Oregon has been home to manyindigenous nations for thousands of years. The first European traders, explorers, and settlers began exploring what is now Oregon's Pacific coast in the early to mid-16th century. As early as 1564, theSpanish began sending vessels northeast from thePhilippines, riding theKuroshio Current in a sweeping circular route across the northern part of the Pacific. In 1592,Juan de Fuca undertook detailed mapping and studies of ocean currents in the Pacific Northwest, including the Oregon coast as well as thestrait now bearing his name. TheLewis and Clark Expedition traversed Oregon in the early 19th century, and the first permanent European settlements in Oregon were established soon afterward bytrappers andfur traders. The United States received joint occupation rights to the region from theUnited Kingdom through theTreaty of 1818. TheOregon Treaty of 1846 formally brought Oregon under American sovereignty, and theOregon Territory was created two years later. Oregon was admitted to the United States on February 14, 1859, becoming the 33rd state.
Today, with 4.2 million people over 98,000 square miles (250,000 km2), Oregon is theninth-largest and27th-most populous U.S. state. The capital,Salem, is the third-most populous city in Oregon, with 175,535 residents.[9]Portland, with 652,503, ranks as the 26th among U.S. cities. ThePortland metropolitan area, which includes neighboring counties in Washington, is the 26th largestmetro area in the nation, with a population of 2,512,859. Oregon is also one of the most geographically diverse states in the U.S.,[10] marked by volcanoes, abundant bodies of water, dense evergreen and mixed forests, as well ashigh deserts and semi-aridshrublands. At 11,249 feet (3,429 m),Mount Hood is the state's highest point. Oregon's only national park,Crater Lake National Park, comprises thecaldera surroundingCrater Lake, the deepest lake in the U.S. The state is also home to the singlelargest organism in the world,Armillaria ostoyae, a fungus that runs beneath 2,200 acres (8.9 km2) of theMalheur National Forest.[11]
Oregon's economy has historically been powered by various forms of agriculture, fishing, logging, andhydroelectric power. Oregon is the toplumber producer of thecontiguous U.S., with the lumber industry dominating the state's economy during the 20th century.[12] Technology is another one of Oregon's major economic forces, beginning in the 1970s with the establishment of theSilicon Forest and the expansion ofTektronix andIntel. Sportswear companyNike, Inc., headquartered inBeaverton, is the state's largest public corporation with an annual revenue of $46.7 billion.[13]
The origin of the state's name is uncertain. The earliest geographical designation "orejón" (meaning "big ear") comes from the Spanish historical chronicleRelación de la Alta y Baja California (1598),[14] written by Rodrigo Montezuma ofNew Spain; here it refers to the region of theColumbia River as it was encountered by the first Spanish scouts. The "j" in the Spanish phrase "El Orejón" was eventually corrupted into a "g" under this theory of the name's origin.[15]
Another possible source is the Spanish wordorégano, referring to the plant with that name that grows in the southern part of the region,[citation needed] or that the area around theColumbia River was named after a stream inSpain called "Arroyo del Oregón", located in the province ofCiudad Real.[citation needed]
Another early use of the name, spelledOuragon, was by MajorRobert Rogers in a 1765 petition to theKingdom of Great Britain. The term referred to the then-mythical River of the West (the Columbia River). By 1778, the spelling had shifted toOregon.[16] Rogers wrote:
...from the Great Lakes towards the Head of the Mississippi, and from thence to the River called by the Indians Ouragon...[17]
One suggestion is that this name comes from the French wordouragan ("windstorm" or "hurricane"), which was applied to the River of the West based on Native American tales of powerfulChinook winds on the lower Columbia River, or perhaps from first-hand French experience with the Chinook winds of theGreat Plains. At the time, the River of the West was thought to rise in western Minnesota and flow west through the Great Plains.[18]
The name, Oregon, is rounded down phonetically, fromOuve água—Oragua, Or-a-gon, Oregon—given probably by the same Portuguese navigator that named the Farallones after his first officer, and it literally, in a large way, means cascades: "Hear the waters." You should steam up the Columbia and hear and feel the waters falling out of the clouds ofMount Hood to understand entirely the full meaning of the nameOuve a água, Oregon.[19]
Yet another account, endorsed as the "most plausible explanation" in the bookOregon Geographic Names, was advanced byGeorge R. Stewart in a 1944 article inAmerican Speech. According to Stewart, the name came from an engraver's error in a French map published in the early 18th century, on which theOuisiconsink (Wisconsin) River was spelled "Ouaricon-sint", broken on two lines with the-sint below, so there appeared to be a river flowing to the west named "Ouaricon".
While there is considerable evidence thatPaleo-Indians inhabited the region, the oldest evidence of habitation in Oregon was found atFort Rock Cave and thePaisley Caves inLake County. ArchaeologistLuther Cressman dated material from Fort Rock to 13,200 years ago,[25] and there is evidence supporting inhabitants in the region at least 15,000 years ago.[26] By 8000 BC, there were settlements throughout the state, with populations concentrated along the lower Columbia River, in the western valleys, and around coastal estuaries.
French Canadians,Scots,Métis, and other continental natives (e.g.Iroquois) trappers arrived in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, soon to be followed by Catholic clergy. Some traveled as members of theLewis and Clark and Astor Expeditions. Few stayed permanently such as Étienne Lussier, often referred to as the first "European" farmer in the state of Oregon. Evidence of the French Canadian presence can be found in numerous names of French origin such asMalheur Lake, theMalheur,Grande Ronde, andDeschutes Rivers, and the city ofLa Grande. Furthermore, many of the early pioneers first came out West with theNorth West Company and theHudson's Bay Company before heading South of the Columbia for better farmland as the fur trade declined.French Prairie by theWillamette River andFrench Settlement by theUmpqua River are known as early mixed ancestry settlements.
The Lewis and Clark Expedition traveled through northern Oregon also in search of theNorthwest Passage. They built their winter fort in 1805–1806 atFort Clatsop, near the mouth of the Columbia River, staying at the encampment from December until March.[38]
British explorerDavid Thompson also conducted overland exploration. In 1811, while working for the North West Company, Thompson became the first European to navigate the entire Columbia River.[39] Stopping on the way, at the junction of the Snake River, he posted a claim to the region forGreat Britain and the North West Company. Upon returning toMontreal, he publicized the abundance of fur-bearing animals in the area.[40]
Also in 1811, New YorkerJohn Jacob Astor financed the establishment ofFort Astoria at the mouth of the Columbia River as a western outpost to hisPacific Fur Company;[41] this was the first permanent European settlement in Oregon.
In theWar of 1812, theBritish gained control of all Pacific Fur Company posts. TheTreaty of 1818 established joint British and American occupancy of the region west of the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Ocean. By the 1820s and 1830s, the Hudson's Bay Company dominated the Pacific Northwest from itsColumbia District headquarters atFort Vancouver (built in 1825 by the district's chief factor,John McLoughlin, across the Columbia from present-dayPortland).
In 1841, the expert trapper and entrepreneurEwing Young died leaving considerable wealth and no apparent heir, and no system toprobate his estate. A meeting followed Young's funeral, at which a probate government was proposed.[42] DoctorIra Babcock ofJason Lee'sMethodist Mission was elected supreme judge.[43] Babcock chaired two meetings in 1842 atChampoeg, (halfway between Lee's mission andOregon City), to discusswolves and other animals of contemporary concern. These meetings were precursors to anall-citizen meeting in 1843, which instituted a provisional government headed by anexecutive committee made up ofDavid Hill,Alanson Beers, andJoseph Gale.[44] This government was the first acting public government of theOregon Country before annexation by the government of the United States. It was succeeded by a Second Executive Committee, made up ofPeter G. Stewart,Osborne Russell, andWilliam J. Bailey, and this committee was itself succeeded byGeorge Abernethy, who was the first and only Governor of Oregon under the provisional government.
Also in 1841, SirGeorge Simpson, governor of the Hudson's Bay Company, reversed the Hudson's Bay Company's long-standing policy of discouraging settlement because it interfered with the lucrative fur trade.[45] He directed that some 200Red River Colony settlers be relocated to HBC farms near Fort Vancouver, (theJames Sinclair expedition), in an attempt to hold Columbia District.
The first Oregon proposition for a railroad in Oregon was made in 1850 by H. M. Knighton, the original owner of the townsite ofSt. Helens. Knighton asserted that this would fulfill his township's belief that it should be the supreme metropolitan seaport in that area upon the Columbia River, as opposed to Portland. He suggested building a railroad in 1851 from St. Helens, through the Cornelius pass and acrossWashington County to the city of Lafayette, which was at the time the big town of the Willamette Valley.[48][49]
Black exclusion laws
In December 1844, Oregon passed its firstblack exclusion law, which prohibitedAfrican Americans from entering the territory while simultaneously prohibitingslavery. Slave owners who brought their slaves with them were given three years before they were forced to free them. Any African Americans in the region after the law was passed were forced to leave, and those who did not comply were arrested and beaten. They received no less than twenty and no more than thirty-nine stripes across the back if they still did not leave. This process could be repeated every six months.[50]
Statehood
Slavery played a major part in Oregon's history and even influenced its path to statehood. The territory's request forstatehood was delayed several times, as members of Congress argued among themselves whether the territory should be admitted as a "free" or "slave" state. Eventually politicians from the South agreed to allow Oregon to enter as a "free" state, in exchange for opening slavery to the Southwestern U.S.[51]
Oregon was admitted to theUnion on February 14, 1859, though no one in Oregon knew it until March 15.[52] Founded as a refuge from disputes over slavery, Oregon had a "whites only" clause in its original state Constitution.[53][54] At the outbreak of theAmerican Civil War, regular U.S. troops were withdrawn and sent eastto aid the Union. Volunteer cavalry recruited in California were sent north to Oregon to keep peace and protect the populace. TheFirst Oregon Cavalry served until June 1865.
Post-Reconstruction
Beginning in the 1880s, the growth of railroads expanded the state'slumber,wheat, and other agricultural markets, and the rapid growth of its cities.[55] Due to the abundance of timber and waterway access via the Willamette River, Portland became a major force in the lumber industry of thePacific Northwest, and quickly became the state's largest city. It would earn the nickname "Stumptown",[56] and would later become recognized as one of the most dangerous port cities in the United States due to racketeering and illegal activities at the turn of the 20th century.[57] In 1902, Oregon introduceddirect legislation by the state's citizens throughinitiatives andreferendums, known as theOregon System.[58]
Industrial expansion began in earnest following the 1933–1937 construction of theBonneville Dam on the Columbia River.Hydroelectric power, food, and lumber provided by Oregon helped fuel the development of the West, although the periodic fluctuations in the U.S. building industry have hurt the state's economy on multiple occasions. Portland, in particular, experienced a population boom between 1900 and 1930, tripling in size; the arrival of World War II also provided the northwest region of the state with an industrial boom, whereLiberty ships and aircraft carriers were constructed.[61]
During the 1970s, the Pacific Northwest was particularly affected by the1973 oil crisis, with Oregon suffering a substantial shortage.[62]
In 1971, the Oregon Beverage Container Act of 1971,[63] popularly called the Bottle Bill, became the first law of its kind in the United States. The Bottle Bill system in Oregon was created to control litter. In practice, the system promotes recycling, not reusing, and the collected containers are generally destroyed and made into new containers. Ten states[64] currently have similar laws.
In 1994, Oregon became the first U.S. state to legalizephysician-assisted suicide through theOregon Death with Dignity Act. A measure to legalize recreational use ofmarijuana in Oregon was approved on November 4, 2014, making Oregon only the second state at the time to have legalizedgay marriage, physician-assisted suicide, and recreational marijuana.[65]
Gasoline pump law
Self service gasoline was banned in Oregon from 1951 until August 2023.[66][67] Although self-serve is now allowed in Oregon, gas stations are not required to offer it and many currently do not.[68]
New Jersey is the only state remaining where self serve gas stations are not allowed.[69]
Oregon is 295 miles (475 km) north to south at longest distance, and 395 miles (636 km) east to west. With an area of 98,381 square miles (254,810 km2), Oregon is slightly larger than theUnited Kingdom. It is the ninth largest state in the U.S.[70] Oregon's highest point is the summit of Mount Hood, at 11,249 feet (3,429 m), and its lowest point is the sea level of the Pacific Ocean along the Oregon Coast.[71] Oregon's mean elevation is 3,300 feet (1,006 m).Crater Lake National Park, the state's only national park, is the site of the deepest lake in the U.S. at 1,943 feet (592 m).[72] Oregon claims theD River as the shortest river in the world,[73] though the state of Montana makes the same claim of itsRoe River.[74] Oregon is also home toMill Ends Park (in Portland),[75] the smallest park in the world at 452 square inches (0.29 m2).
The Columbia River, which forms much of Oregon's northern border, also played a major role in the region's geological evolution, as well as its economic and cultural development. The Columbia is one of North America's largest rivers, and one of two rivers to cut through theCascades (theKlamath River in southern Oregon is the other). About 15,000 years ago, the Columbia repeatedly flooded much of Oregon during theMissoula Floods; the modern fertility of the Willamette Valley is largely the result. Plentifulsalmon made parts of the river, such asCelilo Falls, hubs of economic activity for thousands of years.
Today, Oregon's landscape varies fromrain forest in the Coast Range to barren desert in the southeast, which still meets the technical definition of afrontier. Oregon'sgeographical center is further west than any of the other 48 contiguous states (although the westernmost point of the lower 48 states is in Washington).Central Oregon's geographical features range fromhigh desert and volcanic rock formations resulting fromlava beds. TheOregon Badlands Wilderness is in this region of the state.[78]
Typical of a western state, Oregon is home to a unique and diverse array of wildlife. Roughly 60 percent of the state is covered in forest,[79] while the areas west of the Cascades are more densely populated by forest, making up around 80 percent of the landscape. Some 60 percent of Oregon's forests are within federal land.[79] Oregon is the top timber producer of the lower 48 states.[12][80]
Moose have not always inhabited the state but came to Oregon in the 1960s; theWallowa Valley herd numbered about 60 as of 2013[update].[86]Gray wolves were extirpated from Oregon around 1930 but have since found their way back; most reside in northeast Oregon, with two packs living in the south-central part.[87] Although their existence in Oregon is unconfirmed, reports ofgrizzly bears still turn up, and it is probable some still move into eastern Oregon from Idaho.[88]
Most of Oregon has a generally mild climate, though there is significant variation given the variety of landscapes across the state.[90] The state's western region (west of theCascade Range) has anoceanic climate, populated by denseevergreen mixed forests. Western Oregon's climate is heavily influenced by the Pacific Ocean; the western third of Oregon is very wet in the winter, moderately to very wet during the spring and fall, and dry during the summer. Therelative humidity of Western Oregon is high except during summer days, which are semi-dry to semi-humid; Eastern Oregon typically sees low humidity year-round.[91]
Oregon's northeastern portion has asteppe climate, and its high terrain regions have asubarctic climate. LikeWestern Europe, Oregon, and the Pacific Northwest in general, is considered warm for its latitude, and the state has far milder winters at a given elevation than comparable latitudes elsewhere in North America, such as theUpper Midwest,Ontario,Quebec andNew England.[91] However, the state ranks fifth for coolest summer temperatures of any state in the country, after Maine, Idaho, Wyoming, and Alaska.[93]
The eastern two thirds of Oregon, which largely comprise highdesert, have cold, snowy winters and very dry summers. Much of the east is semiarid to arid like the rest of theGreat Basin, though theBlue Mountains are wet enough to support extensive forests. Most of Oregon receives significant snowfall, but the Willamette Valley, where 60 percent of the population lives,[94] has considerably milder winters for its latitude and typically sees only light snowfall.[91]
Oregon's highest recorded temperature is 119 °F (48 °C), which was set atPrineville on July 29, 1898, and tied atPendleton on August 10, 1898, andPelton Dam on June 29, 2021.[95] The lowest recorded temperature is −54 °F (−48 °C) atSeneca on February 10, 1933.[96]
Astoria, at the mouth of the Columbia River, was the first permanent English-speaking settlement west of theRockies in what is now the U.S.Oregon City, at the end of the Oregon Trail, was the Oregon Territory's first incorporated city, and was its first capital from 1848 until 1852, when the capital was moved to Salem.Bend, near the geographic center of the state, is one of the ten fastest-growing metropolitan areas in the U.S.[98][better source needed] In southern Oregon,Medford is a rapidly growing metro area and is home to theRogue Valley International–Medford Airport, the state's third-busiest airport. To the south, near the California border, is the city ofAshland.Eastern Oregon is sparsely populated, but is home toHermiston, which with a population of 18,000 is the largest and fastest-growing city in the region.[99]
Oregon was the nation's "Top Moving Destination" in 2014, with two families moving into the state for every one moving out (66.4% to 33.6%).[105] Oregon was also the top moving destination in 2013,[106] and the second-most popular destination in 2010 through 2012.[107][108]
As of the 2020 census, the population of Oregon was 4,237,256. The gender makeup of the state was 49.5% male and 50.5% female. 20.5% of the population were under the age of 18; 60.8% were between the ages of 18 and 64; and 18.8% were 65 years of age or older.[109]
The state's most populous ethnic group,non-Hispanic Whites, decreased from 95.8% of the total population in 1970 to 71.7% in 2020, though it increased in absolute numbers.[119][120]
As of 2011[update], 38.7% of Oregon's children under one year of age belonged tominority groups, meaning they had at least one parent who was not a non-Hispanic White.[121] Of the state's total population, 22.6% was under the age 18, and 77.4% were 18 or older.
As of 2009[update], Oregon's population comprised 361,393 foreign-born residents.[124] Of the foreign-born residents, the three largest groups are originally from countries in: Latin America (47.8%), Asia (27.4%), and Europe (16.5%).[124]Mexico,Vietnam,China,India, and thePhilippines were the top countries of origin for Oregon's immigrants in 2018.[125]
TheRoma first reached Oregon in the 1890s. There is a substantial Roma population in Willamette Valley and around Portland.[126] The majority of Oregon's population is predominantly of white (European) ancestry and is American-born. Around one-tenth of Oregon's population is made up of Hispanics. There are also small populations of Asians, Native Americans, and African Americans in state.[127]
Languages
Speakers with limited English proficiency by language, 2022[128][129]
Oregon has frequently been cited by statistical agencies for having a smaller percentage of religious communities than other U.S. states.[131][132] According to a 2009Gallup poll, Oregon was paired withVermont as the two "least religious" states in the U.S.[133]
In the same 2009 Gallup poll, 69% of Oregonians identified themselves as beingChristian.[134] The largest Christian denominations in Oregon by number of adherents in 2010 were theRoman Catholic Church with 398,738;The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints with 147,965; and theAssemblies of God with 45,492.[135] Oregon also contains the largest community of RussianOld Believers to be found in the U.S.[136] Judaism is the largest non-Christian religion in Oregon with more than 50,000 adherents, 47,000 of whom live in the Portland area.[137][138] Recently, new kosher food and Jewish educational offerings have led to a rapid increase in Portland's Orthodox Jewish population.[139] The Northwest Tibetan Cultural Association is headquartered in Portland. There are an estimated 6,000 to 10,000Muslims in Oregon, most of whom live in and around Portland.[140]
Most of the remainder of the population had no religious affiliation; the 2008American Religious Identification Survey placed Oregon as tied with Nevada in fifth place of U.S. states having the highest percentage of residents identifying themselves as "non-religious", at 24 percent.[141][142] Secular organizations include theCenter for Inquiry, the Humanists of Greater Portland, and the United States Atheists.
During much of the 1990s, a group of conservative Christians formed theOregon Citizens Alliance, and unsuccessfully tried to pass legislation to prevent "gay sensitivity training" in public schools and legal benefits for homosexual couples.[143]
Since 2016, data for births ofWhite Hispanic origin are not collected, but included in oneHispanic group; persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.
Births in table do not sum to 100% because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race.
Projections from the U.S. Census Bureau show Oregon's population increasing to 4,833,918 by 2030, an increase of 41.3% compared to the state's population of 3,421,399 in 2000.[156] The state's own projections forecast a total population of 5,425,408 in 2040.[157]
As of 2015[update], Oregon ranks as the 17th highest inmedian household income at $60,834.[158] The gross domestic product (GDP) of Oregon in 2013 was $219.6 billion, a 2.7% increase from 2012; Oregon is the 25th wealthiest state by GDP. In 2003, Oregon was 28th in the U.S. by GDP. The state'sper capita personal income (PCPI) in 2013 was $39,848, a 1.5% increase from 2012. Oregon ranks 33rd in the U.S. by PCPI, compared to 31st in 2003. The national PCPI in 2013 was $44,765.[159]
Oregon's unemployment rate was 5.5% in September 2016,[160] while the U.S. unemployment rate was 5.0% that month.[161] Oregon has the third largest amount of food stamp users in the nation (21% of the population).[162]
Oregon's diverse landscapes provide ideal environments for various types of farming. Land in the Willamette Valley owes its fertility to theMissoula Floods, which deposited lake sediment fromGlacial Lake Missoula in western Montana onto the valley floor.[163] In 2016, the Willamette Valley region produced over 100 million pounds (45 kt) ofblueberries.[164] The industry is governed and represented by theOregon Department of Agriculture.[165]
Oregon is also one of four major world hazelnut (Corylus avellana) growing regions, and produces 95% of the domestic hazelnuts in the United States. While the history ofwine production in Oregon can be traced to beforeProhibition, it became a significant industry beginning in the 1970s. In 2005, Oregon ranked third among U.S. states with 303 wineries.[166] Due to regional similarities in climate andsoil, the grapes planted in Oregon are often the same varieties found in the French regions ofAlsace andBurgundy. In 2014, 71 wineries opened in the state. The total is currently 676, which represents a growth of 12% over 2013.[167]
In the southern Oregon coast, commercially cultivated cranberries account for about 7 percent of U.S. production, and the cranberry ranks 23rd among Oregon's top 50 agricultural commodities. Cranberry cultivation in Oregon uses about 27,000 acres (110 square kilometers) in southernCoos and northernCurry counties, centered around the coastal city ofBandon. In the northeastern region of the state, particularly aroundPendleton, both irrigated and dry land wheat is grown.[168] Oregonfarmers and ranchers also producecattle,sheep, dairy products, eggs andpoultry.
Vast forests have historically made Oregon one of the nation's majortimber-producing and logging states, but forest fires (such as theTillamook Burn), over-harvesting, and lawsuits over the proper management of the extensive federal forest holdings have reduced the timber produced. Between 1989 and 2011, the amount of timber harvested from federal lands in Oregon dropped about 90%, although harvest levels on private land have remained relatively constant.[174]
Even the shift in recent years towards finished goods such as paper and building materials has not slowed the decline of the timber industry in the state. The effects of this decline have includedWeyerhaeuser's acquisition of Portland-basedWillamette Industries in January 2002, the relocation ofLouisiana-Pacific's corporate headquarters from Portland toNashville, and the decline of former lumbercompany towns such asGilchrist. Despite these changes, Oregon still leads the U.S. insoftwood lumber production; in 2011, 4,134 million board feet (9,760,000 m3) was produced in Oregon, compared with 3,685 million board feet (8,700,000 m3) in Washington, 1,914 million board feet (4,520,000 m3) inGeorgia, and 1,708 million board feet (4,030,000 m3) inMississippi.[175] The slowing of the timber andlumber industry has caused high unemployment rates in rural areas.[176]
Oregon has one of the largestsalmon-fishing industries in the world, although oceanfisheries have reduced the river fisheries in recent years.[177] Because of the abundance of waterways in the state, it is also a major producer of hydroelectric energy.[178]
Tourism is also a strong industry in the state. Tourism is centered on the state's natural features – mountains, forests, waterfalls, rivers, beaches and lakes, includingCrater Lake National Park,Multnomah Falls, thePainted Hills, the Deschutes River, and theOregon Caves. Mount Hood andMount Bachelor also draw visitors year-round forskiing and other snow activities.[183]
Hells Canyon is one of the largest canyons in the United States.
The state's coastal region produces significant tourism as well.[188] TheOregon Coast Aquarium comprises 23 acres (9.3 ha) alongYaquina Bay inNewport, and was also home toKeiko the orca whale.[189] It has been noted as one of the top ten aquariums in North America.[190]Fort Clatsop inWarrenton features a replica ofLewis and Clark's encampment at the mouth of the Columbia River in 1805. TheSea Lion Caves inFlorence are the largest system of sea caverns in the U.S., and also attract many visitors.[191]
High technology industries located inSilicon Forest have been a major employer since the 1970s.Tektronix was the largest private employer in Oregon until the late 1980s.Intel's creation and expansion of several facilities in easternWashington County continued the growth that Tektronix had started. Intel, the state's largest for-profit private employer,[197][198] operates four large facilities, with Ronler Acres, Jones Farm and Hawthorn Farm all located inHillsboro.[199]
The spinoffs and startups that were produced by these two companies led to the establishment of the so-called Silicon Forest. The recession anddot-com bust of 2001 hit the region hard; many high technology employers reduced the number of their employees or went out of business.Open Source Development Labs made news in 2004 when they hiredLinus Torvalds, developer of theLinux kernel. In 2010,biotechnology giantGenentech opened a $400 million facility inHillsboro to expand its production capabilities.[200] Oregon is home to several largedatacenters that take advantage of cheap power and a climate conducive to reducing cooling costs.Google operates a large datacenter inThe Dalles, andFacebook built a large datacenter nearPrineville in 2010.Amazon opened a datacenter nearBoardman in 2011, and a fulfillment center inTroutdale in 2018.[201][202]
Adidas Corporations American Headquarters is located in Portland and employs roughly 900 full-time workers at its Portland campus.[203] Nike, located in Beaverton, employs roughly 5,000 full-time employees at its 200-acre (81 ha) campus. Nike's Beaverton campus is continuously ranked as a top employer in the Portland area-along with competitor Adidas.[204]Intel Corporation employs 22,000 in Oregon[198] with the majority of these employees located at the company's Hillsboro campus located about 30 minutes west of Portland. Intel has been a top employer in Oregon since 1974.[205]
The U.S. Federal Government and Providence Health systems are the top employers in Oregon with roughly 12,000 federal workers and 14,000 Providence Health workers.
Oregon is one ofonly five states that have nosales tax.[209] Oregon voters have been resolute in their opposition to a sales tax, voting proposals down each of the nine times they have been presented.[210] The last vote, for 1993's Measure 1, was defeated by a 75–25% margin.[211]
The state also has a minimum corporate tax of only $150 a year,[212] amounting to 5.6% of the General Fund in the 2005–07 biennium; data about which businesses pay the minimum is not available to the public.[213][better source needed] As a result, the state relies onproperty and income taxes for its revenue. Oregon has the fifth highest personal income tax in the nation. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Oregon ranked 41st out of the 50 states in taxes per capita in 2005 with an average amount paid of 1,791.45.[214]
A few local governments levy sales taxes on services: the city of Ashland, for example, collects a 5% sales tax on prepared food.[215]
The City of Portland imposes an Arts Education and Access Income Tax on residents over 18—a flat tax of $35 collected from individuals earning $1,000 or more per year and residing in a household with an annual income exceeding the federal poverty level. The tax funds Portland school teachers, and art focused non-profit organizations in Portland.[216]
The State of Oregon also allows transit districts to levy an income tax on employers and the self-employed. The State currently collects the tax forTriMet and theLane Transit District.[217][218]
Oregon is one of six states with a revenue limit.[219] The "kicker law" stipulates that when income tax collections exceed state economists' estimates by two percent or more, any excess must be returned to taxpayers.[220] Since the enactment of the law in 1979, refunds have been issued for seven of the eleven biennia.[221] In 2000, Ballot Measure 86 converted the "kicker" law from statute to theOregon Constitution, and changed some of its provisions.
Federal payments to county governments that were granted to replace timber revenue when logging in National Forests was restricted in the 1990s, have been under threat of suspension for several years. This issue dominates the future revenue of rural counties, which have come to rely on the payments in providing essential services.[222]
55% of state revenues are spent on public education, 23% on human services (child protective services, Medicaid, and senior services), 17% on public safety, and 5% on other services.[223]
Oregon has had a $15 bicycle tax for each new bicycles over $200 since 2018. Oregon is the only state in the nation with a bicycle excise tax.[224][225]
In the 2013–2014 school year, the state had 567,000 students in public schools.[229] There were 197 public school districts, served by 19education service districts.[229]
Approximately 90.5% of Oregon high school students graduate, improving on the national average of 88.3% as measured from the2010 U.S. census.[231]
On May 8, 2019, educators across the state protested to demand smaller class sizes, hiring more support staff, such as school counselors, librarians, and nurses, and the restoration of art, music, and physical education classes. The protests caused two dozen school districts to close, which equals to about 600 schools across the state.[232]
Especially since the 1990 passage of Measure 5, which set limits on property tax levels, Oregon has struggled to fund higher education. Since then, Oregon has cut its higher education budget and now ranks 46th in the country in state spending per student. However, 2007 legislation funded the university system far beyond the governor's requested budget though still capping tuition increases at 3% per year.[233] Oregon supports a total of seven public universities and one affiliate. It is home to three public research universities: The University of Oregon (UO) in Eugene and Oregon State University (OSU) inCorvallis, bothclassified as research universities with very high research activity, andPortland State University which is classified as a research university with high research activity.[234]
UO is the state's highest nationally ranked and most selective[235] public university byU.S. News & World Report andForbes.[236] OSU is the state's only land-grant university, has the state's largest enrollment for fall 2014,[237] and is the state's highest ranking university according toAcademic Ranking of World Universities,Washington Monthly, andQS World University Rankings.[238] OSU receives more annual funding for research than all other public higher education institutions in Oregon combined.[239] The state's urban Portland State University has Oregon's second largest enrollment.
Oregon is home to a wide variety of private colleges, the majority of which are located in the Portland area. TheUniversity of Portland, a Catholic university, is affiliated with theCongregation of Holy Cross.Reed College, a rigorous liberal arts college in Portland, was ranked byForbes as the 52nd best college in the country in 2015.[240]
A writer in theOregon Country bookA Pacific Republic, written in 1839, predicted the territory was to become an independent republic. Four years later, in 1843, settlers of the Willamette Valley voted in majority for a republican form of government.[241] The Oregon Country functioned in this way until August 13, 1848, when Oregon was annexed by the U.S. and a territorial government was established. Oregon maintained a territorial government until February 14, 1859, when it was grantedstatehood.[242]
ThebiennialOregon Legislative Assembly consists of a thirty-memberSenate and a sixty-memberHouse. A debate over whether to move to annual sessions is a long-standing battle in Oregon politics, but the voters have resisted the move from citizen legislators to professional lawmakers. Because Oregon's state budget is written in two-year increments and, there being no sales tax, state revenue is based largely on income taxes, it is often significantly over or under budget. Recent legislatures have had to be called into special sessions repeatedly to address revenue shortfalls resulting from economic downturns, bringing to a head the need for more frequent legislative sessions. Oregon Initiative 71, passed in 2010, mandates the legislature to begin meeting every year, for 160 days in odd-numbered years, and 35 days in even-numbered years.
The state supreme court has seven elected justices, currently including the only two openly gay state supreme court justices in the nation. They choose one of their own to serve a six-year term as Chief Justice.
In the 2020 general election, Oregon voters approved aballot measure decriminalizing the possession of small quantities of street drugs such as cocaine and heroin, becoming the first state in the country to do so after the drugs were originally made illegal.[248] The initiative has been described as a mixed success after three years of implementation, and calls for change arose.[249][250] Drug overdose deaths continued to rise, in line with other states. Funds allocated to treatment and other services have apparently not increased the success of these alternate outcomes.[251][252] In 2024, Governor Kotek signed a bill reversing the decriminalization component of the ballot measure while also expanding funding for drug treatment.[253]
In 2020 the state also approveda ballot measure to create a legal means of administeringpsilocybin for medicinal use, making it the first state in the country to legalize the drug.[254]
Treemap of the popular vote by county (2016 presidential election)Party registration in Oregon, 1950–2006
Total
Democratic Party
Republican Party
Non-affiliated or other
Party registration by Oregon county (February 2023)
Democrat ≥ 30%
Democrat ≥ 40%
Democrat ≥ 50%
Republican ≥ 30%
Republican ≥ 40%
Republican ≥ 50%
Unaffiliated ≥ 30%
Unaffiliated ≥ 40%
Political opinions in Oregon are geographically split by theCascade Range, withWestern Oregon being moreliberal andEastern Oregon beingconservative.[257] In a 2008 analysis of the 2004 presidential election, a political analyst found that according to the application of aLikert scale, Oregon boasted both the most liberal Kerry voters and the most conservative Bush voters, making it the most politically polarized state in the country.[258] The base of Democratic support is largely concentrated in the urban centers of the Willamette Valley. The eastern two-thirds of the state beyond the Cascade Mountains typically votes Republican; in 2000 and2004,George W. Bush carried every county east of the Cascades. However, the region's sparse population means the more populous counties in the Willamette Valley usually outweigh the eastern counties in statewide elections. In 2008, for instance, Republican Senate incumbentGordon H. Smith lost his bid for a third term, even though hecarried all but eight counties. His Democratic challenger, Jeff Merkley, won Multnomah County by 142,000 votes, more than double the overall margin of victory. Oregonians have voted for theDemocratic presidential candidate in every election since 1988. In 2004 and 2006, Democrats won control of the State Senate, and then the House. Since 2023, Oregon has been represented by four Democrats and twoRepublicans in theU.S. House of Representatives. Since 2009, the state has had two Democratic U.S. senators,Ron Wyden andJeff Merkley. Oregon voters have elected Democratic governors in every election since 1986, most recently electingTina Kotek over RepublicanChristine Drazan and IndependentBetsy Johnson in the 2022 gubernatorial election.
During Oregon's history, it has adopted many electoral reforms proposed during theProgressive Era, through the efforts ofWilliam S. U'Ren and hisDirect Legislation League. Under his leadership, the state overwhelmingly approved a ballot measure in 1902 that created theinitiative andreferendum for citizens to introduce or approve proposed laws or amendments to the state constitution directly, making Oregon the first state to adopt such a system. Today, roughly half of U.S. states do so.[259]
In following years, theprimary election to selectparty candidates was adopted in 1904, and in 1908 the Oregon Constitution was amended to include recall of public officials. More recent amendments include the nation's first doctor-assisted suicide law,[260] called theDeath with Dignity Act (which was challenged, unsuccessfully, in 2005 by theBush administration in a case heard by theU.S. Supreme Court),legalization ofmedical cannabis, and among the nation's strongestanti-urban sprawl and pro-environment laws.[citation needed] More recently,2004's Measure 37 reflects a backlash against such land-use laws. However, a further ballot measure in 2007,Measure 49, curtailed many of the provisions of 37.
Of themeasures placed on the ballot since 1902, the people have passed 99 of the 288 initiatives and 25 of the 61 referendums on the ballot, though not all of them survived challenges in courts (seePierce v. Society of Sisters, for an example). During the same period, the legislature has referred 363 measures to the people, of which 206 have passed.
Oregon pioneered the American use ofpostal voting, beginning with experimentation approved by theOregon Legislative Assembly in 1981 and culminating with a1998 ballot measure mandating that all counties conduct elections by mail. It remains one of just two states, the other being Washington, wherevoting by mail is the only method of voting.
In 1994, Oregon adopted theOregon Health Plan, which made health care available to most of its citizens without private health insurance.[261]
Oregon is the only state that does not have a mechanism to impeach executive officeholders, including the governor.[262] Removing an executive office holder would require a recall election. It is one of four states that requires two-thirds of members of the House and Senate be present to establish a quorum.[263] It is one of a minority of states that does not have a lieutenant governor.[264] The Secretary of State is the first in line of succession to replace the governor in event of a vacancy. This last occurred in 2015, when Gov.John Kitzhaber resigned amid allegation of influence peddling and Secretary of StateKate Brown became governor. Brown won a special election in 2016 to retain the position, and won a full four-year term in 2018.
In theU.S. Electoral College, Oregon cast seven votes through the 2020 presidential election. Under apportionment of Congress under the 2020 U.S. census, Oregon added a sixth congressional seat. Under the Electoral College formula of votes equaling the number of U.S. House seats plus the two U.S. Senators, Oregon will cast eight votes in the 2024 election. Oregon has supported Democratic candidates in the last nine elections. Democratic incumbentBarack Obama won the state by a margin of twelve percentage points, with over 54% of the popular vote in 2012. In the 2016 election,Hillary Clinton won Oregon by 11 percentage points.[265] In the2020 election,Joe Biden won Oregon by 16 percentage points over his opponent,Donald Trump.[266]
In a 2020 study, Oregon was ranked as the easiest state for citizens to vote in.[267]
Until 2011, the only major professional sports team in Oregon was the Portland Trail Blazers of the National Basketball Association. From the 1970s to the 1990s, the Blazers were one of the most successful teams in the NBA in terms of both win–loss record and attendance, including winning the1977 NBA Finals behind starBill Walton and reaching the1992 NBA Finals with starClyde Drexler.[271] In the early 21st century, the team's popularity declined due to personnel and financial issues (an era when the team was derisively referred to as theJail Blazers), but it was revived after the departure of controversial players and the acquisition of new stars such asBrandon Roy,LaMarcus Aldridge, andDamian Lillard.[272][273] The Blazers play in theModa Center in Portland's Lloyd District, which also is home to thePortland Winterhawks of thejuniorWestern Hockey League.[274]
The Portland Timbers play atProvidence Park, just west of downtown Portland. The Timbers have a strong following, with the team regularly selling out its games.[275] The Timbers repurposed the formerly multi-use stadium into asoccer-specific stadium in fall 2010, increasing the seating in the process.[276] The Timbers operate Portland Thorns FC, a women's soccer team that has played in theNational Women's Soccer League since the league's first season in 2013. The Thorns, who also play at Providence Park, have won three league championships: in the inaugural2013 season, in2017, and in2022. The team has been by far the NWSL's attendance leader in each of the league's seasons.
^Racial subdemographics for religious traditions are added together. Note: there is a glitch surrounding the display of Oregon's religious tradition data onPublic Religion Research Institute. Click the "list" option if results show "N/A". Do not remove pie chart.
^Joseph Gaston, 1912, The Centennial History of Oregon, 1811–1912, vol.1, S.J. Clarke Publishing Company. Qtd. in Topinka This article incorporates text from this source, which is in thepublic domain.
^Chards Henry Carey, 1922, History of Oregon, vol.1, Pioneer Historical Publishing Company . in Topinka This article incorporates text from this source, which is in thepublic domain.
^McClintock, Thomas C. (July 1, 1995). "James Saules, Peter Burnett, and the Oregon Black Exclusion Law of June 1844".The Pacific Northwest Quarterly.86 (3): 122.
^Mahoney, Barbara (July 1, 2009). "Oregon Voices: Oregon Democracy: Asahel Bush, Slavery, and the Statehood Debate".Oregon Historical Quarterly.110 (2): 202.doi:10.1353/ohq.2009.0099.ISSN0030-4727.S2CID159872966.
^"Trees of Oregon's forests".Tree Variety. Oregon Forest Resources Institute.Archived from the original on December 5, 2016. RetrievedDecember 28, 2016.
^Conlon T.D.; Wozniak, K.C.; Woodcock, D.; Herrera, N.B.; Fisher, B.J.; Morgan, D.S.; Lee, K.K. & Hinkle, S.R. (2005)."Ground-Water Hydrology of the Willamette Basin, Oregon".Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5168. U.S. Geological Survey.Archived from the original on February 20, 2015. RetrievedFebruary 19, 2015.
^"Oregon"(PDF).Resident Population and Apportionment of the U.S. House of Representatives. U.S. Census Bureau. December 27, 2000.Archived(PDF) from the original on August 31, 2009. RetrievedAugust 28, 2009.
^"2011 United Van Lines Migration Study". United Van Lines. January 3, 2012. Archived fromthe original on April 14, 2015. RetrievedJanuary 14, 2015.The Western United States is also represented on the high-inbound list with Oregon (60.8%) and Nevada (56.9%) both making the list. Oregon is number two for inbound migration for the second year in a row.
^According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Oregon's population as of 2017 is 4,190,713; with the MSA being 2,453,168, this leaves 59%~ of Oregon's population residing within the metro.
^Martin, Joyce A.; et al. (January 15, 2015)."Births: Final Data for 2013"(PDF).National Vital Statistics Reports.64 (4):1–65.PMID25603115.Archived(PDF) from the original on September 11, 2017. RetrievedJune 12, 2017.
^Hamilton, Brady E.; et al. (December 23, 2015)."Births: Final Data for 2014"(PDF).National Vital Statistics Reports.64 (12):1–64.PMID26727629.Archived(PDF) from the original on February 14, 2017. RetrievedJune 12, 2017.
^Martin, Joyce A.; et al. (January 5, 2017)."Births: Final Data for 2015"(PDF).National Vital Statistics Reports.66 (1): 1.PMID28135188.Archived(PDF) from the original on August 31, 2017. RetrievedJune 12, 2017.
^abcEllis, Michael A.; Converse, Richard H.; Williams, Roger N.; Williamson, Brian, eds. (1991).Compendium of Raspberry and Blackberry Diseases and Insects.St. Paul, Minn., US:APS Press (American Phytopathological Society). pp. vi+100.ISBN0-89054-121-3.LCCN91-76318.OCLC24875558.
Clucas, Richard A., Mark Henkels, and Brent Steel, eds.Oregon politics and government: progressives versus conservative populists (U of Nebraska Press, 2005).online
Johnson, Sidona V. (1904).A Short History of Oregon. Chicago: A.C. McClurg & Co. p. 332.A Short History of Oregon: Early Discoveries--The Lewis and Clark.
Loy, Willam G.; Allan, Stuart; Buckley, Aileen R.; Meacham, James E. (2001).Atlas of Oregon. University of Oregon Press.ISBN978-0-87114-101-9.
Miller, Christopher (1985).Prophetic Worlds: Indians and Whites on the Columbia Plateau. University of Washington Press.ISBN0-295-98302-7.
Robbins, William G. (2005).Oregon: This Storied Land. Oregon Historical Society Press.ISBN978-0-87595-286-4.
Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes (1988).Historia de las comunicaciones y los transportes en México (in Spanish). Vol. 5. Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes.
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