The followingoutline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to epistemology:
Epistemology (akatheory of knowledge) – branch ofphilosophy concerned withknowledge.[1] The term was introduced into English by the Scottish philosopherJames Frederick Ferrier (1808–1864).[2] Epistemology asks questions such as: "What is knowledge?", "How is knowledge acquired?", and "What do people know?"
Coherentism – Beliefs are justified if they cohere with other beliefs a person holds, each belief is justified if it coheres with the overall system of beliefs.
Infinitism – Beliefs are justified by infinite chains of reasons.
Foundherentism – Both fallible foundations and coherence are components of justification—proposed bySusan Haack.
Internalism and externalism – The believer must be able to justify a belief through internal knowledge (internalism), or outside sources of knowledge can be used to justify a belief (externalism).
Historical epistemology – study of the historical conditions of, and changes in, different kinds of knowledge
Meta-epistemology – metaphilosophical study of the subject, matter, methods and aims of epistemology and of approaches to understanding and structuring knowledge of knowledge itself
Social epistemology – study of collective knowledge and the social dimensions of knowledge
Butchvarov, Panayot. 1970.The Concept of Knowledge. Evanston, Northwestern University Press.
Cohen, Stewart (1998a). "Contextualist Solutions to Epistemological Problems: Skepticism, Gettier, and the Lottery".Australasian Journal of Philosophy.76 (2):289–306.doi:10.1080/00048409812348411.
Cohen, Stewart. 1999. "Contextualism, Skepticism, and Reasons", in Tomberlin 1999.
Kyburg, H.E. 1961.Probability and the Logic of Rational Belief, Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press.
Korzybski, Alfred. 1994 (1933).Science and Sanity: An Introduction to Non-Aristotelian Systems and General Semantics, Fifth Edition. Ft. Worth, TX: Institute of General Semantics.
Spir, African. 1877.Denken und Wirklichkeit: Versuch einer Erneuerung der kritischen Philosophie (Thought and Reality: Attempt at a Renewal of Critical Philosophy), (Second Edition) Leipzig: J.G. Findel.
Wagner, Pierre (2002). "Introduction". In Pierre Wagner (ed.).Les Philosophes et la science. Folio-essais (in French). Paris:Éditions Gallimard. pp. 9–65.ISBN9782070416257.