Civil War-era military outposts in the Pacific Northwest
At the outbreak of theAmerican Civil War, Oregon had no organisedmilitia and had sold most of the equipment bought for theRogue River Wars. The state's governor,John Whiteaker, was pro-slavery and opposed to Oregon's involvement in the conflict. As such, it was only in late 1862 witha new governor that the state raised any troops: the1st Oregon Cavalry served until June 1865.[1]
Unique American flag bearing a bald eagle, 7 white stripes and 6 red ones. With the motto "the whole republic" in the bottom white stripe, 1861[2]
During the Civil War, emigrants to the newfound gold fields inIdaho and Oregon continued to clash with thePaiute,Shoshone andBannock tribes of Oregon, Idaho andNevada until relations degenerated into the bloody 1864–1868Snake War. The1st Oregon Volunteer Infantry Regiment was formed in 1864 and its last company was mustered out of service in July 1867. Both units were used to guard travel routes and Indian reservations, escort emigrant wagon trains, and protect settlers from Indian raiders. Several infantry detachments also accompanied survey parties and built roads in central and southern Oregon.[3]
Oregon's second United States Senator, Col.Edward Dickinson Baker was killed while leading Union troops at theBattle of Ball's Bluff near Leesburg, Virginia on October 21, 1861. His death in battle occurred exactly one month after another Oregonian, Captain James W. Lingenfelter of Company B,71st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, was killed while on the picket line. In civilian life, Captain Lingenfelter had been a practicing attorney in Jacksonville, Oregon. He had been visiting in the East when the war started and enlisted to serve with Colonel Baker.
^Edwards, Glenn Thomas,Oregon Regiments in the Civil War Years: Duty on the Indian Frontier, unpublished Master of Arts thesis, Department of History, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, June 1960.
^A two-story blockhouse built to protect theSiletz Indian Agency. It was a subpost ofFort Hoskins. Originally calledYaquina Bay Blockhouse (1856–1858) located at the mouth of theYaquina River near South Beach. It was dismantled and floated upriver in 1858. Located atSiletz, Oregon.
^Garrisoned by the Oregon Volunteer Cavalry to observe Confederate sympathizers in nearbyJacksonville, Oregon. Located one-half mile west ofPhoenix, Oregon. Possibly also known as Camp Phoenix.
^A temporary state militia post that lasted only one month. Located at the mouth of theClackamas River about one mile north of Oregon City. Replaced Camp Barlow.
^Carey,History of Oregon, pg. 671 Located slightly east of Camps Maury and Polk.
^Carey,History of Oregon, pg. 671. This camp, named for Oregon's representative in Congress at that time, was established early in 1864, near the mouth of Jordan Creek, 330 miles from Walla Walla, and was the center of operations in Southeastern Oregon for some time afterward.
^Carey,History of Oregon, pg. 671 Near Canyon City, on the headwaters of John Day River.
^Carey,History of Oregon, pg. 671. North of Harney Lake. A temporary state militia encampment on the Silvies River, possibly to the south ofBurns, Oregon. Originally Adobe Camp (1865), a 25-yard square sod-walled post, was located here before being replaced after only two weeks.
^Carey,History of Oregon, pg. 671. Located east of Warner Lakes. A Federal camp originally located 20 miles east of Warner (Hart) Lake. It was moved in 1867
^Carey,History of Oregon, pg. 671. Located west of Warner Lakes.
Carter, Bryan Anthony. "Frontier Apart: Identity, Loyalty, and the Coming of the Civil War on the Pacific Coast" (PhD. Diss. Oklahoma State University, 2014)online, with detail;ed bibliography
Edwards, G. Thomas. "Six Oregon Leaders and the Far-Reaching Impact of America's Civil War".Oregon Historical Quarterly 100#1 (Spring 1999): 4–31.
Etulain, Richard W.Lincoln and Oregon Country Politics in the Civil War Era (2013).
Smith, Stacey L. "Oregon's Civil War: The Troubled Legacy of Emancipation in the Pacific Northwest."Oregon Historical Quarterly 115.2 (2014): 154–173.
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