Global studies – interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary academic study of globalizing forces and trends. Global studies may include the investigation of one or more aspects of globalization, but tend to concentrate on how globalizing trends are redefining the relationships between states, organizations, societies, communities, and individuals, creating new challenges that cannot be solved by nations or markets alone.[3] Study of the factors contributing to globalization may originate in many academic concentrations, such aspolitical science,economics, andsociology.
TheArchaic period is defined as events and developments from the time of the earliest civilizations until roughly 1600.
The period ofProto-globalization roughly spans the years between 1600 and 1800. It was largely shaped in this era by the operations ofcolonialism.
TheModern period ofglobalization covers from the 19th century until the present time.Imperialism andindustrialization have figured largely in shaping modern globalizing forces and trends.
Since globalization is not an independent phenomenon but is highly interrelated with world views, products, ideas, and other aspects of culture,explanations of why globalization occurs and what the effects of globalization are or can be expected are related to theories ranging fromeconomic development torevolutionary socialism.
Pyramid of Capitalist System, 1911 Industrial Worker publication advocating industrial unionism. It also shows the critique of capitalism.
International business development and theorganization of business and trade worldwide are fundamental aspects of globalization and the development of globalizing systems.
Singapore, the top country in theEnabling Trade Index, embraced globalization and became a highly developed country.Red: U.S. corporate profits after tax. Blue: U.S. nonresidential business investment, both as fractions of GDP, 1989–2012.Wealth concentration of corporate profits in globaltax havens due totax avoidance spurred by imposition of austerity measures can stall investment, inhibiting further growth.[4]
Of the factors influencing the duration ofeconomic growth in both developed and developing countries,income equality has a more beneficial impact than trade openness, sound political institutions, and foreign investment.[5]
Economic globalization – increasing economic interdependence of national economies across the world through a rapid increase in cross-border movement of goods, services, technology, and capital. International economic activities and institutions that influence or characterize economic globalization include:
Monument to Multiculturalism by Francesco Perilli inToronto, Canada. Four identical sculptures are located inBuffalo City, South Africa;Changchun, China;Sarajevo, Bosnia, andSydney, Australia.Shakira, a Colombian multilingual singer-songwriter, playing outside her home countryA McDonald's inOsaka, Japan, exemplifies theMcDonaldization of global society.
Thenatural environment can be contrasted with thebuilt environment, comprising the areas and components that are strongly influenced by humans. In the age of globalization, fewabsolutely natural environments remain.Human challenges to the natural environment, such asclimate change, cross-boundary water and airpollution,over-fishing of the ocean, and the spread ofinvasive species require at least transnational and, often, global solutions.
Deforestation of theMadagascar Highland Plateau has led to extensivesiltation and unstable flows of westernrivers.The three nested systems ofsustainability – the economy wholly contained by society, wholly contained by the biophysical environment. Clickable.
Processes of globalization present humankind withmany issues that are considered problematic in at least one culture or society, and often multiple societies.
^Albrow, Martin and Elizabeth King (eds.) (1990).Globalization, Knowledge and SocietyLondon: Sage.ISBN978-0803983243 p. 8. "...all those processes by which the peoples of the world are incorporated into a single world society."
^Stever, H. Guyford (1972). "Science, Systems, and Society."Journal of Cybernetics, 2(3):1–3.doi:10.1080/01969727208542909
^Berg, Andrew G.; Ostry, Jonathan D. (2011)."Equality and Efficiency".Finance and Development.48 (3). International Monetary Fund. RetrievedSeptember 10, 2012.
Barbara, Christopher (2008).International legal personality: Panacea or pandemonium? Theorizing about the individual and the state in the era of globalization. Saarbrücken:Verlag Dr. Müller.ISBN978-3-639-11514-7.
Reinsdorf, Marshall and Matthew J. Slaughter (2009).International Trade in Services and Intangibles in the Era of Globalization. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.ISBN978-0-226-70959-8.
Tausch, Arno (2008).Multicultural Europe: Effects of the Global Lisbon Process. Hauppauge, New York: Nova Science Publishers.ISBN978-1-60456-806-6.
Tausch, Arno (2015).The political algebra of global value change. General models and implications for the Muslim world. With Almas Heshmati and Hichem Karoui (1st ed.). Nova Science Publishers, New York.ISBN978-1-62948-899-8.
Osle, Rafael Domingo (2010).The New Global Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.ISBN9780521193870.
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