Theoviduct in vertebrates is the passageway from anovary. In human females, this is more usually known as thefallopian tube. The eggs travel along the oviduct. These eggs will either be fertilized byspermatozoa to become azygote, or will degenerate in the body. Normally, these are paired structures, but inbirds and somecartilaginous fishes, one or the other side fails to develop (together with the corresponding ovary), and only one functional oviduct can be found.
Except inteleosts, the oviduct is not directly in contact with the ovary. Instead, the most anterior portion ends in a funnel-shaped structure called theinfundibulum, which collects eggs as they are released by the ovary into the body cavity.
The only female vertebrates to lack oviducts are thejawless fishes. In these species, the single fused ovary releases eggs directly into the body cavity. The fish eventually extrudes the eggs through a smallgenital pore towards the rear of the body.
Inamphibians andlungfishes, the oviduct is a simpleciliated tube, lined withmucus-secreting glands that produce the jelly that surrounds theovum. In all other vertebrates, there is normally some degree of specialisation of the tube, depending on the type of eggs produced.
In cartilaginous fishes, the middle portion of the tube develops as ashell gland. The first portion of this gland secretes theegg white, while the lower portion secretes a hard, horny, capsule to protect the developing egg.Distal to the shell gland is theovisac, a distended region in which eggs are stored prior to laying. Inovoviviparous species, the egg remains within the ovisac until it hatches. Some cartilaginous fishes, however, are trulyviviparous, giving birth to live young, and producing no egg shell. In these forms, the ovisac nurtures the developing embryo, often with the aid of vascular outgrowths similar to, but much simpler than, the mammalianplacenta.
The most primitiveray finned fishes retain the simple structure also found in lungfishes. In teleosts, folds ofperitoneum enclose the ovary and upper part of the tube, fusing them into a single structure. The ovary itself is hollow, with eggs being shed into the central cavity, and thence passing directly into the oviduct. The enclosed nature of the female reproductive system in these fishes makes it impossible for eggs to escape into the general body cavity; a necessary development, given that thousands or even millions of eggs may be released in a single spawning.
Inamniotes –reptiles, birds, andmammals – the egg is enclosed with an outer layer, oramnion, which has led to further development of the oviduct. In reptiles, birds, andmonotremes, the main part of the oviduct is a muscular tube, capable of considerable distension to transport the large eggs that are produced. This part of the oviduct is lined with glands that secrete the components of the egg white. The lower portion of the oviduct, oruterus, has a thicker layer ofsmooth muscle and contains the glands that secrete the egg shell.
Inmarsupials andplacental mammals, the uterus becomes lined by anendometrium,[1] and is more developed than in egg-laying amniotes. In many placental mammals, the uteri of each side become partially or wholly fused into a single organ, although in marsupials they remain completely separate.
For birds, the oviduct is composed of:
(See matching numbers in the picture)
Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977).The Vertebrate Body. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 387–392.ISBN 0-03-910284-X.
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