| Osorkon III | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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 Kneeling statue of Osorkon III pushing a barque ofSeker, from Karnak | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Pharaoh | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Reign | 28 years;8th century BC[1] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Predecessor | Shoshenq VI | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Successor | Takelot III | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Consort | Karoadjet, Tentsai | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Children | Shepenupet I, Takelot III,Rudamun | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Father | Takelot II | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mother | Karomama II | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dynasty | 23rd Dynasty | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Usermaatre SetepenamunOsorkon III Si-Ese wasPharaoh ofEgypt in the 8th Century BC. He is the same person as the Crown Prince andHigh Priest of Amun Osorkon B, son ofTakelot II by hisGreat Royal WifeKaromama II. Prince Osorkon B is best attested by hisChronicle—which consists of a series of texts documenting his activities atThebes—on theBubastite Portal atKarnak.[3] He later reigned as king Osorkon III in Upper Egypt for twenty-eight years after defeating the rival forces ofPedubast I/Shoshenq VI who had apparently resisted the authority of his father here. Osorkon ruled the last five years of his reign incoregency with his son,Takelot III, according to KarnakNile Level Text No. 13.[4] Osorkon III's formaltitulary was long and elaborate: Usermaatre Setepenamun, Osorkon Si-Ese Meryamun, Netjer-Heqa-waset.[5]
Osorkon III's precise accession date is unknown. Various Egyptologists have suggested it may have been from around the mid-790s BC to as late as 787 BC.[6] The issue is complicated by the fact that Prince Osorkon B did not immediately declare himself king after his successful conquest ofThebes and defeat ofShoshenq VI. This is evidenced by the fact that he dated this seminal event to Year 39 ofShoshenq III rather than Year 1 of his reign. Osorkon III may, therefore, have waited for a minimum of one or two years before proclaiming himself as a Pharaoh of the Theban-based23rd Dynasty. Osorkon may also have been motivated to defeat or pacify any remaining supporters of the Pedubast I/Shoshenq VI rival faction in other regions of Upper Egypt whether they were inElephantine, the Western Desert Oasis region—wherePedubast I is monumentally attested—or elsewhere in order to consolidate his position. Hence, Year 1 of Osorkon III is likely equivalent to Year 1 or Year 2 ofShoshenq IV instead, rather than Year 39 of Shoshenq III.
Osorkon III is attested by numerous impressive donationstelae and stone blocks fromHerakleopolis Magna through to Thebes. He is generally thought to have been a contemporary of the Lower Egyptian22nd Dynasty kings,Shoshenq IV,Pami, and the first decade of Shoshenq V's reign. Osorkon III's chief wife was Queen Karoadjet but his second wife was named Tentsai. A stela of Prince Osorkon B calls his spouse Tent[...] with part of the name being lost. The latter name can be rendered as either Tentsai or Tentamun. Significantly, however, both men have a daughter called Shepenupet.
Secondly, according to Ōhshiro Michinori,[7] Anthony Leahy,[8] andKarl Jansen-Winkeln,[9] an important donation stela[10] discovered in 1982 atṬihnā al-Ǧabal (ancientAkoris) reveals that Osorkon III was once a High Priest of Amun in his own right. The document explicitly calls Osorkon III, the High Priest of Amun. Osorkon III, thus, was almost certainly the High Priest Osorkon B, who defeated his father's opponents at Thebes in Year 39 ofShoshenq III, as Leahy notes.
This theory has now been accepted by manyEgyptologists, includingJürgen von Beckerath,[11] Karl Jansen-Winkeln,[12] Gerard Broekman,[13] and Aidan Dodson, among others, with the notable exception of Kenneth Kitchen.[14] Aidan Dodson and Dyan Hilton sum up the evidence by noting:
That Osorkon B is the same person as King Osorkon III is indicated by the fact that the former's last appearance as High Priest of Amun seems to directly precede Osorkon III's assumption of the throne, reinforcing a stela fromTehna which mentions the latter with the additional title of High Priest—an unusual occurrence.[15]
Osorkon probably lived into his eighties, which explains why he appointed his sonTakelot III as the junior coregent to the throne in his final years. He would have been in failing health by this time. Osorkon III's coregency with Takelot III is the last attested royal coregency in ancient Egyptian history. Later dynasties fromNubia,Sais, andPersia all ruled Egypt with a single king on the throne.
Karnak Nile Level Texts No. 6 and 7,[16] dated to Year 5 and 6 of Osorkon III, calls his mother the "Chief Queen Kamama Merymut."[17] Similarly, Prince Osorkon B's mother was identified as Queen Ka<ra>mama Merymut II, wife ofTakelot II.[18] The slightly different renderings of this Queen's name almost certainly refers to the same person here: Osorkon B/III.
According toKenneth Kitchen, Osorkon III's chief consort, Queen Karoadjet, was the mother ofShepenupet I, theGod's Wife andDivine Adoratrice of Amun, while his lesser wife Tentsai was the mother of Osorkon III's two sons:Takelot III andRudamun.[19] Shepenupet I outlived both her half-brothers as the serving God's Wife of Amun at Thebes and survived into the reign of the Nubian ruler,Shebitku, where she is depicted on the small temple Osiris-Heqa-djet in theAmun precinct of Karnak, which was partially decorated by this king.
