengers reach up to 7,000 people, an increase from the initial ridership of 4,000. The load factor is 128% in the morning and evening rush hours.
The city is served byMinangkabau International Airport in Ketaping,Padang Pariaman. It replacedTabing Airport, which became a military base. Minangkabau's terminal building serves international and domestic flights. The airport has 4 aerobridges, 17 check-in counters, 5 baggage conveyors, and 9 ticket sales counters.[35] In late 2013, the runway was lengthened by 250 metres so that it could accommodate Boeing 747 and Airbus A340 planes. There is also a connection from the airport to the city center with atrain service.[36] A terminal expansion (Phase II) has been announced with the rendering already released on the Angkasa Pura 2 website.[37]
Padang'sTeluk Bayur harbour (the former Emmahaven Port) is the largest and busiest harbour on the west coast ofSumatra. It serves domestic as well as international routes. It was built in 1888 by the colonial government of theNetherlands. On 29 April 2013 a new container terminal was officially opened by the governor of West Sumatra which can hold more than 4,000 containers in a 46,886 m2 (504,680 sq ft) area.[38] The port is the main gateway to theMentawai islands, includingSiberut,Sipora, andSouth Pagai. There are also ferry connections between Padang to Jakarta andSibolga next toGunung Sitoli (Nias).
The administration of West Sumatra has secured land for the construction of a 28-kilometre (17 mi)-long toll road between Padang and Sicincin district with about Rp.1.3 trillion ($141.7 million) invested. It is a part of the Padang-Pekanbaru toll road with a total length of 244 km (152 mi). 80 percent of the land with a width of 30 metres has been acquired, but they will acquire more land to meet an ideal width of 50 metres. The construction project has officially begun in February 2018.[39]
Railroad tracks connect Padang toPariaman to the north,Padangpanjang to the northeast,Solok andSawahlunto to the east. The largest train station isPadang Station, also known as Simpang Haru station. Sibinuang and Dang Tuanku provide the trip services from Padang (Simpang Haru) to Pariaman and vice versa.
Government and the people of Mount Pangilun has agreed to make Mount Pangilun as the primarytsunami shelter. Better road access to the hill will be built, as well as temporary shelters, including their many facilities.[40]
There are two institutes of higher education in Padang, i.e.Andalas University and theState University of Padang. Andalas University is the oldest university in Indonesia outside of Java. The main campus is located at Limau Manis, about 12 km (7.5 mi) from the centre of Padang. The Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Dentistry are located in the city centre, near the M. Djamil Central General Hospital. Meanwhile, the State University of Padang is located in Air Tawar.
^Ashar, Faisal; Amaratunga, Dilanthi; Sridarran, Pournima; Haigh, Richard (2019). "Practices of Tsunami Evacuation Planning in Padang, Indonesia".Coastal Management. Elsevier. pp. 399–433.doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-810473-6.00019-4.ISBN9780128104736.S2CID169801987.Padang is not only the capital city of the Western Sumatra Province of Indonesia, it is also the third-biggest city in that province.
^Kathirithamby-Wells, J. (December 1969). "Achehnese Control over West Sumatra up to the Treaty of Painan, 1663".Journal of Southeast Asian History.10 (3):453–479.doi:10.1017/S0217781100005020.JSTOR27651721.
^"AUICK". 4 March 2016. Archived fromthe original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved6 July 2024.
^A.J. Gooszen; A Demographic History of the Indonesian Archipelago, 1880–1942; KITLV Press, 1999
^Muljana, Slamet (2008).Kesadaran Nasional: dari Kolonialisme Sampai Kemerdekaan. Vol. 2. PT LKiS Pelangi Aksara. p. 2.ISBN978-979-1283-57-1.
^Aqsha, Darul (2005).K. H. Mas Mansur, 1896-1946. Erlangga. p. 72.ISBN979-781-145-X.
^Safwan, Mardanas (1987).Sejarah Kota Padang. Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Direktorat Sejarah dan Nilai Tradisional, Proyek Inventarisasi dan Dokumentasi Sejarah Nasional.
^Tempo. Vol. 10. Badan Usaha Jaya Press Jajasan Jaya Raya. 1980.
^"Indonesia–Padang".globalbioclimatics.org. Centro de Investigaciones Fitosociológicas. Archived fromthe original on 19 June 2015. Retrieved18 June 2015.
24Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1962; overlaps portions of Argentine and Chilean claims, borders not enforced but claim not renounced under theAntarctic Treaty.
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