This article is about a city of North Ostrobothnia, Finland. For a town in Bayfield County, Wisconsin, seeOulu, Wisconsin. For other uses, seeOulu (disambiguation).
Oulu (/ˈoʊluː/OH-loo,[9][10]Finnish:[ˈou̯lu]ⓘ;Swedish:Uleåborg[ʉːlɛɔˈbɔrj]ⓘ) is a city inFinland and the regional capital ofNorth Ostrobothnia. It is located on the northwestern coast of the country at the mouth of theRiver Oulu. The population of Oulu is approximately 216,000, while thesub-region has a population of approximately 264,000. It is the 5th most populousmunicipality in Finland, and the fourth most populousurban area in the country. Oulu is also the most populous city in Northern Finland.
Due to its large population and geopolitical, economic and cultural-historical position, Oulu has been called the "capital of Northern Finland".[1] Oulu is also considered one of Europe's "living labs", where residents experiment with new technologies (such asNFC tags andubi-screens) on a community-wide scale.[11] Although only in the top 2% of universities,[12] theUniversity of Oulu is regionally renowned in the field of information technology.[13][14][15] Oulu has also been very successful in recent city image surveys; in a study published by the Finnish Economic Survey in 2008, Oulu received the best image rating among large cities in the country, including ratings from respondents in allprovinces.[16] In the 2023 T-Media survey, Oulu was tied withKuopio as the second most attractive city in Finland, whileTampere was ranked first.[17]
The city is named after the riverOulujoki, which originates in the lakeOulujärvi. There have been a number of other theories for the origin of the nameOulu. One possible source is a word in theSami language meaning 'flood water', but there are other suggestions. At minimum, the structure of the word requires that, if originally given by speakers of aUralic language, the name must be aderivative. In all likelihood, it also predates Finnish settlement and is thus aloanword from one of the now-extinctSaami languages once spoken in the area.
The most probable theory is that the name derives from the Finnish dialectal wordoulu, meaning "floodwater", which is related to e.g.Southern Samiåulo, meaning "melted snow",åulot meaning "thaw" (of unknown ultimate origin). Two other word families have also been speculated to be related. The first is seen in the Northern Savo dialectal worduula and its Sami counterpartoalli, both meaning "river channel". The second is the Uralic rootreconstructed as *uwa, meaning "river bed" (reflected asvuo in modern Finnish, also in derivatives such asvuolas "heavy-flowing"). To either of these roots, some Sami variety would have to be assumed having added further derivational suffixes.[23]
The 1400s were characterized by Russian raids in the region, during these raids captured people would be killed and/or taken back to the region of Russia.[25] In 1531, the city was granted permission to act as atrading post.[24] In 1590, theOulu Castle was built by the Swedes and in 1595, theTreaty of Teusina firmly established Sweden's control over Oulu.
The city was founded on 8 April 1605 by KingCharles IX of Sweden, and granted city privileges in 1610.[26] In 1765, Oulu received township rights granting them to trade outside of Sweden.[27] Oulu was the capital of theProvince of Oulu from 1776 to 2009.
In 1822, a major fire destroyed much of the city, especially thecity centre as most of the city was made from wood.[28] The architectCarl Ludvig Engel, chiefly known for theneoclassical (empire style) buildings aroundHelsinki Senate Square, was enlisted to provide the plan for its rebuilding. With minor changes, this plan remains the basis for the layout of Oulu's town center. TheOulu Cathedral was built in 1832 to his designs, with the spire being finished in 1844. During theÅland War, part of theCrimean War, Oulu's harbour was raided by the British fleet, who destroyed ships and burned tar houses,[29] leading to international criticism.[citation needed]
Oulu is located in northern Finland, a considerable distance from the other major cities in the country. It is located 607 kilometres (377 mi) north of the capital cityHelsinki. Mainland Finland's northernmost and southernmost points are roughlyequidistant from Oulu. Oulu's coast sits at theBothnian Bay (Perämeri in Finnish) and theSwedish mainland is about 180 km directly west across the Bothnian Bay. From the center of Oulu in the direction ofOulunsalo, there isKempeleenlahti [fi], a smaller but wide,meadow-belted bay,[31] and part of it has been listed as a natureconservation area.[32] The nearby islandHailuoto is just off the coast, 53 kilometres (33 mi) away in the Bothnian Bay. Along the coast to the southwest, about 75 kilometres (47 mi) of Oulu isRaahe (Brahestad), known for its historic wooden town, and, further to the southwest, about 130 kilometres (81 mi) of Oulu isKalajoki, known for its popular sandy beaches.
Oulu has asubarctic climate (Köppen:Dfc,TrewarthaEolo), bordering ahumid continental climate (Köppen:Dfb, TrewarthaDclo). It is the largestFinnish city entirely in this climatic zone as well as one of the largest such in the world. The typical features are cold and snowy winters with short and mild summers.[34][35] Average annual temperature is 3.3 °C (37.9 °F). The average annual precipitation is 477 mm (18.78 in) falling 105 days per year, mostly in late summer and fall.[citation needed] The warmest temperature ever recorded in Oulu was 33.3 °C (91.9 °F) in July 1957,[36] while the coldest temperature on record was −41.5 °C (−42.7 °F) in February 1966.[37]
Due to Oulu's far northern location, and its frequent overcast skies, it only sees on average 15 minutes of sunshine per day in December. During thewinter solstice days only last 3 hours and 34 minutes with the sun rising 1.9 degrees over the horizon. On the other hand, during thesummer solstice days last 22 hours and 3 minutes, with the sun dipping 1 degree below the horizon. This gives Ouluwhite nights during the summer.[38]
Climate data for Oulu, 1991–2020 normals, records 1921–present
The city of Oulu has 216,194 inhabitants, making it the 5th most populous municipality in Finland. TheOulu region has a population of 264,219, making it the fourth largest region in Finland afterHelsinki,Tampere andTurku. Oulu is home to 4% of Finland's population. 6.1% of the population has a foreign background, which is lower than in the major Finnish cities ofHelsinki,Espoo,Tampere,Vantaa orTurku.[45]
Population size of Oulu (and merged municipalities) 1980–2020[44]
Oulu is the second largest monolingualFinnish-speaking municipality in Finland after Tampere. There are 497Swedish speakers in Oulu, or0.2% of the population.[45] The number ofSámi speakers, Finland's third official language, is 155 inhabitants. As English and Swedish are compulsory school subjects, functional bilingualism or trilingualism acquired through language studies is not uncommon.
At least 100 different languages are spoken in Oulu. The most common foreign languages areRussian (0.6%),Arabic (0.5%),English (0.5%) andChinese (0.4%).[45]
As of 2023[update], 13,040 people with a migrant background lived in Oulu, or 6.1% of the population.[note 1] There are 13,986 residents who were born abroad, which or 6.5% of the population. The number of foreign citizens in Oulu is 9,405.[45][47] Most foreign-born citizens come from the formerSoviet Union, Sweden,Iraq, China and India.[44]
The relative share of immigrants in Oulu's population is below the national average. Nevertheless, the city's new residents are increasingly of foreign origin. This will increase the proportion of foreign residents in the coming years.
In 2023, theEvangelical Lutheran Church was the largest religious group with 67.2% of the population of Oulu. Other religious groups accounted for 1.9% of the population. 30.9% of the population had no religious affiliation.[48]
Stora Enso has an important paper manufacturing plant in Oulu.FormerNokia premises in Peltola.Technopolis Linnanmaa is home to nearly 200 corporations.
As of 31 December 2008, the active working population was employed as follows:[52]
Many artists, writers, and musicians live in the city. A variety of concerts – rock, classical, and jazz – as well as other cultural events take place each year. Examples include theOulu Music Video Festival, theAir Guitar World Championships, and theMusixine Music Film Competition, all in August. In July, the annual rock festivalQstock takes place. The Oulu Music Festival is held in winter and the Oulunsalo Music Festival in summer.The Irish Festival of Oulu takes place each October, and theInternational Children's Film Festival each November.
The Rapids Center, the area in the estuary of the Oulu river consisting of small islands connected with bridges and fountains in the middle of the river, and including a housing area of building blocks planned byAlvar Aalto
Oulu is served byOulu Airport, the second largest airport in Finland by passenger volume. It is located 15 kilometres (9 mi) south-west of the city centre.
ThePort of Oulu is one of the busiestharbours on theBothnian Bay. It includes four separate harbour areas: Vihreäsaari oil and bulk docks, Nuottasaari docks and Oritkari docks. There is also a ferry service in Oulu, which is mostly used betweenOulunsalo and theHailuoto Island.[54]
Oulu is notable for its transportation network dedicated to non-motor vehicular traffic, including pedestrians andbicycles (termed "light" traffic in Finland). In 2022, the city contained more than 950 kilometres (590 mi) of pathways and more than 300 underpasses and bridges devoted exclusively to pedestrian and bicycle traffic. The network is used year-round. The ratio of walking and cycling traffic pathways to residents is the highest in Finland and the cycling mode share is 20 percent.[56][57][58]
Parked bicycles on Kirkkokatu Street in January
Even in winter, bicycle commuting remains strong in Oulu, in spite of the cold, dark, and snow. About 12% of winter trips are by bicycle, and about half of trips to school or university are. The city has a robust system for keeping bike paths maintained and clear of snow, and bike paths and lanes are plowed before roadways to encourage such human-scale winter transit in the city where 12% already do so.[59] The Winter Cycling Federation was founded in Oulu in 2013, and the first Winter Cycling Congress was held there.[60]
In 2015, a large underground parking facility, Kivisydän (Stone Heart), opened in the city center directly beneath main shopping streets. The network of parallel roads for cars and pedestrians was drilled in the rock at the depth of 30 meters (98 ft). The parking facility includes two ramps, 900 visitor parking lots (expandable to 1500), six access points to the ground served by 19 elevators (expandable to nine and 25), a service facility for commercial delivery vehicles, andubi-screens that guide the driver to the selected ground access point and help locate the parked car by its license number.[61][62]
In 2015, theKaleva Media printing plant in Oulu became the most powerful photovoltaic solar plant in Finland, with 1,604 solar photovoltaic (PV) units on its roof. Although the city of Oulu, located near theArctic Circle, has only two hours of weak sunlight in December, the photovoltaic cells work almost around the clock in the summer. The cold climate means the PV panels can get up to a 25% boost per hour, as they don't overheat.[63]
Because the sun is quite low in the sky at this latitude, vertical PV installations are popular on the sides of buildings. These solar walls also capture light reflected from snow.[63]
Snow is not necessarily cleared from rooftop solar installations.[63]
The local utility, Oulun Energia, is owned by the city of Oulu. Theenergy mix it receives from the Nordic-wide grid includes wood pellets, waste incineration, bioenergy, hydro-electric, geothermal, wind, nuclear, peat, natural gas and coal.[63]
Oulu has one well-knownbandy club,OLS, which plays inBandyliiga and has becomeFinnish champions 14 times, most recently in 2014. The other bandy club,OPS, with its 7 championships and a bronze medal as late as in 2009, announced it would be closing down after the 2009–10 season. In2001 the city was the main venue for theBandy World Championship.
Oulu is home to the most northerly architecture school in the world. The school is best known for its strong regionalistic ideas for developing architecture. This movement is named "the Oulu school" ("Oulun koulu") of architecture.[citation needed]
Oulu Vocational College has over 13 000 students. It houses several different study subjects in different units which are spread over Oulu and neighbouring municipalities. Oulu Vocational College School of Business Studies is one of the few vocational schools which has game programming in its curriculum.
Oulu International School is one of nine schools in Finland offering basic education in English. There's also a Swedish-speaking private school (SwedishSvenska Privatskolan i Uleåborg) for students up until high school. The school is the northernmost Swedish-speaking school in Finland.[67]
^abFält, Olavi K.; Juvani, Pertti; Kenttä, Risto; Julku, Kyösti; Paavola, Kirsti; Vahtola, Jouko; Satokangas, Reija; Mäkelä, Riitta; Siuruainen, Eino, eds. (1987).Valkean kaupungin vaiheet: Oulun historiaa. Studia historica septentrionalia. ; Rovaniemi: Pohjois-Suomen historiallinen yhdistys.ISBN978-951-95473-4-3.
^Aleksi Teivainen (6 December 2018)."Police: 10 people suspected of sex crimes against minors in Oulu".Helsinki Times. Retrieved31 January 2019.Prime Minister Juha Sipilä (Centre) on Wednesday issued an official statement on the much-discussed case, saying the events have shocked many, for a good reason. "Sex crimes against children are inhumane acts of incomprehensible evil," he stated
^ab"Business and industry"(PDF).Information about Oulu. Oulu: City of Oulu. 2012-01-01. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2013-05-26. Retrieved27 June 2012.
^Jaakko Kolmonen (1988).Kotomaamme ruoka-aitta: Suomen, Karjalan ja Petsamon pitäjäruoat (in Finnish). Helsinki: Patakolmonen. p. 171.ISBN951-96047-3-1.
^"Kardeş Şehirler".Bursa Büyükşehir Belediyesi Basın Koordinasyon Merkez. Tüm Hakları Saklıdır. Archived fromthe original on 2016-05-23. Retrieved2013-07-27.
