In some countries, there is anoverpopulation ofpets such ascats,dogs, andexotic animals. In the United States, six to eight million animals are brought toshelters each year, of which an estimated three to four million are subsequentlyeuthanized, including 2.7 million considered healthy and adoptable.[1][2] Euthanasia numbers have declined since the 1970s, when U.S. shelters euthanized an estimated 12 to 20 million animals.[3] Mosthumane societies,animal shelters, andrescue groups urge animal caregivers to have their animalsspayed or neutered to prevent the births of unwanted and accidentallitters that could contribute to this dynamic.[2]
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Dealing with a population of unwanted domestic animals is a major concern toanimal welfare andanimal rights groups. Domestic animal overpopulation can be an ecological concern, as well as a financial problem: capturing, impounding, and eventualeuthanasia costs taxpayers and private agencies millions of dollars each year.[4][where?] Unwanted pets released into the wild may contribute to severe ecosystem damage (e.g. the effect of introducing exotic snakes into Florida'sEverglades). With overpopulation of domestic pets and limited spaces to shelter them, the amount of homeless animals contracting diseases is rising. This is a public health concern to people all over the world as diseases, likecanine rabies, can spread rapidly from animals tohumans. According to theWorld Health Organization (WHO), over 3 billion people in Asia and Africa are at high risk of contracting canine rabies, with tens of thousands dying each year.[5]
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In Bahrain, thestray dog population was estimated to be approximately 10,000 in 2014. TheBahrain Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (BSPCA) created a "catch, neuter, return" program (CNR) in September 2013, with start up funds provided byDog Trust. The program has been widely praised as effective in reducing aggression and bettering the health of the stray dog populations in multiple geographical areas. The CNR program was intended to last five years and lead to the eradication of the stray populations. However, funds were depleted after the successfulneutering of 1,200 stray dogs, prompting the BSPCA to request financial assistance from the Bahraini government. A spokesperson for the BSPCA has stated that the response from authorities has been to send police officers out to shoot the dogs on the street.[6] The stray dogs have been responsible for multiple attacks on livestock, including four separate attacks in a single month. Shaikha Marwa bint Abdulrahman Al Khalifa, a member ofBahrain's royal family, stated she and the BSPCA have plans to build a shelter for the dogs to neuter and rehabilitate them. The shelter would be located near Al Areen Wildlife Park and Reserve and was slated to open in the beginning of 2016.[needs update][7]
TheCanadian Federation of Humane Societies (CFHS) has been collecting statistics from Canadian animal shelters since 1993.[8]: 2 A survey in 2013 included data from 100 of 186 humane societies andSPCAs.[8]: 2 However, municipal animal services agencies were not included, hence "the data in this report represents only a fraction of homeless companion animals in Canada."[8]: 2 In 2012, the surveyed shelters took in just over 188,000 animals, and euthanized 65,423 animals, representing 35% of all intakes.[8]: 8 Six times as many cats were euthanized as dogs, or 41% of cats and 15% of dogs.[8]: 5 The report said a gradually improving trend, but that cats have a far worse outcome than dogs: "More than twice as many cats enter shelters than dogs, and though adoption rates for cats are similar to those for dogs, fewer cats are reclaimed and many more are euthanized."[8]: 7 [9]
Estimates of animals brought to shelters and of animals subsequently euthanized in the U.S. have issues with their reliability.The Humane Society of the United States provides shelter statistics with this caution: "There is no centraldata reporting system for U.S. animal shelters and rescues. These estimates are based on information provided by the (former) National Council on Pet Population Study and Policy."[1] The HSUS provided numbers of 6 to 8 million animals taken to shelters, 3 to 4 million animals euthanized, and 2.7 million of the euthanized animals being healthy and adoptable, as estimates for 2012–2013,[1] and also for annual figures in an August 2014 article.[2]
The National Council on Pet Population Study and Policy conducted a survey over four years, 1994–1997, and cautions against the use of their survey for wider estimates: "It is not possible to use these statistics to estimate the numbers of animals entering animal shelters in the United States, or the numbers euthanized on an annual basis. The reporting Shelters may not represent a random sampling of U.S. shelters."[10] Summary statistics from the survey said that in 1997, 4.3 million animals entered the surveyed shelters; the shelters euthanized 62.6% of them, or 2.8 million animals.[10] These numbers broke down to 56.4% of dogs euthanized, and 71% of cats.[10] The original survey was sent to 5,042 shelters housing at least 100 dogs and cats each year, of whom only 1,008 shelters participated in 1997.[10]
TheAmerican Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals provides alternate numbers, saying that there are about 13,600 community animal shelters in the US.[11] "There is no national organization monitoring these shelters", and "no government institution or animal organization is responsible for tabulating national statistics for the animal protection movement."[11] However, national estimates are provided of 7.6 million animals entering shelters each year, with 2.7 million of them euthanized.[11]
TheAmerican Humane Association said the difficulties in estimating numbers, and provides a higher figure, saying that in 2008, an estimated 3.7 million animals were euthanized in shelters.[12] A 1993 study of US dog populations considered a wider range of sources than animal shelters.[13] The study found that 4 million dogs entered shelters, with 2.4 million (or 60%) euthanized (p. 203).[14]
Unwanted dogs and cats may have been acquired from any source. Large numbers of animals are placed in shelters by pet owners each year for reasons such as moving, allergies, behavioral problems, and lack of time or money, or the pet animal giving birth to young. Another common reason for surrendering a pet is because of milestones, like marriage or the birth of a new baby.[15]
During multiple interviews[16] conducted byColorado State University graduates and other college graduates, it was found that over 3,000 pet owners were asked about their relinquishment of domestic animals. Of those owners about 3,600 dogs and litters and 1,400 cats and litters have been relinquished. According to the university's research, some of the top 10 reasons for relinquishment were problems with other pets in the house, the owner having personal problems, landlords not allowing pets, and cost. The university found that the top reason for relinquishment is aggression towards people. Based on third party research conducted byCanine Journal,[17] it was found that 1 in 74 people will be a victim to dog bites. However, some breeds tend to bite more than other breeds.
According toASPCA[18] the two other major reasons for relinquishment, other than behavioral problems with the pet, are family situations and housing issues. Of these pets that are being "re-homed",ASPCA provides statistics showing 37% of these pets are re-homed with a friend or family member. Shelters become the new "home" for 36% of relinquished pets, even though many people would want this to be their last resort. Each year 6.5 million domestic pets enter shelters,[19] these shelters are being massively overwhelmed by the intake of animals. Most shelters are not capable of getting all of these animals adopted, which unfortunately leads to many animals being euthanized.
The American Pet Products Association says that since purebreds are only 5% to 6% of the US pet cat population, the overpopulation problem is mainly due to mixed or random bred animals, and avoiding purebred cats would make little difference.[20] TheHumane Society of the United States (HSUS) says that 25% of the dogs who enter animal shelters are purebred.[relevant?][1]
TheAmerican Kennel Club (AKC) and theCat Fanciers' Association (CFA) say the benefits of purebred dogs or cats include that they have been developed over time to show specific traits that are useful for hunting, rescue, assistance and other needs.[21][20] Animal buyers, including pet owners, may choose a purebred to ensure they know ahead of time the size and other characteristics a young animal will grow into.[21] The CFA also says that purebred cats may make better pets because they have a weaker hunting instinct.[20] The HSUS says that a pedigree is not a guarantee of health and temperament, and that mixed breed dogs and cats often show good characteristics of both breeds, and may be less likely to have genetic defects.[22][20]
The AKC saysbreeders offer services and information about the animals they sell, such as a detailed pedigree, and expertise in the health and temperament of the breed they specialize in.[21] The HSUS says animal shelters may offer animals that have already had necessary veterinary procedures, such asspaying orneutering,vaccination,deworming, andmicrochipping.[23]
The best practices set by the AKC for responsible breeders include screening customers so animals are placed in a good home, and follow up services including collecting long-term health and development data about animals they have bred, and guaranteeing to take back any animals if their situation is not mutually beneficial for the pet and the owner, and then placing them in a new home.[21] The AKC says that their organization serves to preventanimal cruelty by suspending the benefits of theirbreed registry and other services from members convicted of animal cruelty, and that their inspection program actively uncovers cases of inhumane treatment of dogs.[21] The HSUS says the AKC has lobbied against laws to stop puppy mills, and that many of the breeders certified as humane by AKC inspectors were later convicted of animal cruelty offenses, while the AKC says it has favored legislation that is necessary, but worked to stop well-intentioned laws that are unenforceable or counterproductive, such as kennel population limits that may harmgenetic diversity.[24][21] The HSUS does not advocate banning breeding but encourages prospective pet owners to seek a breed rescue organization rather than buying directly from a breeder.[20]
Backyard breeding andpuppy mills are motivated by profit and the perceived high demand for a particular breed, often without concern for the health or welfare of the animals involved. These animals may be sold throughpet stores or directly from the breeders themselves.[25] The AKC says that negligence and cruelty to animals is illegal throughout the US, and that the solution to irresponsible breeding is more effective enforcement of the law, rather than blaming responsible breeders or the demand for purebred animals.[21] The CFA's legislative stance is similar to the AKC.[26] The CFA also says that cat overpopulation is due to free roaming, unaltered pet cats, andferal cats, not purebreds.[26] The CFA says that animal control agencies have failed to publicize complete statistics on the killing of dogs and cats that are dangerously aggressive, concealing the degree to which pet animal euthanasia will always be unavoidable.[26]