The organisation promotes and verifies the adherence to the Chemical Weapons Convention, which prohibits the use ofchemical weapons and requires their destruction. Verification consists both of evaluation of declarations by member states and onsite inspections.
The organisation was awarded the2013 Nobel Peace Prize "for its extensive efforts to eliminate chemical weapons". Nobel Committee chairmanThorbjørn Jagland said, "The conventions and the work of the OPCW have defined the use of chemical weapons as ataboo underinternational law".
The headquarters of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
The Hague was chosen as the location for the seat of the organisation after a successful lobby of the Dutch government, competing againstVienna andGeneva.[3] The organisation has its headquarters next to theWorld Forum Convention Centre (where it holds its yearly Conference of States Parties) and an equipment store and laboratory facility inRijswijk. The headquarters were officially opened byQueen Beatrix of the Netherlands on 20 May 1998.[4] and consist of an eight-story building built in a semi-circle. Apermanent memorial to all victims is present at the back of the building and is open to the public.[5]
The first Director-General only served about one year of his second term, after which, in April 2002, he was removed from office on grounds of lack of confidence by the member states.[7][8] It was argued byThe Guardian's columnistGeorge Monbiot that Director-GeneralJosé Bustani was being forced out by the U.S. government, despite the convention insisting the OPCW "shall not seek or receive instructions from any government"; the US had tried to persuade Brazil to recall Bustani. Monbiot wrote that the U.S. had tried other measures, although the convention also indicates that states should "not seek to influence" staff. In line with his mandate, Bustani wanted Iraq to sign the convention thus allowing international chemical weapons monitors into Iraq and thus potentially impeding the U.S. push forwar against Iraq.[9][10][11] The U.S. gave three main arguments for the removal of Bustani's from his position: "polarising and confrontational conduct", "mismanagement issues" and "advocacy of inappropriate roles for the OPCW".[12] The removal was subsequently determined to be improper by an Administrative Tribunal of theInternational Labour Organization and consequently Bustani was awarded €50,000 in moral damages, his pay for the remainder of his second term, and his legal costs.[13]
On 11 October 2013, the Norwegian Nobel Committee announced that the OPCW had been awarded theNobel Peace Prize[14] for "extensive work to eliminate chemical weapons".[15][16] The committee further indicated how "Recent events in Syria, where chemical weapons have again been put to use, have underlined the need to enhance the efforts to do away with such weapons."[14][15][17][18] In the year ending September 2014, the OPCW had overseen the destruction of some 97 per cent of Syria's declared chemical weapons.[19]
In 2014,The OPCW–The Hague Award was established to honour select individuals and institutions by highlighting their exceptional contributions towards the goal of a world permanently free of chemical weapons. The award was created as a legacy of the OPCW winning the 2013 Nobel Peace Prize. The OPCW—The Hague Award fund was created using the approximately €900,000 monetary prize which accompanied theNobel Peace Prize, and is also supported financially by theCity of The Hague, where the OPCW is based.
On 13 April 2018, the OPCW became the target of an attemptedcyberattack by RussianGRU agents.[20][21][22] The agents were detained byDutch Intelligence agents with hacking equipment in their possession.[23][24] The agents were later expelled from the country.[23] The British Culture SecretaryJeremy Wright alleged that the attempted cyberattack was meant to interfere with the OPCW investigation into the2018 Salisbury poisonings.[25]
In November 2019, a unanimous agreement of OPCW member states allowed the addition of theNovichok agents to "list of controlled substances" of the CWC "in one of the first major changes to the treaty since it was agreed in the 1990s" in response to the 2018 poisonings in the UK.[26]
Fourth Special Session of the Conference of the States Parties (2018)
The activities of the OPCW and its core organisational structure are described in theChemical Weapons Convention (whose members are all in OPCW). The principal body is theConference of the States Parties (CSP), which normally is convened yearly, and in which all countries can participate, with equal voting rights. Countries are generally represented in the conference by apermanent representative to the organisation, which in most cases is also the ambassador to the Netherlands. The conference decides on all main topics regarding the organisation (for example, taking retaliation measures) and the convention (approving guidelines, imposing retaliating measures against members).[27]
TheExecutive Council (EC) is the executive organ of the organisation and consists of 41 states parties, which are appointed by the conference on a two-year term. The council amongst others oversees the budget and cooperates with the General Secretariat on all matters related to the convention.[27]
TheTechnical Secretariat (TS) applies most of the activities mandated by the council and is the body where most of the employees of the organisation work. The main activities of the OPCW are performed by the inspection and the verification divisions.
All states parties make contributions to the OPCW budget, based on a modified UN scale of assessments.[28] The OPCW budget for 2020 is €70,958,760[29]
The OPCW has the power to report on whether chemical weapons were used in an attack it has investigated.[30]
"The OPCW has the power to send inspectors to any signatory country to search for evidence of production of banned chemicals. It also can send experts to help countries to investigate crime scenes where chemical agents may have been used."[26]
In June 2018 following theSkripal poisoning the UK convinced other members despite the Russian opposition that the OPCW needed to grant itself new powers to assign blame for attacks.[31][30] The vote was won by a margin of 82 to 24, which exceeded the two-thirds majority needed for the motion to pass.[30]
At alloperational chemical weapons destruction facilities, 24/7 inspections by the OPCW take place on site to verify the success of the destruction as well as the amounts of weapons being destroyed.[32] In light of the hazardous environment in which the inspections take place, they are generally performed by evaluation viaCCTV-systems.[33]
Inspections are designed to verify compliance of States Parties with the requirements imposed on production and use ofscheduled chemicals and to verify that industrial activities of member states have been correctly declared according to the obligation set by the CWC.[34] The intensity and frequency of the inspections is dependent on the type of chemical produced (in descending order:Schedule 1,Schedule 2,Schedule 3 or DOC,see Scheduled Chemicals),[35] but is regardless of the standing of the member state.For Schedule 1 and 2 facilities, a mass balance is prepared to identify whether all produced chemicals can be accounted for and whether the amounts are consistent with the declarations made by member states.[36] Furthermore, at Schedule 2 and 3 facilities clues are investigated whether, contrary to the declaration and to the rules in the convention, Schedule 1 chemicals are produced. At Schedule 3 and DOC, the main aim is to check the declaration and to verify the absence of Schedule 2 and Schedule 1 production units.[36] The time limit Schedule 2 inspections is 96 hours while Schedule 3 and DOC inspections can take a maximum of 24 hours. There is no time limit on Schedule 1 inspections.[37]
Challenge inspections and investigations of alleged use
In case of allegation of use of chemical weapons or the prohibited production, a fact-finding inspection can be employed according to the convention. None of those activities have taken place, although the OPCW contributed to investigations[when?] of alleged use of chemical weapons in Syria as part of a United Nations mission. The OPCW only undertakes these inspections on request of another member state, after verification of the presented proof. To avoid misuse, a majority of three-quarters can block a challenge inspection request.[38]
While the OPCW is not a specialised agency of the United Nations, it cooperates both on policy and practical issues as a related organisation. On 7 September 2000, the OPCW and the United Nations signed a cooperation agreement outlining how they were to coordinate their activities.[39] The inspectors furthermore travel on theUnited Nations Laissez-Passer in which a sticker is placed explaining their position, and privileges and immunities.[40] TheUnited Nations Regional Groups also operate at the OPCW to govern the rotations on the Executive Council and provide informal discussion platform.[27]
All 193 parties to the Chemical Weapons Convention are automatically members of the OPCW.[41] Other states which are eligible to become members areUN member states: Israel is a signatory state that has not ratified the Convention; and Egypt, North Korea and South Sudan, which have neither signed nor acceded to the Convention.[42] Palestine was the most recent state to submit its instrument of accession to the Convention.[43] On 21 April 2021,Syria was stripped of its voting rights at the OPCW after Syrian forces were found to have repeatedly used poison gas during theSyrian civil war. A two-thirds majority of members voted to immediately revoke Syria's privileges at the agency.[44]
The Organisation is currently led by Director-General Ambassador Fernando Arias of Spain.[45]
The Director-General is directly appointed by the Conference for a maximum of two four-year terms.[46] A historical list of Directors-General is shown below.
The appointment of Ambassador Arias followed a consensus recommendation by the OPCW Executive Council in October 2017.
Ambassador Arias is a career diplomat with extensive experience in multilateral diplomacy. Previously, he served as Ambassador of Spain to the Netherlands and the Permanent Representative of Spain to the OPCW. He also has served as Permanent Representative of Spain to the United Nations in New York and Ambassador of Spain to Mali, Mauritania, former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, and Bulgaria.
Findings by the Administrative Tribunal of the International Labour Organization
In 2002, the United States convened an extraordinary session of the Conference of the States Parties of the OPCW to request the dismissal ofJosé Bustani, then Director General of the OPCW.[50] Bustani was dismissed following the vote, held on 22 April 2002, with 48 states voting in favor, 7 against and 43 abstaining.[50][51] Subsequently, Bustani accused the United States of having provoked his impeachment because he had succeeded in convincingSaddam Hussein to ratify theChemical Weapons Convention, which implied inspection of the Iraqi arsenal by OPCW investigators and would have thwarted the American plan of an invasion of Iraq.[50][52] He also lodged a complaint before theAdministrative Tribunal of the International Labour Organization, which, by a judgment of 16 July 2003, quashed the dismissal and condemned the OPCW to compensation for material and moral damage.[53] Bustani did not seek to be reinstated in office.
^The ILO called the decision "an unacceptable violation of the principles on which international organizations' activities are founded ..., by rendering officials vulnerable to pressures and to political change." Seethe ILO decisionArchived 12 October 2013 at theWayback Machine
^Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (15 May 1999). Tabassi, Lisa Woollomes (ed.).OPCW: The Legal Texts. Netherlands: Asser Press. p. 336.ISBN9789067041126.
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