Otto von Habsburg[a][1][2] (20 November 1912 – 4 July 2011)[3][4] was the lastcrown prince ofAustria-Hungary from 1916 until its dissolution in November 1918. In 1922, he became thepretender to the former thrones, head of theHouse of Habsburg-Lorraine, and sovereign of the (Austrian)Order of the Golden Fleece,[5] upon the death of his father. He resigned as Sovereign of the Golden Fleece in 2000 and as head of the Imperial House in 2007.
The eldest son ofCharles I and IV, the lastemperor of Austria andking of Hungary, and his wife,Zita of Bourbon-Parma, Otto was born asFranz Joseph Otto Robert Maria Anton Karl Max Heinrich Sixtus Xaver Felix Renatus Ludwig Gaetan Pius Ignatius von Habsburg, third in line to the thrones, asArchduke Otto of Austria, Royal Prince of Hungary, Bohemia, and Croatia.[6][7] With his father's accession in 1916, he was likely to become emperor and king. As his father never abdicated, Otto was considered by himself, his family and Austro-Hungarian legitimists to be the rightful emperor-king from his father's death in 1922.[8] Otto was exiled in 1919 and grew up mostly in Spain. His devout Catholic mother raised him according to the old curriculum of Austria-Hungary, preparing him to become a Catholic monarch. During his life in exile, he lived inAustria,Belgium, France,Madeira (Portugal), Spain, Switzerland, the US, and from 1954 until his death, inBavaria (Germany), in the residence Villa Austria. He had beenstatelessde jure andde facto, and possessed passports of theOrder of Malta andSpain.
Otto was active on the European political stage from the 1930s, by promoting the cause of Habsburg restoration and as an early proponent ofEuropean integration. He was a fierce opponent ofNazism,nationalism, andcommunism.[3][9] He has been described as one of the leaders of theAustrian resistance.[10] After the 1938Anschluss, he was sentenced to death by the Nazis and fled Europe to the US.
The young crown prince Otto with his parents posing for official photographs on the occasion of the coronation inBudapest, 1916Otto von Habsburg at his parents' coronation in Budapest on 30 December 1916
In November 1916, Otto became Crown Prince ofAustria, Hungary, Bohemia and Croatia[6][7] when his father, Archduke Charles, acceded to the throne. However, in 1918, after the end of the First World War, the monarchies were abolished, the republics ofAustria andHungary were founded in their place, and the family was forced into exile inMadeira.[8] Hungary did become a kingdom again, but Charles was never to regain the throne. Instead,Miklós Horthy ruled as regent until 1944, in a kingdom without a king.
Otto spokeGerman,Hungarian,Croatian, English,Spanish, French andLatin fluently. In later life, he would write some forty books in German, Hungarian, French and Spanish.[14] His mother made him learn many languages because she believed he one day might rule over many lands.[15][16]
Otto was in theGödöllő Palace during theAster Revolution, but quickly evacuated from Hungary at the rise of republican sentiment.[17] Otto's family spent the subsequent years in Switzerland, and on the Portuguese island ofMadeira, where 34-year-old Charles died in 1922, leaving the nine-year-old Ottopretender to the throne. On his father's deathbed, his mother, Empress Dowager Zita, told Otto, "your father is now sleeping the eternal sleep—you are now Emperor and King".[18] The family eventually relocated to theBasque town ofLekeitio, where forty Spanishgrandees bought them a villa.
Meanwhile, the Austrian parliament had officially expelled the Habsburg dynasty and confiscated all the official property via theHabsburg Law of 3 April 1919. Charles was banned from ever returning to Austria again, while Otto and other male members could return only if they renounced all claims to the throne and accepted the status of private citizens.
In 1935, he graduated with a doctorate in Political and Social Sciences from theUniversity of Louvain in Belgium.[19] His thesis was on "the right, born of usage and of the peasant law of inheritance, of the indivisibility of rural land ownership in Austria".[20][21] In 1937 he wrote,[22]
I know very well that the overwhelming majority of the Austrian population would like me to assume the heritage of the peace emperor, my beloved father, rather earlier than later ... The [Austrian] people have never cast a vote in favor of the republic. They have remained silent as long as they were exhausted from the long fight, and taken by surprise by the audacity of the revolutionaries of 1918 and 1919. They shook off their resignation when they realized that the revolution had raped their right to life and freedom. ... Such trust places a heavy burden on me. I accept it readily. God willing, the hour of reunion between the Duke and the people will arrive soon.
Otto von Habsburg (left) and Count von Degenfeld in 1933
He continued to enjoy considerable public support inAustria; from 1931 to 1938, 1,603 Austrian municipalities named Otto an honorary citizen.[23]John Gunther believed that Zita was less popular among Austrians, however, writing in 1936 that "restoration would be a good deal closer if Otto's return would not mean also the return of his mother—to say nothing of hundreds of assorted and impoverished Habsburg cousins and aunts, who would flock to Vienna like ants to a keg of syrup". A greater obstacle, he wrote, was the opposition of Czechoslovakia andYugoslavia, which feared that their people might want to rejoin a recreated monarchy.[21]
I absolutely reject [Nazi] Fascism for Austria ... This un-Austrian movement promises everything to everyone, but really intends the most ruthless subjugation of the Austrian people ... The people of Austria will never tolerate that our beautiful fatherland should become an exploited colony, and that the Austrian should become a man of second category.
He strongly opposed theAnschluss, and in 1938 requested Austrian ChancellorKurt Schuschnigg to resistNazi Germany. He supported international intervention[9] and offered to return from exile to take over the reins of government to repel the Nazis.[24] According to Gerald Warner, "Austrian Jews were among the strongest supporters of a Habsburg restoration, since they believed the dynasty would give the nation sufficient resolve to stand up to the Third Reich".[25]
Following the German annexation of Austria, Otto was sentenced to death by the Nazi regime;Rudolf Hess ordered that Otto was to be executed immediately if caught.[1][19][26] As ordered byAdolf Hitler, his personal property and that of the House of Habsburg were confiscated. It was not returned after the war.[27] The so-called "Habsburg Law", which had previously been repealed, was reintroduced by the Nazis. Otto's supporters, the leaders of the Austrian legitimist movement, were arrested by the Nazis and largely executed (Stefan Zweig's novellaThe Royal Game is based on these events). Otto's cousinsMax, Duke of Hohenberg, andPrince Ernst of Hohenberg were arrested inVienna by theGestapo and sent toDachau concentration camp where they remained throughout Nazi rule. Otto was involved in helping around 15,000 Austrians,[28] including thousands of Austrian Jews, flee the country at the beginning of the Second World War.[20][29]
After theGerman invasion of France in 1940, the family left the French capital and fled to Portugal. On 12 June the Portuguese rulerAntónio Salazar issued instructions to the Portuguese consulates in France to provideInfanta Maria Antónia of Portugal with Portuguese passports which would allow visas for her daughter Empress Zita and grandson Otto without violating Portuguese neutrality.[30] The family resided inCascais during their exodus.[31] When the German authorities pressed Salazar for Otto's extradition from Portugal, Salazar offered to protect Otto, but asked him as a friend to leave the country.[32] Otto left, and lived from 1940 to 1944 inWashington, D.C. In 1941, Hitler personally revoked the citizenship of Otto, his mother and his siblings, and the imperial-royal family found themselvesstateless.[33]
Otto was listed on the NaziSonderfahndungsliste G.B. ("Special Search List Great Britain"), and was the unofficial head of numerous resistance groups in Central Europe. These groups hated Nazi ideology and saw the resurgence of a Danube confederation as the only way for small states to exist between Germany and Russia. They championed the centuries-old Habsburg principle of "live and let live" among ethnic groups, peoples, minorities, religions, cultures and languages. These imperial resistance groups became embroiled in ferocious partisan warfare against Hitler, who profoundly hated the Habsburg family tradition.[34] Many of these imperial resistance fighters (according to current estimates 4000–4500) were sent directly to concentration camps without trial, and over 800 were executed by the Nazis. Among them wasKarl Burian, who was planning to blow up theGestapo headquarters in Vienna, or Dr.Heinrich Maier, who passed on plans and production facilities forV-2 rockets,Tiger tanks andMesserschmitt airplanes to the Allies. In contrast to many other German resistance groups, the Maier group was informed very early about the mass murder of Jews through its contacts with the Semperit factory near Auschwitz.[35][36][37][38][39]
During his wartime exile in the United States, Otto and his younger brothers were in direct contact with PresidentFranklin D. Roosevelt and the federal government. His efforts to create an "Austrian Battalion" in theUnited States Army were delayed and never implemented. However, he successfully convinced the U.S. to halt or limit the bombardment of Austrian cities, especially Vienna;[28] due to this influence, bombardments on Vienna were delayed until 1943. Otto greatly desired Austria to be free, independent and democratic; he expressed concern that after the war the country was in danger of becoming a Soviet satellite state. Otto was commonly known in the U.S. as "Otto of Austria", and tried to keep his homeland and its neighbors in the minds of the American people by inaugurating a series of stamps (theOverrun Countries series) featuring theGerman-occupied nations of Europe.
He obtained the support ofWinston Churchill for a conservative "Danube Federation", in effect a restoration of Austria-Hungary, butJoseph Stalin put an end to these plans.[24] Otto lobbied for the recognition of an Austrian government-in-exile, for the rights of the German-speaking population ofSouth Tyrol, against the deportation of the German-speaking inhabitants ofBohemia and eastern Europe, and against letting Stalin rule Eastern Europe.[40][41]
At the end of the war, Otto returned to Europe and lived for several years in France and Spain.
As he did not possess a passport and was effectively stateless, he was given a passport of the Principality of Monaco,[42] thanks to the intervention ofCharles de Gaulle in 1946. TheSovereign Military Order of Malta, of which he was a knight, also issued him adiplomatic passport. Later, he was also issued a Spanish diplomatic passport.[43]
On 8 May 1956, Otto was recognized as an Austrian citizen by the provincial government ofLower Austria.[44] The AustrianInterior Ministry approved this declaration of citizenship, but on the condition that he accept the name Dr. Otto Habsburg-Lothringen, on 8 February 1957. However, this only entitled him to a passport "valid in every country but Austria".[45] Otto had already submitted a written statement, on 21 February 1958, that he and his family would renounce all former personal privileges of the House of Habsburg, but this did not satisfy the requirements of theHabsburg Law, which stated that Otto and other descendants of Charles could only return to Austria if they renounced all royal claims and accepted the status of private citizens. He officially declared his loyalty to the Republic of Austria on 5 June 1961, but this statement was ruled insufficient as well.
In a declaration dated 31 May 1961, Otto renounced all claims to the Austrian throne and proclaimed himself "a loyal citizen of the republic", "for purely practical reasons".[46] In a 2007 interview on the occasion of his approaching 95th birthday, Otto stated:[47]
This was such aninfamy, I'd rather never have signed it. They demanded that I abstain from politics. I would not have dreamed of complying. Once you have tasted the opium of politics, you never get rid of it.
The Austrian administrative court found on 24 May 1963 that Otto's statement was legally sufficient. Upon his return to Austria, he and his wife were issued a Certified Proof of Citizenship on 20 July 1965. However, several political elements in the country, particularly theSocialists, were ill-disposed to welcoming back the heir of the deposed dynasty. This touched off political infighting and civil unrest that almost precipitated a crisis of state, and later became known as the "Habsburg Crisis".[48] It was only on 1 June 1966, after thePeople's Party won an outright majority in the national election, that Otto was issued an Austrian passport, and was finally able to visit his home country again on 31 October 1966 for the first time in 48 years. That day, he travelled toInnsbruck to visit the grave ofArchduke Eugen of Austria. Later, he visitedVienna on 5 July 1967.[49][50][51][52][53][54]
An early advocate of aunified Europe, Otto was president of theInternational Paneuropean Union from 1973 to 2004.[citation needed] He served from 1979 until 1999 as a Member of theEuropean Parliament for the conservativeChristian Social Union of Bavaria (CSU) party, eventually becoming the senior member of the European Parliament. He was also a member of theMont Pelerin Society.[55] Habsburg was also part of the secretive conservative networkLe Cercle during the cold war.[56] He was a major supporter of the expansion of theEuropean Union from the beginning and especially of the acceptance of Hungary, Slovenia and Croatia. During his time in the European Parliament, he was involved in a fracas with fellowMEPIan Paisley, aunionist Protestant pastor fromNorthern Ireland. In 1988,Pope John Paul II had just begun a speech to the Parliament whenIan Paisley, a vehementanti-Catholic, shouted and held up a poster reading "Pope John Paul IIAntichrist". While other members threw papers and other objects at Paisley, Otto snatched Paisley's banner and, along with other MEPs and security personnel, roughed him up, punched him, tore his shirt, pulled on his tie, and ejected him head-first through the doors of the chamber, as the Pope looked on.[8]
With others, he was instrumental in organising the so-calledPan-European Picnic at the Hungary-Austria border on 19 August 1989.[3] This event is considered a milestone in the collapse of Communist dictatorships in Europe.[57]
In December 2006, he observed that, "Thecatastrophe of 11 September 2001 struck the United States more profoundly than any of us, whence a certain mutual incomprehension. Until then, the United States felt itself secure, persuaded of its power to bombard any enemy, without anyone being able to strike back. That sentiment vanished in an instant. Americans understand viscerally for the first time the risks they face."[58] He was known as a supporter of the rights ofrefugees and displaced people in Europe, notably of the ethnic Germans displaced from Bohemia where he was once the Crown Prince.[59] He was a jury member of theFranz Werfel Human Rights Award.[60] He also heldFrancisco Franco in a high regard and praised him for helping refugees, stating that he was "a dictator of the South American type, not totalitarian likeHitler orStalin".[61]
Otto von Habsburg was an early critic of Russian PresidentPutin. In a newspaper interview[63] in 2002 and in two speeches[64] in 2003 and 2005, he warned of Putin as an "international threat" that he was "cruel and oppressive" and a "stone cold technocrat".[65]
At the end of 1998 Habsburg was targeted by criticism and the public prosecutor's office in Munich because he compared the allegations and calls for resignation against his sonKarl Habsburg in connection with theWorld Vision donation affair with the Nazi persecution of the Jews:
Karl is attacked because he bears the certainyellow star, the name Habsburg. ... The poor Jews went through terrible things. I often think of them in this context.[66]
Karl Habsburg's EU election campaign for the ÖVP in 1996 was partly financed - according to Habsburg without his knowledge - with donations from the aid organization World Vision Austria that were embezzled and diverted to thePaneuropean Union.[67]
Otto's public advocacy for the weeklyJunge Freiheit which was affiliated with theNeue Rechte, and for which he repeatedly made himself available as an interviewee, was met with criticism.[68] As the first to sign two petitions initiated by the editors, he campaigned in 2002 against the background of a legal dispute against the then constitutional protection categorization of the newspaper as "right-wing extremist" and in 2006 against its uninvitation at theLeipzig Book Fair.
In 2002, Habsburg said in an interview with Junge Freiheit that US domestic policy was split in two, namely aDepartment of Defense "filled with Jews" in key positions, "today a Jewish institution", on the one hand and one by "blacks, on the other hand". For example,Colin Powell andCondoleezza Rice "occupied"State Department. On the other hand, after the Habsburgs, the "Anglo-Saxons, i.e. the white Americans" played "hardly any role".[69]
In November 2007, the Habsburgs commented on their position onEngelbert Dollfuss' coup. He "respected Dollfuss infinitely. The man was brave, ready to stand up for Austria to the last consequence. At that time I saw everything from this perspective: We have to preserve Austria". He also had "no" problem at all with the dissolution of parliament and the ban on parties and trade unions: "When it comes to the country, I'm ready for anything."[70]
On the 2008 anniversary of theAnschluss,[71][72][73][74][75] Otto von Habsburg made a statement as part of his "1938 Remembrance Day" address before Parliament that "there is no country in Europe that has a better claim to be avictim of the Nazis than Austria".[76] Although his speech received an ovation,[77] this received public protest, media criticism and disapproval voiced by Austrian politicians.[78]Social Democratic PartyDefence MinisterNorbert Darabos was quoted as saying that the remarks were "unacceptable", "a veritable democratic-political scandal" and that he had "insulted the victims ofNational Socialism". Otto von Habsburg was also quoted as saying that "a discussion as to whether Austria was an accomplice or a victim is an outrage".[79]Austrian People's Party military spokesmanWalter Murauer defended Otto's statement at the time.[80]
Murauer claimed that there was "another reality behind the mass of people who listened to Hitler on theHeldenplatz", meaning the "thousands in the resistance and thousands in prison waiting to be transported toDachau" nearMunich. Murauer also recalled thatEngelbert Dollfuß had been the only head of government in Europe to have been murdered by the Nazis. Murauer advised Darabos "to avoid populist pot-shots against an honourable European of the highest calibre". Otto's son,Karl von Habsburg, also defended his father's words, in a 2011 statement, stating that "there were guilty parties in practically every country".[81]
Otto and Regina lying in repose in theCapuchin Church, Vienna, draped with theHabsburg flag. The insignias of the variousorders and decorations accumulated by Habsburg are on display. The guards of honour are dressed in Austro-Hungarian uniforms.
After the death of his wife,Regina, aged 85, in Pöcking on 3 February 2010, Otto stopped appearing in public. He died at the age of 98 on Monday, 4 July 2011, at his home inPöcking, Germany. His spokeswoman reported that he died "peacefully and without pain in his sleep".[3][8] On 5 July, his body was laid in repose in the Church of St. Ulrich near his home in Pöcking, Bavaria, and a massive 13-day period of mourning started in several countries formerly part of Austria-Hungary.[82] Otto's coffin was draped with theHabsburg flag decorated with the imperial–royal coats of arms of Austria and Hungary in addition to the Habsburg family coat of arms. In line with the Habsburg family tradition, Otto von Habsburg was buried in thefamily's crypt inVienna, while hisheart was buried inPannonhalma Archabbey in Hungary.[8]
4-year-old Crown Prince Otto of Hungary in Budapest in 1916, attending his parents' coronation as King and Queen of Hungary, painted by Gyula Éder (inspired by a frame of the coronation film).
At the time of his death in 2011, the couple had seven children, Twenty-two grandchildren and two great-grandchildren:[83]
Andrea von Habsburg (born 30 May 1953), married Karl Eugen, Count of Neipperg (born 1951 inSchweigern). They have three sons and two daughters.
Monika von Habsburg (born 13 September 1954), married Luis María Gonzaga de Casanova-Cárdenas y Barón,Duke of Santángelo andGrandee of Spain (born 1950 inMadrid), son of Balthasar de Casanova-Cárdenas y de Ferrer and María de los Dolores Barón y Osorio de Moscoso, Duchess de Maqueda, a descendant ofInfanta Luisa Teresa of Spain, Duchess of Sessa, and sister ofFrancis, King-Consort of Spain. They have four sons.
Michaela von Habsburg (born 13 September 1954, twin of Monika), married firstly Eric Alba-Teran d'Antin (born inMexico City – 2004 inNew York City), and secondly Count Hubertus von Kageneck (born 1940 inWittlich), son of Count Franz Joseph von Kageneck and Princess Elisabeth Maria of Bavaria. Twice divorced, she has two sons and one daughter from her first marriage.
Gabriela von Habsburg (born 14 October 1956), married Christian Meister (born 1954 inStarnberg). Divorced in 1997, they had one son and two daughters.
20 November 1912 – 21 November 1916:His Imperial and Royal Highness Archduke and Imperial Prince Otto of Austria, Royal Prince of Hungary, Bohemia, Dalmatia, Croatia and Slavonia[6]
21 November 1916 – 4 July 2011:His Imperial and Royal Highness The Crown Prince of Austria, Hungary, Bohemia and Croatia[6][7]
20 November 1912 – 21 November 1916:His Imperial and Royal Highness Archduke and Imperial Prince Otto of Austria, Royal Prince of Hungary, Bohemia, Dalmatia, Croatia and Slavonia[6]
21 November 1916 – 1919:His Imperial and Royal Highness the Crown Prince of Austria, Hungary, Bohemia, Dalmatia, Croatia and Slavonia[6][7]
8 February 1957 – 4 July 2011:Herr Doktor Otto Habsburg-Lothringen
^German:Franz Joseph Otto Robert Maria Anton Karl Max Heinrich Sixtus Xaver Felix Renatus Ludwig Gaetan Pius Ignatius,Hungarian:Ferenc József Ottó Róbert Mária Antal Károly Max Heinrich Sixtus Xaver Felix Renatus Lajos Gaetan Pius Ignác
^Otto was born asHis Imperial and Royal Highness Archduke Otto of Austria, Royal Prince of Hungary and Bohemia and became the Crown Prince of these countries in 1916. After 1919, titles of nobility were formally abolished in Austria, thus in official use the "von" disappeared before Habsburg. The same applied after Habsburg became a German citizen (seePrintausgabe der deutschen Wochenzeitung die Zeit of 21 July 2011, p. 36). By courtesy, he would also be referred to by the European royal and princely courts by his former style and title, i.e. asHis Imperial and Royal Highness Archduke Otto of Austria. In the Austrian republic the authorities referred to him from 1919 as Otto Habsburg-Lothringen, a name he never used himself. Otto did not live in Austria after 1919, and his citizenship there was revoked by Adolf Hitler in 1941, making him stateless. His Austrian citizenship was only restored in 1965. Otto later became a citizen of Germany (in 1978) and Croatia (in 1990) and was issued passports of these countries, where his official name wasOtto von Habsburg. As a Member of the European Parliament for Germany, his official name in theEuropean Union wasOtto von Habsburg. On his website, he used the style and name His Imperial and Royal Highness Dr. Otto von Habsburg.
^abcdefgKaiser Joseph II. harmonische Wahlkapitulation mit allen den vorhergehenden Wahlkapitulationen der vorigen Kaiser und Könige.. Since 1780 official title used for princes (zu Hungarn, Böheim, Dalmatien, Kroatien, Sflavonien, Königlicher Erbprinz)
^abcdeCroatian Coronation Oath of 1916.. pp. 2–4, 'Emperor of Austria, Hungary and Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia Apostolic king'
^abcGunther, John (1936).Inside Europe. Harper & Brothers. pp. 321–323.
^Gedächtnisjahrbuch 1937, 9. Jg.: Dem Andenken an Karls von Österreich Kaiser und König. Arbeitsgemeinschaft österreichischer Vereine – Wien, W. Hamburger 1937.
^Heinz Arnberger, Winfried R. Garscha, Rudolf G. Ardelt, Christa Mitterrutzner,Anschluß 1938, Dokumentationsarchiv des Österreichischen Widerstandes, Österreichischer Bundesverlag, 1988,ISBN3215068249
^Omeidl "Rudolf Hess, der Stellvertreter des Führers, hatte den deutschen Invasionstruppen für das neutrale Belgien den Befehl erteilt, Otto von Habsburg und seine Brüder, falls sie gefasst würden, ohne jedes weitere Verfahren sofort zu erschießen.""Monarch". Archived fromthe original on 5 October 2010. Retrieved1 November 2011.
^Timothy Snyder "The Red Prince: The Secret Lives of a Habsburg Archduke" (2008); James Longo "Hitler and the Habsburgs: The Fuhrer's Vendetta Against the Austrian Royals" (2018); Bob Carruthers "Hitler's Violent Youth: How Trench Warfare and Street Fighting Moulded Hitler" (2015); Pieter M. Judson "The Habsburg Empire. A New History" (Harvard 2016); Christopher Clark "The Sleepwalkers" (New York 2012).
^Elisabeth Boeckl-Klamper, Thomas Mang, Wolfgang Neugebauer:Gestapo-Leitstelle Wien 1938–1945. Vienna 2018,ISBN978-3902494832, pp. 299–305.
^Hans Schafranek:Widerstand und Verrat: Gestapospitzel im antifaschistischen Untergrund. Vienna 2017,ISBN978-3707606225, pp. 161–248.
^Fritz Molden:Die Feuer in der Nacht. Opfer und Sinn des österreichischen Widerstandes 1938–1945. Vienna 1988, p. 122.
^Peter Broucek "Die österreichische Identität im Widerstand 1938–1945" (2008), p. 163.
^Hansjakob Stehle "Die Spione aus dem Pfarrhaus (German: The spy from the rectory)" In: Die Zeit, 5 January 1996.
^Oliver Meidl: Monarch. A Life for Europe – Republican Recognition in Black and Yellow. "Ottos Anwalt verfassten Text vom 21. Februar 1958, in dem es heißt: "Um in meine Heimat zurückkehren zu können, erkläre ich im eigenen Namen und im Namen meiner Gemahlin und meiner minderjährigen Kinder als österreichischer Staatsbürger, die derzeit in Österreich geltenden Gesetze anzuerkennen und mich als getreuer Bürger der Republik zu bekennen." July 2011"Monarch". Archived fromthe original on 5 October 2010. Retrieved1 November 2011.
^Die Presse, "Unabhängige Tageszeitung für Österreich". 10–11 November 2007. p. 3 (German online version dated 9 November 2007:[1].WebCite archive)
^Mommsen-Reindl, Margarete (1976).Die Österreichische Proporzdemokratie und der Fall Habsburg. Böhlaus zeitgeschichtliche Bibliothek. Vol. 1. Vienna: Hermann Böhlaus Nachf.ISBN3205071263.
^Salzburger Nachrichten 1 June 1963(in German)"Archived copy". Archived fromthe original on 25 April 2012. Retrieved1 November 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^A Life for Europe: Republican Recognition in Black and Yellow. "Otto von Habsburg am 31. Oktober 1966 nach Österreich ein und besuchte in Innsbruck das Grab von Erzherzog Eugen.""Monarch". Archived fromthe original on 5 October 2010. Retrieved1 November 2011.
^E. Feigl, Otto von Habsburg, Profil eines Lebens, 1992ISBN3850023273
^Fleischhacker, 14 July 2011 um 23:16 von Christian Ultsch und Michael (9 November 2007)."Otto Habsburg: "Ich habe sie alle gekannt"".Die Presse (in German). Retrieved30 March 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^Südtirol Online, 4 July 2011 "Was eigentlich ein Skandal war, nämlich die Diskussion hier in Österreich über die Frage, ob Österreich ein Mitschuldiger war oder ob es ein Opfer war. Meine Damen und Herren, ich glaube es gibt keinen Staat in Europa, der mehr Recht hat, sich als Opfer zu bezeichnen, als es Österreich gewesen ist."Stol. It Südtirol Online, Italy (4 July 2011)."Otto von Habsburg ist tot".Stol.it. Archived fromthe original on 8 August 2011. Retrieved20 March 2020.
^"70 Jahre AnschlussHabsburg plädiert für Opferrolle Österreichs". Archived from the original on 14 March 2008. Retrieved14 March 2008.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) Ö1 Inforadio 3 October 2008(in German) "Was eigentlich ein Skandal war, nämlich die Diskussion hier in Österreich über die Frage, ob Österreich ein Mitschuldiger war oder ob es ein Opfer war. Meine Damen und Herren, ich glaube es gibt keinen Staat in Europa, der mehr Recht hat sich als Opfer zu bezeichnen, als es Österreich gewesen ist."
^Franz Gall "Österreichische Wappenkunde", 1992, p. 105.
^ab"Odluka kojom se odlikuju za izniman doprinos".Narodne novine (in Croatian). 7 July 1995. Retrieved12 July 2008.nadvojvoda Otto von Habsburg [Archduke Otto von Habsburg] (Official decree and list of persons awarded by the President of Croatia with the Grand Order of King Zvonimir, no. 6. 'Archduke Otto von Habsburg'
^M. & B. Wattel. (2009).Les Grand'Croix de la Légion d'honneur de 1805 à nos jours. Titulaires français et étrangers. Paris: Archives & Culture. p. 413.ISBN978-2350771359.
Flavia Foradini,Otto d'Asburgo. L'ultimo atto di una dinastia, mgs press, Trieste, 2004.ISBN8889219041Hatos, P. (2018).Az elátkozott köztársaság: az 1918-as összeomlás és az őszirózsás forradalom története.
Hatos, P. (2018).Az elátkozott köztársaság: az 1918-as összeomlás és az őszirózsás forradalom története.
Stefan Haderer,Otto von Habsburg (1912–2011): The Life of an Uncrowned Emperor, Royalty Digest Quarterly, Vol. 3/2011, Rosvall Royal Books, Falköping 2011
Stefan Haderer,An Imperial Farewell: Funeral Ceremonies of Otto von Habsburg, Royalty Digest Quarterly, Vol. 4/2011, Rosvall Royal Books, Falköping 2011
The Mises I Knew onYouTube – Audio of Otto von Habsburg's English-language talk at Ludwig von Mises Institute's "Manifesto of Liberty" Summit, February 1999.
Generations are numbered by male-line descent from the first archdukes. Later generations are included although Austrian titles of nobility were abolished in 1919.
