P-22 (c. 2009/2010 – December 17, 2022) was a wildmountain lion who resided inGriffith Park in Los Angeles, California, on the eastern side of theSanta Monica Mountains.[1][3] P-22 was first identified in 2012[4] and was the subject of significant media attention, including numerous books, television programs and other works of art.[5][6] P-22 was often recorded prowling in theHollywood Hills neighborhood of Los Angeles.[6][7][8] He was monitored by aradio collar.[9][10] P-22 remained in Griffith Park for ten years until he was captured on December 12, 2022. He was then euthanized on December 17, 2022, after examinations revealed he was suffering from traumatic injuries consistent with being hit by a car, in combination with several longer-term health issues.[11][12]
P-22 was born circa 2010 in the western part of theSanta Monica Mountains.[1] Genetic testing showed that his father wasP-1.[13] P-1 was known as "king of the mountains," having a very large territory.[14] His mother was an unknown puma, one who had not been recorded in the study of local pumas.[1]
Sometime before 2012, P-22 headed east within the Santa Monica Mountains toGriffith Park, where he settled after crossing two major Los Angelesfreeways (Interstate 405 andRoute 101).[3][15] His success in evading traffic on these major routes was highlighted, since multiple mountain lions have died after being struck by vehicles on Los Angeles freeways.[6][16] The exact route for P-22's journey is unknown.[17]
TheU.S. National Park Service noted that P-22's nine-square-mile Griffith Park habitat (23 km2) is too small for an adult cat by a factor of 31 and that it was unlikely he would ever find a mate there.[1] It’s the smallest ever recorded range for an adult male mountain lion.[18][note 1]
The Griffith Park Connectivity Study, funded by Friends of Griffith Park, was launched in mid-2011. FoGP entered a study agreement and purchased thirteen wildlife cameras. The study objective was to evaluate the movement of large and medium-sized mammals to and from Griffith Park and the surrounding open space. It was the first project in the Griffith Park region targeting potential corridors. The study was expanded further in 2013, to include tunnels to the LA River and other passages.
Daniel S. Cooper led the study. Erin Boydston ofUSGS Western Ecological Research Center also supported the project. Miguel Ordeñana joined as a field biologist. The three ecologists, Cooper, Boydston, and Ordeñana, soon began to document deer, bobcats and coyotes crossing via one of the overpass bridges of the Hollywood Freeway in Cahuenga Pass. Ordeñana, poring over hundreds of motion-triggered photos, saw the first camera image taken on February 12, 2012 of the hind quarters of a male mountain lion on a rugged ridgeline just above Ford Theatre. The team released a Study Update in March 2012.[28][29][30][31]
March 28, 2012: P-22 sedated, getting a radio collar.
Jeff Sikich led the mission to catch the puma. He was first caught in March of 2012.[29] He was fitted with an electronic neck collar that recorded his location over time.[17] He then weighed 90 pounds (41 kg).[1] He was designated P-22.[29] P is short for "puma" and 22 refers to him being the 22nd puma in the ongoing puma study.[1][3][note 2]
National Geographic photographer Steve Winter worked with Jeff Sikich, a wildlife biologist with the National Park Service,[33][35] to photograph P-22. He spent 15 months putting upcamera traps in Griffith Park, and getting his cameras stolen, before capturing the now-famous photo of P-22 under theHollywood Sign.[9][35] This image appeared in the December 2013 issue ofNational Geographic.[35]
P-22 in March 2014 before his treatment formange (left) and in December 2015, after treatment (right)
In 2014, theNational Park Service reported that P-22 had contractedmange stemming from exposure toanti-blood-clotting rat poison by way ofbiomagnification.[36][37] The Park Service captured P-22, administered topical medications and injections ofvitamin K in efforts to treat him, then released him back into Griffith Park. The mange eventually subsided and P-22's health improved. The National Park Service again captured P-22 in December 2015 and found he had fully recovered, gaining 15 pounds.[38][39]
In 2016, theLos Angeles Zoo reported the disappearance of an elderlykoala named Killarney, whose carcass was found outside of the koala enclosure.[40][41][42] Surveillance footage from the zoo showed P-22 (then seven years old) nearby on zoo grounds, although neither the GPS-tracking data nor camera footage recorded an actual interaction between the two animals.[40][41][43]Los Angeles City Council memberMitch O'Farrell called for investigating the relocation of P-22 after the incident.[44] The National Park Service called the koala killing "normal predatory behavior", and the Zoo declined to ask for adepredation permit for P-22, instead opting for more secure enclosure methods for some of its animals at night.[42]
The National Park Service and theCalifornia Department of Fish and Wildlife announced in December 2022 that they would capture P-22 to evaluate his health,[45] following a pair of attacks onchihuahuas in the city.[46] Changes in his behavior had also been noticed including appearing to be agitated and venturing farther from his usual range.[47] On December 12, he was located in aLos Feliz homeowner's backyard and tranquilized by the California Department of Fish and Wildlife.[48] He was first triaged at the Los Angeles Zoo, and then taken to theSan Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance. Officials initially said he was in stable condition[48][49] and were considering all options, including releasing P-22 back into the wild or keeping him in a wildlife sanctuary, but thateuthanasia was off the table unless P-22 was determined to be suffering from a "really serious" health condition.[50]
The next day, officials announced that P-22 would likely not be released back into Griffith Park, and that his health had deteriorated. According to the Department of Fish and Wildlife and the Park Service, he was found to be significantly underweight, with thinning fur, possiblemange, and damage to his right eye, possibly from a vehicle—a vehicle collision with a mountain lion had been reported the night of December 11, and P-22's radio collar data supported the idea that he had been the mountain lion involved.[11][51] Officials said P-22 would undergo further medical evaluations before a decision was made.[51]
He was examined by a team of doctors at theSan Diego Zoo Safari Park which revealed serious health issues. His injuries included skull fractures, injuries to his right eye, skin injuries, andherniation of abdominal organs into his chest.[52] In addition to those health issues, P-22 was found to be suffering from multiple longer-term medical problems, including stage 2kidney failure,heart disease, a parasitic skin infection ofDemodex gatoi, and weight loss (he weighed 90 lb (41 kg) instead of his typical 125 lb (57 kg)).[12][2][53] On December 17, at 9:00 a.m., P-22 was euthanized.[11][12] A necropsy found he had a systemicringworm infection which was a first to find this concurrent with ademodectic mange infection in a California mountain lion. The examination confirmed that the multiple severe injuries and chronic conditions impaired his ability to function in the wild and would have lowered his quality of life if placed in human care.[54]
More than a year prior to P-22's actual death, Miguel Ordeñana applied for the Natural History Museum — in the event of P-22's death — to receive his remains for research purposes, and thought that P-22 would be put on display at the museum.[55] When P-22 died, local Native American tribes, who call mountain lions teachers, requested P-22 to be buried near Griffith Park with a ceremony that honors his spirit.[56] The museum announced that they did not plan to taxidermy his body or put his remains on display.[55]
After anecropsy, P-22 was transported from San Diego to theNatural History Museum of Los Angeles County.[12] A blessing ceremony was held by museum officials and descendants fromGabrieleño/Tongva,Tataviam, andChumash, Gabrielino-Shoshone,Akimel O'otham, andLuiseño Tribes to "welcome P-22 back to his homeland".[57] His remains were stored in a freezer at the museum until he was buried on March 4 in the Santa Monica Mountains at an undisclosed location.[58] The funeral was done in collaboration with local Indigenous partners, the California Department of Fish and Wildlife, the Natural History Museum and the National Park Service.[59][60][61]
Park rangers and volunteers during P-22 Day in 2017
Numerous members of the community and public figures released statements or condolences shortly following news of his death, includingGovernor of CaliforniaGavin Newsom,U.S. representativeAdam Schiff, California State RepresentativeLaura Friedman, and Los Angeles City CouncilmemberNithya Raman, among many others.[62][63][64][65][66] In his statement, Newsom said that "P-22's survival on an island of wilderness in the heart of Los Angeles captivated people around the world and revitalized efforts to protect our diverse native species and ecosystems."[62] TheGreek Theatre in Griffith Park was the site of a celebration of the life of P-22, presented by National Wildlife Federation on February 4, 2023.[67]
Since first being spotted in Los Angeles, P-22 became the subject of multiple books, television programs, and works of art. More broadly, the image of P-22 has risen to use as a symbol representingLos Angeles culture andwildlife conservation both in California and more generally.[70][71][68] Articles commemorating P-22 before and after his death noted the challenges the mountain lion faced. TheLos Angeles Times' obituary for P-22 called him "an aging bachelor who adjusted to a too-small space in the big city," and described his border-crossing journey to Griffith Park as something that many Los Angeles residents could empathize with.[11]
TheLos Angeles Public Library issued a limited-edition library card featuring P-22 in theNational Geographic photo with the Hollywood Sign in the background.[72]
P-22 became the poster puma for the promotion of theWallis Annenberg Wildlife Crossing. In order to get to Griffith Park, P-22 had to cross two freeways, the 101 andthe 405.[74] While he survived his crossings, many pumas do not. Thewildlife crossing over the 101 freeway was proposed in 2015. The funds were raised, and the project broke ground in April 2022.[75][76]
P-22's highway journey was parodied in aneaster egg inseason 4 episode 6 of the television showBojack Horseman.[95][96] He was also featured in a clue on the game showJeopardy! in 2022.[97] P-22 was mentioned in theHulu original series,This Fool. When the main character Julio Lopez is taken for an unwanted hiking trip by his ex-girlfriend Maggie, he worries that they will be devoured by P-22. The mountain lion later appears instead to menace a happy couple who has just gotten engaged.[98][99] A memorial dedication was included at the end of the season 2 premiere episode The Rooster.[100]
^P-22 is likely not the first mountain lion to have taken up residence in Griffith Park, although the duration of his stay was remarkably long. A mountain lion's body was found in Griffith Park sometime in 1996 or 1997, after being hit by a vehicle. Another mountain lion was sighted several times in Griffith Park in 2004 and rangers found evidence (including deer remains) to support its presence there.[19]
^Mountain lions studied by the National Park Service in the Santa Monica Mountains are numbered sequentially by capture date.[32][33] In 2015, radio stationKPCC held a poll to choose a "more personal" common-use name for P-22. Proposed names included Felix (likeFelix the Cat), Yossarian (based onCatch-22), Tukuurot (Tongva word for mountain lion), Pete Puma (Looney Tunes), Pounce de Leon (Juan Ponce de León), Huell, and Puma Thurman (Uma Thurman). However, the winning name by a large margin was P-22, and so his name stayed.[34]
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