| Ottilien | |
|---|---|
| Ramu Coast Watam-Awar-Gamay | |
| Geographic distribution | Yawar Rural LLG,Madang Province,Papua New Guinea |
| Linguistic classification | Ramu
|
| Language codes | |
| Glottolog | wagg1235 |
TheOttilien orWatam-Awar-Gamay languages are a smallfamily of clearly related languages,
They are generally classified among theRamu languages of northernPapua New Guinea.
The Ottilien languages are all spoken inYawar Rural LLG, in locations mostly along the coast ofMadang Province,Papua New Guinea.[1][2]
Watam and Bosman share plural morphology withLower Sepik (Nor–Pondo), supporting theRamu – Lower Sepik language-family proposal.
The family is named for the mouth of theOttilien River, now known as theRamu.
Usher (2020) reconstructs the consonant inventory as follows:[3]
| *m | *n | *ŋ | |
| *p | *t | *s | *k |
| *mb | *nd | *ndz | *ŋg |
| *w | *ɾ | *j | *ɣ |
| *i | *ɨ | *u |
| *e | *ɐ | *o |
| *a |
Pronouns in proto-Watam-Awar-Gamay (proto-Ottilien) reconstructed by Foley (2005) are:[4]
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st person | *aŋga | *ai | |
| 2nd person | *(n)oŋgo(a) | *ne | |
| 3rd person | *ma(n) | *maniŋg | *mi(n) |
See alsoLower Ramu languages#Pronouns.
Usher (2020) reconstructs the pronouns as:[3]
| sg | du | pl | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | *ŋg[o] | *aŋga | *ai |
| 2 | *[n]oŋga | *ne(-n) | |
| 3 | *ma(-n) |
Aphonological reconstruction of proto-Watam-Awar-Gamay (proto-Ottilien) has been proposed by Foley (2005).[4]
| gloss | proto-Watam-Awar-Gamay | Watam | Kaian | Gamay | Bosmun | Awar |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| one | *kaku | kaku | kaku | kabe | koku | mbɨnə |
| two | *mbuniŋ | mbwoini | mbuniŋ | mbuniŋ | mbuniŋ | mbuni |
| three | giramot | giramaut | mbonkak | bonkak | mbribin | |
| person | *namot | namot | namot | ramot | mot | mot |
| woman/mother | aem | meak | meak | mes/mam | məri/mam | |
| father | aes | aes | aet | sate | sat | |
| water | arum | ŋarum | puk | mok | mok | |
| fire | *s(u)ək | sak | sak | tak | suək | suək |
| sun | *ra(u) | nau/ra | ra | ra | lau | rau |
| moon | *kər(v)i | ndoŋar | kare | karvɨi | kərvi | kəri |
| star | gwi | gwae | gwi | ɲjem | pot | |
| canoe | *kor | kor | kor | kor | kor | kor |
| house | endau | endau | kak | tomuŋ | to | |
| village | n(a)oŋ | noŋ | auŋ | wunis | ŋuni | |
| breast | *mɨr | mur | mur | mɨr | mɨr | mɨr |
| tooth | *nda(r) | ndakai | ndakai | ndar | dar | ndar |
| blood | rumb | yakaind | rakaind | nimbit | rerik | |
| bone | *ɣar | gagar | gagar | gagar | ɣar | ɣarɣar |
| tongue | *mi(m) | mi | memraŋ | mim | eitap | ɲjiekpun |
| ear | *kwar | kwar | kwar | kwar | kur | kur |
| eye | *rəmeak | namak | rameak | lamŋeak | rəmak | rəmaʔ |
| nose | *ŋgum | ŋgum | ŋgum | ŋgum | ŋgum | ŋgum |
| leg | *or ? | or | or | or | or | rue |
| hair | mbunat | sabrit | yakwar | twakarɨ | dəmbar | |
| egg | yor | yor | lor | nuok | nuʔ | |
| bird | *ŋgwarak | ŋgorak | ŋgorak | ŋgorak | gwarak | ŋgorak |
| leaf | *(ra)par | rapar | rapar | rapar | par | par |
| tree | padoŋ | paraŋ | ik | kən | kən | |
| yesterday | *ɣur | ŋur | ŋaup | ŋaur | ɣur | gur |
| tomorrow | *ɣurap ? | ŋarap | ŋorap | ŋorap | vuarap | gurap |
| oar | *anup | anup | anup | nup | nuap | nop |
| betelnut | *mbok | meɲjak | mbok | mbok | mbok | mbok |
| lime | *awi(r) | ai | aipak | avir | verpak | virwa |
| sago | *veak | wak | weak | veak | ves | vek |
| pig | *rəkəm | markum | markum | markəm | rəkəm | rəgəm |
| crocodile | namkai | nomgai | mugmai | ŋgome | ŋgumi | |
| snake | *ndop | mindop | mindop | nduop | ndup | kondok |
| name | *ɣi | wi | wi | i | ji | gi |
| mosquito | *ŋgit | naŋgit | naŋgit | ŋgit | ɲjet | ŋget |
| ground | wakar | wakar | tiakar | tesin | terik | |
| feces | *yu/o | yo | yupak | lo | yuwur | ɲjit |
| hear | *varak | warak | warak | warak | vai | vai |
| hit | ruŋ | pi | pi | ŋara | ŋa | |
| eat | *amb | amb | amb | amb | mba | mba |
| go | *saŋg | saŋg | saŋg | taŋg | saŋg | saŋg |
| come | *kɨp | rukup | rukup | kɨp | kɨp | kɨp |
| sit | *mbirak | mbirak | mbirak | mbirak | berak | mbirak |
| stand | *-tik | utik | utik | wɨtɨk | tis | tik |
| big | nakan | aneak | aɲek | ɣor | vret | |
| good | *ya(o)ŋ | yaoŋ | yaoŋ | laŋ | yaŋ | yandi |
| black | *mbəkmbək | mbukmbuk | mbukmbuk | mbəkmbək | bəkbək | mbəkmbək |
| hot | wiwi | wai | ovai | vɨvi | gɨgɨr | |
| cold | gagau | gagau | gagau | ɣiɣiat | rivut |
Below, proto-Watam-Awar-Gamay is listed in comparison with four otherRamu languages that are closely related to, but not part of, Watam-Awar-Gamay: theMisegian languagesKire andMikarew, and theTanggu languagesTangu andIgom.[4]
| gloss | proto-Watam-Awar-Gamay | Kire | Mikarew | Tangu | Igom |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| one | *kaku | ibabira | aməra | wunwan | unuʔaka |
| two | *mbuniŋ | pʰunini | poni | munai | mokupea |
| three | pʰuni | pomənimkasam | munainwan | mokupea unuʔa | |
| person | *namot | guma | guma | wanik | wuɣu |
| woman/mother | mbik | aim/ami | məin | məin | |
| father | ndia | apisi | yavai | yap | |
| water | mbɨ | cup | niam | niam | |
| fire | *s(u)ək | vap | ariv | ruwuv/rogup | lugu |
| sun | *ra(u) | ra | are | gar | ŋgar |
| moon | *kər(v)i | kəniŋ | ekini | mənam | mənam |
| star | kam | mukope | riyɨndɨk | likian | |
| canoe | *kor | kem | agiam | ||
| house | vun/pen | tɨpeŋ | taŋ | taŋ | |
| village | ŋgu | uŋip | məŋ | miaŋ | |
| breast | *mɨr | ta | ote | ŋgyuav | gii |
| tooth | *nda(r) | thar | atarim | andar | dər |
| blood | vusun | wusi | irien | məy | |
| bone | *ɣar | xar | aɣar | ɣavaŋ | ɣavaŋ |
| tongue | *mi(m) | ze | mɨzm | mamiakɨ | mimiaŋ |
| ear | *kwar | kwar | kwar | wukwar | ɣukwar |
| eye | *rəmeak | rumaʔ | tama | raik | raik |
| nose | *ŋgum | kwom | winiba | munwam | eɲjia |
| leg | *or ? | ruu | sue | miɲaŋ | mbwan |
| hair | rugun | tapanari | ɣasia/ŋgasia | rɨgesn | |
| egg | rer | aror | mɨnduapen | warɨan | |
| bird | *ŋgwarak | kworak | kwara | ŋgwarak | ŋgwarak |
| leaf | *(ra)par | far | tafarim | rapar | pat |
| tree | kʰa | tep | gək | ɣək | |
| yesterday | *ɣur | gurmun | pɨkɨm | ruar | mugisi |
| tomorrow | *ɣurap ? | gurmun | kuromu | wumasan | mom |
| oar | *anup | (n)dab | iŋgap | ||
| betelnut | *mbok | puk | mis | miak | miak |
| lime | *awi(r) | rwi | iwim | uwuren | uɣum |
| sago | *veak | vik | wisim | giav/ŋiav | yaŋgia |
| pig | *rəkəm | dam | ta | ram | ram |
| crocodile | kum | koa | viari | laisaŋ | |
| snake | *ndop | kuruk | kuru | kyuok | kiak |
| name | *ɣi | zin | izi | rigiav | rigiaŋ |
| mosquito | *ŋgit | ket | ci | ŋgwan | gwan |
| ground | nwiaʔan | ŋwas | nduv | ʃa | |
| feces | *yu/o | vi(r) | buarim | gavig | miɲaŋ |
| hear | *varak | mbara? | orak | vara/bara | mwiari |
| hit | soʔ | sos | ŋak | mənaramu | |
| eat | *amb | mbɨ | tama | ɣam/mi | kam |
| go | *saŋg | vu/ŋgu | usi | maŋ/wugi | gi |
| come | *kɨp | zə | si/sa | iɣ/giji | karigi |
| sit | *mbirak | peraʔ | apria | ipi/pindi | pwiaŋge |
| stand | *-tik | tʰək | cu | ɣambi/ləmbe | rambia |
| big | bakume | aruʔa | ruma/arum | arum | |
| good | *ya(o)ŋ | vuŋ | aŋwi | swari/ara | yara |
| black | *mbəkmbək | pək | pək | ŋes/nəs | ŋiatʃ |
| hot | qurgur | fei | uŋtiki | varip |
