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Outline of South Asian history

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Overviews of and topical guides to the history of South Asia

The followingoutline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to thehistory of South Asia.

The broader region in and around the historicalIndian subcontinent, which includes the contemporary geopolitical entities ofAfghanistan,Bangladesh,Bhutan,India,Nepal,Pakistan, and the island countries ofMaldives andSri Lanka.

Part ofa series on the
History ofSouth Asia
South Asia (orthographic projection)
Neolithic(10,800–3300 BC)
Bhirrana culture (7570–6200 BC)
Mehrgarh culture (7000–3300 BC)
Edakkal culture (5000–3000 BC)
Chalcolithic(3500–1500 BC)
Anarta tradition (c. 3950–1900 BC)
Ahar-Banas culture (3000–1500 BC)
Pandu culture (1600–750 BC)
Malwa culture (1600–1300 BC)
Jorwe culture (1400–700 BC)
Bronze Age(3300–1300 BC)
Indus Valley Civilisation(3300–1300 BC)
 –Early Harappan culture(3300–2600 BC)
 –Mature Harappan culture(2600–1900 BC)
 –Late Harappan culture(1900–1300 BC)
Vedic Civilisation(2000–500 BC)
 –Ochre Coloured Pottery culture(2000–1600 BC)
 –Swat culture(1600–500 BC)
Iron Age(1500–200 BC)
Vedic Civilisation(1500–500 BC)
 –Janapadas (1500–600 BC)
 –Black and Red ware culture(1300–1000 BC)
 –Painted Grey Ware culture (1200–600 BC)
 –Northern Black Polished Ware (700–200 BC)
Pradyota dynasty (799–684 BC)
Haryanka dynasty (684–424 BC)
Three Crowned Kingdoms (c. 600 BC – AD 1600)
Maha Janapadas (c. 600–300 BC)
Achaemenid Empire (550–330 BC)
Shaishunaga dynasty (424–345 BC)
Nanda Empire (380–321 BC)
Macedonian Empire (330–323 BC)
Maurya Empire (321–184 BC)
Seleucid India (312–303 BC)
Sangam period (c. 300 BC – c. 300 AD)
Pandya Empire (c. 300 BC – AD 1345)
Chera Kingdom (c. 300 BC – AD 1102)
Chola Empire (c. 300 BC – AD 1279)
Pallava Empire (c. 250 AD – AD 800)
Maha-Megha-Vahana Empire (c. 250 BC – c. AD 500)
Parthian Empire (247 BC – AD 224)
Middle Kingdoms(230 BC – AD 1206)
Satavahana Empire (230 BC – AD 220)
Kuninda Kingdom (200 BC – AD 300)
Mitra Dynasty (c. 150 – c. 50 BC)
Shunga Empire (185–73 BC)
Indo-Greek Kingdom (180 BC – AD 10)
Kanva Empire (75–26 BC)
Indo-Scythian Kingdom (50 BC – AD 400)
Indo-Parthian Kingdom (AD 21 –c. 130)
Western Satrap Empire (AD 35–405 )
Kushan Empire (AD 60–240)
Bharshiva Dynasty (170–350)
Nagas of Padmavati (210–340)
Sasanian Empire (224–651)
Indo-Sassanid Kingdom (230–360)
Vakataka Empire (c. 250 – c. 500)
Kalabhras Empire (c. 250 – c. 600)
Gupta Empire (280–550)
Kadamba Empire (345–525)
Western Ganga Kingdom (350–1000)
Kamarupa Kingdom (350–1100)
Vishnukundina Empire (420–624)
Maitraka Empire (475–767)
Huna Kingdom (475–576)
Rai Kingdom (489–632)
Kabul Shahi Empire (c. 500 – 1026)
Chalukya Empire (543–753)
Maukhari Empire (c. 550 – c. 700)
Harsha Empire (606–647)
Tibetan Empire (618–841)
Eastern Chalukya Kingdom (624–1075)
Rashidun Caliphate (632–661)
Gurjara-Pratihara Empire (650–1036)
Umayyad Caliphate (661–750)
Mallabhum kingdom (694–1947)
Bhauma-Kara Kingdom (736–916)
Pala Empire (750–1174)
Rashtrakuta Empire (753–982)
Paramara Kingdom (800–1327)
Yadava Empire (850–1334)
Somavamshi Kingdom (882–1110)
Chaulukya Kingdom (942–1244)
Western Chalukya Empire (973–1189)
Lohara Kingdom (1003–1320)
Hoysala Empire (1040–1347)
Sena Empire (1070–1230)
Eastern Ganga Empire (1078–1434)
Kakatiya Kingdom (1083–1323)
Zamorin Kingdom (1102–1766)
Kalachuris of Tripuri (675–1210)
Kalachuris of Kalyani (1156–1184)
Chutiya Kingdom (1187–1673)
Deva Kingdom (c. 1200 – c. 1300)
Ghaznavid Dynasty (977–1186)
Ghurid Dynasty (1170–1206)
Delhi Sultanate (1206–1526)
 –Mamluk Sultanate (1206–1290)
 –Khalji Sultanate (1290–1320)
 –Tughlaq Sultanate (1320–1414)
 –Sayyid Sultanate (1414–1451)
 –Lodi Sultanate (1451–1526)
Ahom Kingdom (1228–1826)
Chitradurga Kingdom (1300–1779)
Reddy Kingdom (1325–1448)
Vijayanagara Empire (1336–1646)
Bengal Sultanate (1352–1576)
Garhwal Kingdom (1358–1803)
Mysore Kingdom (1399–1947)
Gajapati Empire (1434–1541)
Ladakh Kingdom (1470–1842)
Deccan sultanates (1490–1596)
 –Ahmadnagar Sultanate (1490–1636)
 –Berar sultanate (1490–1574)
 –Bidar Sultanate (1492–1619)
 –Bijapur Sultanate (1492–1686)
 –Golkonda Sultanate (1518–1687)
Keladi Kingdom (1499–1763)
Koch Kingdom (1515–1947)
Early modern period(1526–1858)
Mughal Empire (1526–1858)
Sur Empire (1540–1556)
Madurai Kingdom (1529–1736)
Thanjavur Kingdom (1532–1673)
Bhoi dynasty (1541–1804)
Bengal Subah (1576–1757)
Marava Kingdom (1600–1750)
Sikkim Kingdom (1642–1975)
Thondaiman Kingdom (1650–1948)
Maratha Empire (1674–1818)
Sikh Confederacy (1707–1799)
Travancore Kingdom (1729–1947)
Sikh Empire (1799–1849)
Colonial states(1510–1961)
Portuguese India (1510–1961)
Dutch India (1605–1825)
Danish India (1620–1869)
French India (1759–1954)
Company Raj (1757–1858)
British Raj (1858–1947)

Chronology

[edit]
Chronology of India
James Mill (1774–1836), in hisThe History of British India (1817),[a] distinguished three phases in the history of theIndian subcontinent, namely Hindu, Muslim, and British civilisations.[b][c] This periodisation has been influential, but has also been criticised for the misconceptions it gave rise to.[d] Another influential periodisation is the division into "ancient, classical, medieval and modern periods".[e]
World History[f]James Mill's Periodisation[g]ACMM[h][i]Chronology of Indian History[j][k][l][m]
Early Societes
(3500–2500 BCE)		Early Indian CivilizationsAncient IndiaPrehistoric Era
Indus Valley civilisation (c. 3300–1750 BCE)
Ancient Vedic Kingdoms
(2500–600 BCE)		Hindu civilisationsEarly Vedic period
(c. 1750 – 1200 BCE)
Middle Vedic period
(from 1200 BCE)
Late Vedic period
(from 850 BCE)
Classical Civilisations
(600 BCE–500 CE)		Second urbanisation
Early empires[n]
(c. 600–200 BCE)[o]
Disintegration[p] and regional states
(c. 200 BCE–300 CE)[q]
Classical India"Golden Age" (Gupta Empire)
(c. 320–650 CE)[r]
Post-classical age
(500–1000 CE)		Medieval IndiaRegional Indian kingdoms and Beginning of Islamic raids
(c. 650–1100 CE)[s]
Transregional nomadic empires
(1000–1500 CE)		Muslim civilisationsDelhi Sultanate (north India)
(1206–1526 CE)
Vijayanagara Empire (south India)
(1336–1646 CE)
Modern age
(1500–present)		Modern IndiaMughal Empire
(1526–1707)
British civilisationsMaratha Empire
British rule
(c. 1750 CE–1947)
–Independent India
Notes and references for table

NotesDifferent periods are designated as "classical Hinduism":

  • Smart calls the period between 1000 BCE and 100 CE "pre-classical". It's the formative period for the Upanishads and Brahmanism (Smart distinguishes "Brahmanism" from the Vedic religion, connecting "Brahmanism" with the Upanishads.[t]), Jainism and Buddhism. For Smart, the "classical period" lasts from 100 to 1000 CE, and coincides with the flowering of "classical Hinduism" and the flowering and deterioration of Mahayana-buddhism in India.[u]
  • For Michaels, the period between 500 BCE and 200 BCE is a time of "Ascetic reformism",[v] whereas the period between 200 BCE and 1100 CE is the time of "classical Hinduism", since there is "a turning point between the Vedic religion and Hindu religions".[w]
  • Muesse discerns a longer period of change, namely between 800 BCE and 200 BCE, which he calls the "Classical Period". According to Muesse, some of the fundamental concepts of Hinduism, namely karma, reincarnation and "personal enlightenment and transformation", which did not exist in the Vedic religion, developed in this time.[x]

References

  1. ^Khanna 2007, p.xvii
  2. ^Khanna 2007, p.xvii
  3. ^Misra 2004, p.194
  4. ^Kulke 2004, p.7
  5. ^Flood 1996, p.21
  6. ^Bentley
  7. ^Khanna 2007, p.xvii
  8. ^Flood 1996, p.21
  9. ^Stein
  10. ^Smart 2003, p. 52–53
  11. ^Michaels 2004
  12. ^Muesse 2011
  13. ^Flood 1996, p. 21–22
  14. ^Thapar
  15. ^Thapar
  16. ^Thapar
  17. ^Michaels 2004, p.39
  18. ^Michaels 2004, p.40
  19. ^Michaels 2004, p.41
  20. ^Smart 2003, p. 52, 83–86
  21. ^Smart 2003, p.52
  22. ^Michaels 2004, p.36
  23. ^Michaels 2004, p.38
  24. ^Muesse 2003, p.14

Sources

  • Bentley, Jerry H. (June 1996), "Cross-Cultural Interaction and Periodization in World History",The American Historical Review,101 (3):749–770,doi:10.2307/2169422,JSTOR 2169422
  • Flood, Gavin D. (1996),An Introduction to Hinduism, Cambridge University Press
  • Khanna, Meenakshi (2007),Cultural History Of Medieval India, Berghahn Books
  • Kulke, Hermann; Rothermund, Dietmar (2004),A History of India, Routledge
  • Michaels, Axel (2004),Hinduism. Past and present, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press
  • Misra, Amalendu (2004),Identity and Religion: Foundations of Anti-Islamism in India, SAGE
  • Muesse, Mark William (2003),Great World Religions: Hinduism, archived fromthe original on 2013-12-27, retrieved2019-01-12
  • Muesse, Mark W. (2011),The Hindu Traditions: A Concise Introduction, Fortress Press
  • Smart, Ninian (2003),Godsdiensten van de wereld (The World's religions), Kampen: Uitgeverij Kok
  • Thapar, Romila (1977),A History of India. Volume One, Penguin Books

James Mill (1773–1836), in hisThe History of British India (1817), distinguished three phases in the history of India, namely Hindu, Muslim, and British civilisations. This periodisation has been influential, but has also been criticised for the misconceptions it gave rise to. Another influential periodisation is the division into "ancient, classical, medieval and modern periods", although this periodisation has also been criticised.[1]

Romila Thapar notes that the division into Hindu-Muslim-British periods of Indian history gives too much weight to "ruling dynasties and foreign invasions",[2] neglecting the social-economic history which often showed a strong continuity.[2] The division into Ancient-Medieval-Modern periods overlooks the fact that the Muslim conquests occurred gradually during which time many things came and went off, while the south was never completely conquered.[2] According to Thapar, a periodisation could also be based on "significant social and economic changes", which are not strictly related to the change of ruling powers.[3][note 1]

By period

[edit]

Paleolithic and Mesolithic age

[edit]

Neolithic age

[edit]

Bronze Age

[edit]

Bronze Age India (3500–1500 BCE)

Iron Age and Vedic period

[edit]
Main article:Vedic period

Middle kingdoms

[edit]
Main article:Middle kingdoms of India

Late medieval period

[edit]

Late medieval period   (1206–1596)

Early modern period

[edit]

Early modern period   (1526–1858)

European colonial period

[edit]

Colonial period   (1510–1961 CE)

Kingdoms of Sri Lanka

[edit]
Main article:History of Sri Lanka

History of South Asia, by region

[edit]

By South Asian subregion

[edit]

By country and national subdivision

[edit]

History of South Asia, by subject

[edit]

History of architecture in South Asia

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^See also Tanvir Anjum,Temporal Divides: A Critical Review of the Major Schemes of Periodization in Indian History.

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^Thapar 1978, p. 19–20.
  2. ^abcThapar 1978, p. 19.
  3. ^Thapar 1978, p. 20.

Sources

[edit]

External links

[edit]
South Asian history at Wikipedia'ssister projects
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