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Protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type, C also known asPTPRC is anenzyme that, in humans, is encoded by thePTPRCgene.[5] PTPRC is also known asCD45antigen (CD stands forcluster of differentiation), which was originally calledleukocyte common antigen (LCA).[6]
PTPRC is a critical enzyme involved in regulating immune cell function. PTPRC is a transmembrane protein tyrosine phosphatase expressed on the surface of all nucleatedhematopoietic cells, particularlylymphocytes. It plays a key role in the activation and differentiation ofT cells,B cells, and other immune cells by modulating signaling pathways. It functions by dephosphorylating specific tyrosine residues on target proteins, thereby controlling various signaling processes essential forimmune response andhomeostasis.[7][8]
The protein product of this gene, best known as CD45, is a member of theprotein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) family. PTPs are signaling molecules that regulate a variety of cellular processes including cell growth, differentiation,mitotic cycle, andoncogenic transformation. CD45 contains an extracellular domain, a single transmembrane segment, and two tandem intracytoplasmiccatalytic domains, and thus belongs to thereceptor type PTP family.[citation needed]
CD45 is atype I transmembrane protein that is present in various isoforms on all differentiatedhematopoietic cells (excepterythrocytes andplasma cells).[9] CD45 has been shown to be an essential regulator ofT- andB-cell antigen receptor signalling. It functions through either direct interaction with components of the antigen receptor complexes via its extracellular domain (a form ofco-stimulation), or by activating variousSrc family kinases required for the antigen receptor signaling via its cytoplasmic domain. CD45 also suppressesJAK kinases, and so functions as a negative regulator ofcytokine receptor signaling.[citation needed]
Many alternatively spliced transcripts variants of this gene, which encode distinct isoforms, have been reported.[6]Antibodies against the different isoforms of CD45 are used in routineimmunohistochemistry to differentiate between immune cell types, as well as to differentiate betweenhistological sections fromlymphomas andcarcinomas.[10]
The CD45 protein family consists of multiple members that are all products of a single complex gene. This gene contains 34exons, producing a massive protein with extracellular and cytoplasmic domains that are both unusually large. Exons 4, 5, and 6 (corresponding to protein regions A, B, and C) are alternatively spliced to generate up to eight different protein products featuring combinations of zero, one, two, or all three exons.[11]
CD45's large extracellular domain is highly glycosylated, and these eight isoforms allow wide variation in the structure of its side chains. The isoforms affect the protein'sN-terminal region, which extends linearly out from the cell and bears theO-linked glycan chains.[citation needed]
CD45 isoforms show cell-type and differentiation-stage specific expression, a pattern which is quite well conserved in mammals.[7] These isoforms are often used as markers that identify and distinguish between different types of immune cells.
Naive T lymphocytes are typically positive for CD45RA, which includes only the A protein region. Activated and memory T lymphocytes express CD45RO, the shortest CD45 isoform, which lacks all three of the A, B, and C regions. This shortest isoform facilitates T cell activation.[citation needed]
CD45R (also known as CD45RABC) contains all three possible exons. It is the longest protein and migrates at 200 kDa when isolated from T cells. B cells also express CD45R with heavier glycosylation, bringing the molecular weight to 220 kDa, hence the name B220 (B cell isoform of 220 kDa).
PTPRC has been shown tointeract with:
CD45 has been recently shown to interact with theHCMV UL11 protein. This interaction results in functional paralysis ofT cells.[19] In addition, CD45 was shown to be the target of the species D adenovirus 19a E3/49K protein to inhibit the activation of NK and T cells.[20]
CD45 is a pan-leukocyte protein with tyrosine phosphatase activity involved in the regulation of signal transduction in hematopoiesis. CD45 does not colocalize withlipid rafts on murine and human non-transformed hematopoietic cells, but CD45 positioning within lipid rafts is modified during their oncogenic transformation toacute myeloid leukemia. CD45 colocalizes with lipid rafts on AML cells, which contributes to elevatedGM-CSF signal intensity involved in proliferation of leukemic cells.[citation needed]
Therapies for blood cancer, including acute myeloid leukemia, have been proposed based on the concept ofgenetically modifying the CD45 of healthy cells, among other cell markers, to be immune to a treatment that kills all normal CD45 cells, including the cancerous ones.[21] Anantibody-drug conjugate exists that kills specifically cells with unaltered CD45, and "shielded" cells with modified CD45 have been developed that evade this.[21]Blood stem cell transplants would be used to replace the original healthy blood cells with modified stem cells, and then the treatment would be applied.[21]
There are two identifiablealleles of CD45 in mice: CD45.1 (Ly5.1 historically) and CD45.2 (Ly5.2 historically).[22] These two types of CD45 are believed to be functionally identical. As such, they are routinely used in scientific research to allow identification of cells. For instance,leukocytes can be transferred from a CD45.1 donor mouse, into a CD45.2 host mouse, and can be subsequently identified due to their expression of CD45.1. This technique is also routinely used when generatingchimeras. An alternative system is the use ofCD90 (Thy1) alleles, which CD90.1/CD90.2 system is used in the same manner as the CD45.1/CD45.2 system.[citation needed]
In 2016 a new knock-in mouse was generated on theC57BL/6 background to be a perfect congenic strain.[23] This mouse, dubbed the CD45.1STEM mouse, differs from the C57BL/6 strain by a single base pair resulting in a single amino acid change that confers the difference in reactivity by the anti-CD45.1 and anti-CD45.2 antibodies. This strain was designed for competitive bone marrow transplantation assays and demonstrated perfect equivalence, unlike the previous standard, the "SJL" mouse, more formally known as Pep Boy.[24]
