Detailed French map of 1882, showing position of Osh (here spelled “Osch”, slightly right of centre, beside the Uzbek city of”Andidjâne”) in theFergana valley
Osh (/ɒʃ/,Kyrgyz:[ɔɕ],Russian:[oʂ]) is the second-largest city inKyrgyzstan, located in theFergana Valley in the south of the country. It is often referred to as the "capital of the south".[4] It is the oldest city in the country (estimated by UNESCO[5] to be more than 3,000 years old) and has served as the administrative center ofOsh Region since 1939. The city has an ethnically mixed population of 322,164 in 2021[update],[3] comprisingKyrgyz,Uzbeks,Ukrainians,Koreans, and other smaller ethnic groups.
Osh has an important outdoor activitybazaar which has been taking place on the same spot for the past 2,000 years and was a major market along theSilk Road. The city's industrial base, established during theSoviet period, largely collapsed after the break-up of the Soviet Union and has only recently[when?] started to revive.
The proximity of theUzbekistan border, which cuts through historically linked territories and settlements, deprives Osh of much of its formerhinterland and presents a serious obstacle to trade and economic development. Daily flights fromOsh Airport link Osh—and hence the southern part of Kyrgyzstan—to the national capitalBishkek and some international destinations, mainly in Russia. Osh has two railway stations and a railway connection toAndijan in neighbouring Uzbekistan, but no passenger traffic and only sporadic freight traffic. Most transport is by road. The recent[when?] upgrading of the long and arduous road through the mountains to Bishkek has greatly improved communications.
The city has several monuments, including one to the southern Kyrgyz leader (Kyrgyz:датка,romanized: datqa)Kurmanjan and one of the few remaining statues ofLenin. ARussian Orthodox church, reopened after the demise of the Soviet Union, the second-largestmosque in the country, built in 2012[6] and situated beside the bazaar, and the 16th-century Rabat Abdul Khan Mosque can be found here. The onlyWorld Heritage Site in Kyrgyzstan, theSulayman Mountain, offers a splendid view of Osh and its environs.[7]
This mountain is thought by some researchers and historians to be the famous landmark of antiquity known as the "Stone Tower", whichClaudius Ptolemy wrote about in his famous workGeography. It marked the midpoint on the ancientSilk Road, the overland trade route taken by caravans between Europe and Asia.[8][9][10] TheNational Historical and Archaeological Museum Complex Sulayman is carved in the mountain, containing a collection of archaeological, geological, and historical finds and information about local flora and fauna.
Its first Western-style supermarket,Narodnyj, opened in March 2007.[11]
Osh is home toOsh State University, one of the largest universities in Kyrgyzstan.
Osh city (Ош шаар, "Osh shaar") covers 182.5 square kilometres (70.5 square miles)[2] and, like the capital city of Bishkek, is administered separately and not part of any region, although it is the seat ofOsh Region.[12] Besides the city proper, 11 villages are administered by the city: Almalyk, Arek, Gulbaar-Tölöykön,Japalak, Kengesh, Kerme-Too, Orke, Pyatiletka, Teeke and parts of Ozgur andTölöykön.[12]
Osh is the second-largest city in Kyrgyzstan after the capital city ofBishkek. According to the population estimate of 2021, the city population amounted to 322,164, of which 33,315 resided in the 11 villages that the City of Osh administers.[3] At the 2009 census, 47.9% of the population were Kyrgyz, 44.2% were Uzbeks, 2.5% Russians, 2.2%Turks, 1.1%Tatars and 2.1% other nationalities.[2] The population of the built-up (or metro) area in the surroundingKara-Suu District and in neighbouring Uzbekistan is estimated at 400,000 inhabitants.
The name of the city of Osh derives from the riverVakhsh, anthropomorphised there as a water goddess of the same name, who was worshipped (in tandem withAtar, sacred fire) in a Zoroastrian shrine or fire temple situated in the Eagle Cave in the ancient sacred mountainSulaiman-Too. The river Vakhsh itself, known also as Surkhob or Kyzyl-Suu ( Turkic: “red water”) is a tributary of the Amu Darya, the course of the Vakhsh lying outside and to the South of the Fergana valley, rising as it does on the west side of the 3,536m Taunmurun pass (east of the village ofSary-Tash)[13][14] and flowing southwest to its confluence with thePanj atTakht-i Sangin to form the Amu Darya.Oxus, the ancient name of the Amu Darya, like Osh, is cognate with the river name Vakhsh, revealing that the present day Vakhsh/Kyzyl-Suu was conceived to form the upper reaches of the river now known as the Amu Darya.[15][16]
The inhabitants of Osh repulse the occupiers of their city and assistBabur.
The city is among the oldest settlements inCentral Asia. Osh was known as early as the 8th century as a center for silk production along theSilk Road. The famous trading route crossedAlay Mountains to reachKashgar to the east.[17]
Babur, founder of theMughal Empire and descendant ofTamerlane, was born in nearbyAndijan, in theFergana Valley, pondered his future on Sulayman Mountain and even constructed a mosque atop of the mountain. Babur somehow concludes that the confines of the Fergana would cramp his aspirations as a descendant of famous conquering warrior princes. He wrote of the city:
"There are many sayings about the excellence of Osh. On the southeastern side of the Osh fortress is a well-proportioned mountain called Bara-Koh, where, on its summit, Sultan Mahmud Khan built a pavilion. Farther down, on a spur of the same mountain, I had a porticoed pavilion built in 902 (1496-7)"[18]
The city was occupied and annexed by theRussian Empire in 1876 when Russia overwhelmed the Central Asiankhanates during the so-called "Great Game", the contest betweenBritain and Russia for dominance inCentral Asia. This conquest was achieved and the inclusion to the Russian Empire made by the mid-1880s, with main credit to Generalvon Kaufman and GeneralMikhail Skobelev.[citation needed]
In the 1960s Osh and other towns in the south of theKyrgyz SSR began to be industrialized. The population of Osh and other towns in the Fergana Valley that falls within Kyrgyzstan has traditionally consisted of a significant number of ethnic Uzbeks.[19] When Osh started to industrialize the ethnic "Kyrgyz were encouraged to move from the Kyrgyz populated countryside to the cities to work in industrial jobs and public administration."[19] This contributed to the rise of social tension between the two groups.
In 1990, shortly before the end of Soviet power in Central Asia, Osh and its environs experienced bloodyethnic clashes between Kyrgyz and Uzbeks. There were about 1,200 casualties, including over 300 dead and 462 seriously injured.[19] The riots broke out over the division of land resources in and around the city.[20]
In 2010, afterriots inBishkek and other major Kyrgyz cities, PresidentKurmanbek Bakiyev took refuge in the city to hide from protesters denouncing his government and its response to the nation's struggling economy. On May 13, 2010, Bakiyev supporters took over government buildings in Osh and seized the airport, preventing interim government officials from landing.[21] The protesters demanded Bakiev's return, and forced the regional governor to flee. The former Osh regional governorMamasadyk Bakirov was reinstated.
On June 10, 2010, riots erupted in Osh, killing at least 81 and injuring hundreds of others.[22] "An explosion of violence, destruction and looting in southern Kyrgyzstan on 11–14 June 2010 killed many dozens of Kyrgyz and Uzbek people. The total of over 2000 buildings were destroyed, mostly homes, and deepened the divide between the country's ethnic Kyrgyz and Uzbeks."[23]
Local media reported that gangs of young men armed with sticks and stones smashed shop windows and set cars aflame in the city center. Several buildings and homes across the city were also set on fire. The city's police force proved incapable of restoring order resulting in a state of emergency being declared and thearmy being mobilised.[24]
The Kyrgyz intelligence agency claimed that the just-deposed president initiated the 2010 violence, Kurmanbek Bakiyev, who is said to have made a deal with foreign narco-jihadist gangs to take over southern Kyrgyzstan and initiate a shariah state in exchange for the Bakiyev family's being returned to controlling Bishkek.[25] However, to the day no serious proof has been presented to the public and media. According to various sources, up to 100,000 ethnic Uzbek refugees fled to Uzbekistan. Many refugee camps have been organized in the Andijan, Fergana and Namangan regions of Uzbekistan for Uzbek citizens of Kyrgyzstan who cross the border seeking safety.
Under theKöppen climate classification, Osh features acontinental climate (Dsa), with hot, dry summers and cold winters. Osh receives on average roughly 400 millimeters of precipitation annually, the bulk of which typically falls on the city outside the summer months. Summers are hot in Osh, with average high temperatures routinely exceeding 30 °C. Winters are cold with average temperatures below freezing during a good portion of the season. Spring and autumn are transitional seasons, with temperatures rising during the course of the spring season and falling during the course of the autumn.
Anvar Artykov (born 1951), a Kyrgyz politician, and current member of the Supreme Council of Kyrgyzstan. He served as governor of Osh Region between March and December 2005, and was previously a deputy between 1990 and 2000.
Aynuru Altybayeva (born 1958), a Kyrgyz politician, and current member of the Supreme Council of Kyrgyzstan
Roza Otunbayeva (born 1950), a Kyrgyz diplomat and politician who served as the President of Kyrgyzstan from April 2010 until 1 December 2011
Zhantoro Satybaldiyev (born 1956), a Kyrgyz politician who was Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan from September 2012 until March 2014
^Middleton, Robert and Thomas, Huw with Whitlock, Monica and Hauser, Markus,Tajikistan and the High Pamirs: a Companion and Guide, pub. 2012 by Odyssey Books and Guides, ISBN 978-962-217-818-2, pps.263-4 (map of Eastern Tajikistan shows location of Taunmurun Pass and altitude).
^Rowan., Stewart (2008).Kyrgyz Republic : Kyrgyzstan : heart of Central Asia. Weldon, Susie., Harris, Paul, 1958 September 28-, Fairclough, Ceri. (3rd ed.). Hong Kong: Odyssey Books & Guides.ISBN9789622177918.OCLC154707602.
^" The Babur-nama" Ed. & trans. Wheeler M. Thackston (New York) 2002 pp4-5
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