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Oton Kučera | |
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| Born | (1856-12-31)31 December 1856 |
| Died | 29 December 1931(1931-12-29) (aged 74) |
| Alma mater | University of Vienna |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Astronomy,physics |
| Institutions | Matica hrvatska Zagreb Observatory |
Oton Kučera (1 January 1857 – 29 December 1931) was aCroatianastronomer. He played a crucial role bypopularizing science and technology in Croatia. He was also the president ofMatica hrvatska and the author of severalphysics handbooks for primary school and a series of popular scientific works from the areas ofphysics,astronomy andelectrical engineering.
He was born inPetrinja as the first of thirteen children of Ida Bošnjaković and Franjo Kučera, a teacher. His son Vlaho later claimed that Oton was born on 31 December 1856, but that pragmatic reasons (such as the army service) prompted his parents to move the date by one day. Oton celebrated his birthday on 1 January as shown by the celebration of his 70th birthday in 1927. Through his paternal grandfather Václav Kučera, who moved fromStaré Hamry toGlina, Oton was ofCzech descent.[1]
Oton's father was soon transferred, so the family left Petrinja and settled inOtočac, where Oton spent his childhood and completed five years of primary school. He attended the secondary school inSenj. Traveling over the mountain range ofVelebit to reach Senj from Otočac, the young man discovered his love and interest for mountains and the starry sky. He continued his studies inVinkovci, where he completed his secondary education in 1873.
As an excellent and talented student, Oton was given theMilitary Frontier grant. He went toVienna, where he studiedphysics,mathematics andastronomy, attending the lectures of the famous scientistsJožef Stefan,Ludwig Boltzmann andJohann Josef Loschmidt. He also went to the Vienna Observatory, which was managed byKarl L. Littrow.
He was offered the post of the assistant, but patriotic and family reasons brought him back to Vinkovci, where he started lecturing at the localGymnasium at the age of 19. Two years later he passed the required teacher exam in Vienna.
In 1881 he published his first scientific works. Together withSpiridon Brusina andGjuro Pilar, he founded theCroatian Society of Natural Sciences inZagreb in late 1885. He was still a teacher in Vinkovci. The Society published itsGlasnik (Herald), where Kučera's first article,Man and Natural Science, can be found in 1886. It described the development ofnatural sciences.
Having moved toPožega, Kučera started popularizing science, which he would do until his death. He founded the firstobservatory in Požega. In 1892, his first book of popular science was printed,Notes on Magnetism and Electricity.
Popular science flourished in the 19th centuryCroatia, especially because theCroatian language became prominent in local science. Kučera played a crucial role in popularizing science. He is popularly called the "CroatianFlammarion" after his famous French counterpart.
Kučera believed that man has the same relationship towards the stars as towards his homeland, and that astronomy makes people think about the fundamental questions of life and forget the low passions, which endows it with great educational value.
When Kučera moved toZagreb in 1892, it was the start of his most prolific period. He taught at the Realna Gymnasium, where he created the first modern lecture room for physics in 1893. In the same year, he published another book,Weather: Notes onMeteorology. In 1895, he wroteOur Sky, a book ofpopular astronomy published byMatica hrvatska in a printing run of 12,000 copies. It was received enthusiastically and printed two more times during his life (1921, 1930). It earned him the award of the foundation of the countIvan Nepomuk Drašković. In 1995, a hundred years after it was first published, the book had its fourth edition in Zagreb.
In 1899, Kučera wrotePhysics for Beginners, a textbook with an appendix of astronomy and chemistry. He got his Ph.D. from theUniversity of Zagreb with a work onMarin Getaldić and became a lecturer ofhigher mathematics,theoretical physics andmechanics at theAcademy of Forestry in Zagreb, where he stayed until retirement in 1915. At the Academy, he introduced a two-year course ofgeodesy, which he managed during the first year. That course would later evolve into theFaculty of Geodesy, University of Zagreb.
In 1902, Kučera publishedExperimental Physics for Secondary Schools and initiated the astronomy section at the Croatian Society of Natural Sciences. Still lecturing at the academy, he accepted the position of the head of theZagreb Observatory, created in 1903, which he had helped found. The astronomy section and the observatory were a great success, since they boosted the membership in the Society from 95 to 230. In 1924, Kučera became a member of theFrench Astronomical Society inParis.
His bookWaves and Rays was published in 1903. In 1907 he translated two textbooks,Scheiner'sStructure of Space and Walentin'sAdvanced Physics for Secondary School. Kučera was active in many other areas: he was the president of the firstradio club, a member of the literary committee ofMatica hrvatska, and the president of Matica from 1909 to 1917. From 1908 to 1911, he was the president of the Secondary School Teacher Society. He was a regular and popular lecturer at theOpen University of Zagreb. Kučera was an editor of the Herald of the Croatian Mountaineering Society since its first issue. From 1892 to 1913 he was the secretary and then president of theCroatian Mountaineering Society. He was also a member of theBrethren of the Croatian Dragon, with the honorific title "Dragon of Petrinja", and a working member of the Croatian Literary Society of St. Jerome.
Kučera went into retirement in 1915. In 1920, after the fall ofAustria-Hungary, he returned to work, becoming the government officer for secondary schools. He managed the Zagreb Observatory again from 1920 to 1925, when he went into retirement for the second time. From 1924 to 1926, he was the editor ofBošković, an astronomical calendar.
Among many books he published in later life, the most important were published in the series of Modern Age Inventions:Movement and Forces. Notes on the Mechanics of Sky and Earth (1915) andWireless Telegraph and Telephone (1925).
His daughter from his first marriage, Elza, became a renowned psychologist. When his first wife Vilma Stenzl died, he remarried with Jelka Sakač and had three more children: daughters Mara and Nevenka and son Vlaho. In the last years of his life, family reasons made him sell the family house at Jurjevska Street 14 in Zagreb and move to a rented apartment in Mallinova Street. He died in Zagreb and was buried inMirogoj, the main city cemetery.
Kučera made many contributions to the development of science and technology in Croatia, especially astronomy. When theVišnjan Observatory discovered its firstasteroid on May 22, 1996, they named it(7364) Otonkucera.Matica hrvatska has an annual science award that bears his name.
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| Preceded by | President ofMatica hrvatska 1909 – 1916 | Succeeded by |
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