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Theorder to expel barbarians (攘夷勅命 or 攘夷実行の勅命,jōi chokumeior jōi jikkō no chokumei) was an edict issued by the JapaneseEmperor Kōmei in 1863 against theWesternization of Japan following the opening of the country by CommodoreMatthew Perry in 1854.

The edict was based on widespread anti-foreign and legitimist sentiment, called the "Revere the Emperor, Expel the Barbarians" movement. Emperor Kōmei personally agreed with such sentiments, and – breaking with centuries of imperial tradition – began to take an active role in matters of state: as opportunities arose, he fulminated against the treaties and attempted to interfere in the shogunal succession. His efforts culminated on March 11, 1863, with his "Order to expel barbarians". A deadline for the expulsion was set two months later to May 11.

TheTokugawa shogunate had no intention of enforcing the order, and the edict inspired attacks against the shogunate itself as well as against foreigners in Japan. The most famous incident was the firing on foreign shipping in theShimonoseki Strait offChōshū Province as soon as the deadline was reached.^[1] Masterless samurai (rōnin) rallied to the cause, assassinating shogunate officials and Westerners. The killing of the English traderCharles Lennox Richardson is sometimes considered as a result of this policy. The Tokugawa government was required to pay an indemnity of a hundred thousandBritish pounds for Richardson's death.^[2]

But this turned out to be the zenith of thesonnō jōi movement, since the Western powers responded to Japanese attacks on western shipping with theBombardment of Shimonoseki. Heavyreparations had earlier been demanded fromSatsuma for the murder of Charles Lennox Richardson – theNamamugi Incident. When these were not forthcoming, a squadron of Royal Navy vessels went to the Satsuma port ofKagoshima to coerce thedaimyō into paying. Instead, he opened fire on the ships from his shore batteries, and the squadron retaliated. This was later referred to, inaccurately, as theBombardment of Kagoshima.

These events, however, also served to further weaken the shogunate, which appeared too powerless and compromising in its relations with Western powers. Ultimately the rebel provinces allied and overthrew the shogunate in theBoshin War and the subsequentMeiji Restoration.

• Bakumatsu
• Xenelasia

• Saigō Takamori and Ōkubo Toshimichi (Japanese)ISBN 4-309-76041-4

• Order to expel barbarians (Japanese)

• 1863 in Japan
• Barbarians
• Foreign relations of the Tokugawa shogunate
• Xenophobia in Asia

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