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Organ system

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Group of organs assembled in a structural unit to serve a common function
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Development oforgan systems
Identifiers
FMA7149
Anatomical terminology

Anorgan system is abiological system consisting of a group oforgans that work together to perform one or more bodily functions.[1] Each organ has a specialized role in an organism body, and is made up of distincttissues.

Humans

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Main article:List of systems of the human body
Nervous system in a human body

There are 11 distinct organ systems in human beings,[2] which form the basis ofhuman anatomy and physiology. The 11 organ systems: the respiratory system, digestive and excretory system, circulatory system, urinary system, integumentary system, skeletal system, muscular system, endocrine system, lymphatic system, nervous system, and reproductive system. There are other systems in the body that are not organ systems—for example, theimmune system protects the organism from infection, but it is not an organ system since it is not composed of organs. Some organs are in more than one system—for example, the nose is in the respiratory system and also serves as a sensory organ in the nervous system; the testes and ovaries are both part of the reproductive and endocrine systems.

Organ systemDescriptionComponent organs
Respiratory systembreathing: exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxidenose,mouth,paranasal sinuses,pharynx,larynx,trachea,bronchi,lungs andthoracic diaphragm
Digestive andexcretory systemdigestion: breakdown and absorption ofnutrients, excretion of solid wastesteeth,tongue,salivary glands,esophagus,stomach,liver,gallbladder,pancreas,small intestine,large intestine,rectum andanus
Circulatory systemcirculate blood in order to transport nutrients, waste, hormones, O2, CO2, and aid in maintaining pH and temperatureblood,heart,arteries,veins andcapillaries
Urinary systemmaintain fluid and electrolyte balance, purify blood and excrete liquid waste (urine)kidneys,ureters,bladder andurethra
Integumentary systemexterior protection of body and thermal regulationskin,hair,fat andnails
Skeletal systemstructural support and protection, production of blood cellsbones,cartilage,ligaments andtendons
Muscular systemmovement of body, production of heatskeletal muscles,smooth muscles andcardiac muscle
Endocrine systemcommunication within the body usinghormones made byendocrine glandshypothalamus,pituitary,pineal gland,thyroid,parathyroid andadrenal glands,ovaries andtesticles
Exocrine systemvarious functions including lubrication and protectionceruminous glands,lacrimal glands,sebaceous glands andmucus
Lymphatic systemreturnlymph to the bloodstream, aid immune responses, form white blood cellslymph,lymph nodes,lymph vessels,tonsils,spleen andthymus
Nervous systemsensing and processing information, controlling body activitiesbrain,spinal cord,nerves,sensory organs and the following sensory systems (nervous subsystems):visual system,smell(olfactory system), taste (gustatory system) andhearing (auditory system)
Reproductive systemsex organs involved in reproductionovaries,fallopian tubes,uterus,vagina,vulva,penis,testicles,vasa deferentia,seminal vesicles andprostate

Other animals

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Other animals have similar organ systems to humans although simpler animals may have a lot of organs in an organ system or even fewer organ systems.[clarification needed]

Plants

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Root and shoot systems in aeudicot

Plants have two major organs systems. Vascular plants have two distinct organ systems: ashoot system, and aroot system. The shoot system consists stems, leaves, and the reproductive parts of the plant (flowers and fruits). The shoot system generally grows above ground, where it absorbs the light needed forphotosynthesis. The root system, which supports the plants and absorbs water and minerals, is usually underground.[3]

Organ systemDescriptionComponent organs
Root systemanchors plants into place, absorbs water and minerals, and stores carbohydratesroots
Shoot systemstem for holding and orienting leaves to the sun as well as transporting materials between roots and leaves, leaves forphotosynthesis, and flowers forreproductionstem,leaves, andflowers

References

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  1. ^Betts, J Gordon; et al. (2013).1.2 Structural Organization of the Human Body - Anatomy and Physiology. Openstax.ISBN 978-1-947172-04-3.Archived from the original on 2023-03-24. Retrieved14 May 2023.
  2. ^Wakim, Suzanne; Grewal, Mandeep (August 8, 2020)."Human Organs and Organ Systems".Archived from the original on November 24, 2020. RetrievedOctober 7, 2020.
  3. ^Hillis, David M.; Sadava, David; Hill, Richard W.; Price, Mary V. (2014). "The plant body".Principles of Life (2nd ed.). Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer Associates. pp. 521–536.ISBN 978-1464175121.
Musculoskeletal system
Skeletal system
Joints
Muscular system
Circulatory system
Cardiovascular system
Lymphatic system
Nervous system
Integumentary system
Haematopoietic andimmune systems
Respiratory system
Digestive system
Urinary system
Reproductive system
Endocrine system
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