Type of military action
In a military context, the termpacification refers to a process by which the cooperation or surrender of a population is secured by military force or other means of coercion.[ 1] Roman Empire where it saw popular usage in the context of the Roman ideal ofpax Roman imperial expansion .[ 2] [ 3] Myles Lavan , theLatin termpacare (to pacify) evoked to the Romans a grand project of peace-making while, inEnglish , "pacified" has since crystallised as aeuphemism for the suppression of resistance to state power.[ 4]
From 1880 onward the term saw popular usage bycolonial empires as apretext for war under the guise of protecting populations, alongside the colonial concept ofprotectorates .[ 5] quotation marks by contemporary historians.[ 6]
[ edit ] Dutch pacification campaign on Formosa (1635-1636)Pacification of Lanun (17th-18th centuries), anti-piracy operations by theBruneian Empire Ten Great Campaigns , specifically theQing campaigns against theDzungars (1755–1757) andXinjiang (1758–1759)Pacification of Algeria (1835-1903), French military operations which aimed to put an end to various tribal rebellionsOccupation of Araucanía (1861–1883), alsoPacification of the Araucanía , the actions which led to the incorporation of Araucanía into ChilePacification of Tonkin (1885-1886), a military and political campaign undertaken by the French in northern VietnamDutch intervention in Lombok and Karangasem orPacification of Lombok in 1894Campaigns of Pacification and Occupation (late 19th century–early 20th century), Portuguese military campaigns in their African coloniesPacification of Samar (1901-1902), acounterinsurgency operation during thePhilippine-American War Kuomintang Pacification of Qinghai (1917-1949), a series of military campaigns against Tibetan tribesPacification of Libya (1923-1932), an Italian military campaign against the Libyan resistancePacification of Sarhad (1928-1934), Persian campaign against the Yarahmadzai tribe inBalochistan Pacification of Ukrainians in Eastern Galicia (1930), a punitive action by Polish police against the Ukrainian minority inPoland Pacification of Manchukuo , a campaign during the Second Sino-Japanese War (March 1932 – 1941)Pacification operations in German-occupied Poland , the use of German military force to suppress Polish resistance during World War IIPacification of Rabaul (1943-1945), anAllied campaign againstImperial Japanese forcesPacification of Wujek (1981), a strike-breaking action against miners in Katowice, PolandEast Timor genocide#Indonesian pacification operations (1981–1983)Maré, Rio de Janeiro#Pacification efforts (2014), raids by Brazilian security forces in the lead up to the2014 FIFA World Cup d'Andurain, Julie (2016)."Résolution des conflits au début du XXe siècle : « pacification » ou émergence d'une pensée tactique ethno-centrée" [Conflict resolution at the beginning of the 20th century: "Pacification" or the emergence of an ethnocentric tactical mindset].Revue Défense Nationale (in French) (792):53– 58. Finch, Michael P.M. (2013).A Progressive Occupation? The Gallieni-Lyautey Method and Colonial Pacification in Tonkin and Madagascar, 1885-1900 ISBN 978-019-967-457-2 Klein, Jean-François (22 June 2020)." .Encyclopédie d'histoire numérique de l'Europe . Lavan, Myles (2017). "Peace and empire:Pacare ,pacatus , and the language of Roman imperialism". In Moloney, E.P.; Williams, Michael Stuart (eds.).Peace and Reconciliation in the Classical World 102– 114.ISBN 978-147-246-635-8 
