P
Developer	Ankush Desai, Vivek Gupta: not the politician,Ethan Jackson,Shaz Qadeer,Sriram Rajamani,Microsoft
First appeared	2012; 13 years ago (2012)
Stable release	2.3.5 / February 19, 2025; 9 months ago (2025-02-19)
OS	Cross-platform
License	MIT License
Filename extensions	.p
Website	p-org.github.io/P/

P is aprogramming language for asynchronousevent-driven programming and theIoT that was developed byMicrosoft andUniversity of California, Berkeley.^[1]

P enables programmers to specify systems consisting of a collection ofstate machines that communicate asynchronously in terms of events.^[2] P programs can run and be analyzed on any platform supported by.NET. Additionally, P programs can generate C# and C code.

P isopen source, licensed underMIT License, and available onGitHub.^[3]

machine BankServer{  var database: Database;  start state Init {    entry (initialBalance: map[int, int]){      database = new Database((server = this, initialBalance = initialBalance));      goto WaitForWithdrawRequests;    }  }  state WaitForWithdrawRequests {    on eWithDrawReq do (wReq: tWithDrawReq) {      var currentBalance: int;      var response: tWithDrawResp;      // read the current account balance from the database      currentBalance = ReadBankBalance(database, wReq.accountId);      // if there is enough money in account after withdrawal      if(currentBalance - wReq.amount >= 10)      {        UpdateBankBalance(database, wReq.accountId, currentBalance - wReq.amount);        response = (status = WITHDRAW_SUCCESS, accountId = wReq.accountId, balance = currentBalance - wReq.amount, rId = wReq.rId);      }      else // not enough money after withdraw      {        response = (status = WITHDRAW_ERROR, accountId = wReq.accountId, balance = currentBalance, rId = wReq.rId);      }      // send response to the client      send wReq.source, eWithDrawResp, response;    }  }}

• Microsoft Research
• Free software movement

• P: Safe asynchronous event-driven programming. Ankush Desai, Vivek Gupta, Ethan Jackson, Shaz Qadeer, Sriram Rajamani, and Damien Zufferey. In Proceedings ofACMSIGPLAN Conference onProgramming Language Design and Implementation (PLDI), 2013.
• Systematic testing of asynchronous reactive systems. Ankush Desai, Shaz Qadeer, and Sanjit A. Seshia. In Proceedings of the 2015 10th Joint Meeting on Foundations of Software Engineering (ESEC/FSE 2015).
• Building Reliable Distributed Systems With P. Ankush Desai, Ethan Jackson, Amar Phanishayee, Shaz Qadeer and Sanjit A. Seshia.University of California, Berkeley. Technical Report No. UCB/EECS-2015-198.

• Official website
• Source code on GitHub
• P: Safe Asynchronous Event-Driven Programming
• P: A programming language designed for asynchrony, fault-tolerance and uncertainty

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