| Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle | |
|---|---|
 Insignia of Knights and Ladies of the Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle | |
| Awarded by the monarch of Scotland (United Kingdom) and successor states | |
| Type | Order of chivalry |
| Established | 1687; 338 years ago (1687) |
| Motto | Nemo me impune lacessit |
| Criteria | At the monarch's pleasure |
| Status | Currently constituted |
| Founder | James VII |
| Sovereign | Charles III |
| Chancellor | The Duke of Buccleuch and Queensberry |
| Classes |
|
| Statistics | |
| First induction | 29 May 1687 |
| Total inductees |
|
| Precedence | |
| Next (higher) | Order of the Garter |
| Next (lower) | Order of St Patrick |
 Ribbon of the Order of the Thistle | |
TheMost Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle is anorder of chivalry associated withScotland. The current version of the order was founded in 1687 by KingJames VII of Scotland, who asserted that he was reviving an earlier order. The order consists of thesovereign and sixteen knights and ladies, as well as certain "extra" knights (members of theBritish royal family and foreign monarchs). The sovereign alone grants membership of the order; they are not advised by thegovernment, as occurs with most other orders.
The order's primary emblem is thethistle, thenational flower of Scotland. Themotto isNemo me impune lacessit (Latin for "No one provokes me with impunity").[1] The same motto appears on theRoyal coat of arms of the United Kingdom for use in Scotland andpound coins minted in 1984, 1989, 1994, and 1999 (since withdrawn), and is also the motto of theRoyal Scots Dragoon Guards, theScots Guards, theRoyal Regiment of Scotland, and theBlack Watch (Royal Highland Regiment) of Canada. Thepatron saint of the order isSt Andrew.
Most British orders of chivalry cover the wholeUnited Kingdom, but the three most exalted ones each pertain to oneconstituent country only. The Order of the Thistle, which pertains to Scotland, is the second most senior in precedence. Its equivalent in England, the Most NobleOrder of the Garter, is the oldest documented order of chivalry in the United Kingdom, dating to the middle fourteenth century. In 1783 an Irish equivalent, the Most IllustriousOrder of St Patrick, was founded, but it is now dormant.
The claim that James VII was reviving an earlier order is generally not supported by the evidence. The 1687 warrant states that duringa battle in 786 with Angles underÆthelstan of East Anglia, thecross of St Andrew appeared in the sky toAchaius, King of Scots; after his victory, he established the Order of the Thistle and dedicated it to the saint.[2] This seems unlikely on the face of it, since Achaius died a century before Æthelstan[3] (though it is now thought that the opponents in this battle were not the East Anglian king Æthelstan (born around 894) but an earlierNorthumbrian of the same name, and not the legendary Scottish King Achaius but the historicalPictish KingÓengus II).
An alternative version is that the order was founded in 809 to commemorate an alliance between Achaius and EmperorCharlemagne; there is some plausibility to this, insofar as Charlemagne is believed to have employed Scottish bodyguards.[4] Yet another version is thatRobert the Bruce instituted the order after his victory atBannockburn in 1314.[5]
Most historians consider the earliest credible claim to be the founding of the order byJames III, during the fifteenth century.[6] He adopted the thistle as the royal badge, issued coins depicting thistles[7] and allegedly conferred membership of the "Order of the Burr or Thissil" onFrancis I of France, although there is no conclusive evidence for this.[8][9]
Some Scottish order of chivalry may have existed during the sixteenth century, possibly founded byJames V and called the Order of St. Andrew, but lapsed by the end of that century, although the evidence is unclear.[10][11] A royal thistle collar is depicted in abook of hours, prepared forJames IV in about 1503, where he is shown kneeling at an altar bearing the royal arms encircled by a collar of thistles and a badge depicting St Andrew.[12] In a painting of 1538, James V is shown wearing a gold collar of linked thistles with a St Andrew badge, although the King's wardrobe inventories of the period make no mention of a thistle collar.[13]
In 1558, a French commentator described the use of the crowned thistle and St Andrew's cross onScottish coins and banners but noted there was no Scottish order of knighthood.[14] Writing around 1578,John Lesley refers to the three foreign orders of chivalry carved on the gate ofLinlithgow Palace, with James V'sornaments of St Andrew,proper to this nation.[15][16] In 1610William Fowler, the Scottish secretary toAnne of Denmark was asked about the Order of the Thistle. Fowler believed that there had been an order, founded to honour Scots who fought forCharles VII of France, but it had been discontinued in the time of James V, and could say nothing of its ceremonies or regalia.[17]
James VII issuedletters patent "reviving and restoring the Order of the Thistle to its full glory, lustre and magnificency" on 29 May 1687.[18][19] His intention was to reward Scottish Catholics for their loyalty, but the initiative actually came fromJohn, 1st Earl and 1st Jacobite Duke of Melfort, thenSecretary of State for Scotland. Only eight members out of a possible twelve were appointed; these included Catholics, such as Melfort and theLord Chancellor of Scotland, his elder brotherJames, 4th Earl and 1st Jacobite Duke of Perth, plus Protestant supporters like theEarl of Arran.[20]
After James was deposed by the 1688Glorious Revolution no further appointments were made, although the exiledHouse of Stuart continued to issue aJacobite version until 1784 (the last appointment beingCharlotte Stuart, Jacobite Duchess of Albany), although none of those were recognised by the British Crown.[21] QueenAnne appointed knights to the Order from 1704,[22] and it has remained in existence since then, and is used to recognise Scots 'who have held public office or contributed significantly to national life.'[23]
TheKings of Scots, later theKings of Great Britain and of the United Kingdom, have served as sovereigns of the Order.[18][24] When James VII revived the order, the statutes stated that the order would continue the ancient number of Knights, which was described in the preceding warrant as "the Sovereign and twelve Knights-Brethren in allusion to theBlessed Saviour and hisTwelve Apostles".[18][25] In 1827,George IV increased the number to sixteen members.[26] Women (other thanQueens regnant) were originally excluded from the Order, since members were required to beKnights Bachelor before appointment;[27]George VI created his wife QueenElizabeth a Lady of the Thistle in 1937 by a special statute,[28] and in 1987Elizabeth II allowed the regular admission of women to both the Order of the Thistle and the Order of the Garter.[6]
From time to time, individuals may be admitted to the order by special statutes. Such members are known as "Extra Knights" or "Extra Ladies" and do not count towards the sixteen-member limit.[29] Members of the British royal family are normally admitted through this procedure; the first to be so admitted wasPrince Albert.[30] KingOlav V of Norway, the first foreigner to be admitted to the order, was also admitted by special statute in 1962.[31]
The sovereign has historically had the power to choose knights of the order. From the eighteenth century onwards, the sovereign made his or her choices upon the advice of the government.George VI felt that the orders of the Garter and the Thistle had been used only for political patronage, rather than to reward actual merit. Therefore, with the agreement of thePrime Minister (Clement Attlee) and theLeader of the Opposition (Winston Churchill) in 1946, both orders returned to the personal gift of the sovereign.[32]
Knights and Ladies of the Thistle may also be admitted to the Order of the Garter. Formerly, many, but not all, Knights elevated to the senior order would resign from the Order of the Thistle.[33] The first to resign from the Order of the Thistle wasJohn Campbell, 2nd Duke of Argyll in 1710;[34] the last to take such an action wasThomas Dundas, 2nd Earl of Zetland in 1872.[35]
Knights and Ladies of the Thistle may also bedeprived of their knighthoods. The only individual to have suffered such a fate wasJohn Erskine, 6th Earl of Mar who lost both the knighthood and the earldom after participating in theJacobite Rising of 1715.[36]
The order has five officers: theChancellor, the Secretary, theDean,Lord Lyon King of Arms, and theGentleman Usher of the Green Rod. The Dean is normally acleric of theChurch of Scotland. This office was not part of the original establishment, but was created in 1763 and joined to the office ofDean of the Chapel Royal.[37] The two offices were separated in 1969.[38] The office of Chancellor is mentioned and given custody of theseal of the order in the 1687 statutes, but no-one was appointed to the position until 1913.[39] The office has subsequently been held by one of the knights, though not necessarily the most senior. The Usher of the Order is the Gentleman Usher of the Green Rod (unlike his Garter equivalent, the Gentleman Usher of theBlack Rod, he does not have another function assisting theHouse of Lords).[40] The Lord Lyon King of Arms, head of theScottish heraldic establishment, whose office predates his association with the order, serves as King of Arms of the Order.[41]
According tolegend, an invadingNorse army was attempting to sneak up at night upon a Scottish army's encampment. During this operation, one barefoot Norseman had the misfortune to step upon athistle, causing him to cry out in pain, thus alerting Scots to the presence of the Norse invaders. Some sources suggest the specific occasion was the 1263Battle of Largs, which marked the beginning of the departure of KingHaakon IV (Haakon the Elder) ofNorway who, having control of theNorthern Isles andHebrides, had harried the coast of theKingdom of Scotland for some years.[42]
For the Order's great occasions, such as its annual service each June or July, as well forcoronations, the Knights and Ladies wear an elaborate costume:[43]
Aside from these special occasions, however, much simplerinsignia are used whenever a member of the order attends an event at which decorations are worn:
However, on certaincollar days designated by the sovereign,[50] members attending formal events may wear the order's collar over their military uniform, formal wear, or other costume. They will then substitute[clarification needed] the broad riband of another order to which they belong (if any), since the Order of the Thistle is represented by the collar.[51]
Upon the death of a Knight or Lady, the insignia must be returned to theCentral Chancery of the Orders of Knighthood. The badge and star are returned personally to the sovereign by the nearest relative of the deceased.[52]
Officers of the order also wear green robes.[53] The Gentleman Usher of the Green Rod also bears, as the title suggests, a greenrod.[54]
When James VII created the modern order in 1687, he directed that theAbbey Church at thePalace of Holyroodhouse be converted to a Chapel for the Order of the Thistle, perhaps copying the idea from the Order of the Garter (whose chapel is located inWindsor Castle). James VII, however, was deposed by 1688; the Chapel, meanwhile, had been destroyed during riots. The order did not have a Chapel until 1911, when one was added ontoSt Giles High Kirk inEdinburgh.[55] Each year, the sovereign resides at the Palace of Holyroodhouse for a week in June or July; every two years during the visit, a service for the order is held.[23] Any new knights or ladies are installed at annual services.[6]
Each member of the order, including the sovereign, is allotted astall in the chapel, above which his or herheraldic devices are displayed. Perched on the pinnacle of a knight's stall is his helm, decorated with mantling and topped by his crest. If he is apeer, thecoronet appropriate to his rank is placed beneath the helm.[56] Under the laws of heraldry, women, other than monarchs, do not normally bear helms or crests;[57] instead, the coronet alone is used (if she is a peeress or princess).[58] LadyMarion Fraser had a helm and crest included when she was granted arms; these were displayed above her stall in the same manner as for knights.[59] Unlike other British orders, thearmorial banners of Knights and Ladies of the Thistle are not hung in the chapel, but instead in an adjacent part of St Giles High Kirk.[60] The Thistle Chapel does, however, bear the arms of members living and deceased on stall plates. These enamelled plates are affixed to the back of the stall and display its occupant's name, arms, and date of admission into the order.[61]
Upon the death of a Knight, his helm,mantling, crest (or coronet or crown) and sword are taken down. The stall plates, however, are not removed; rather, they remain permanently affixed to the back of the stall, so that the stalls of the chapel are festooned with a colourful record of the order's knights and ladies since 1911.[62] The entryway just outside the doors of the chapel has the names of the order's knights from before 1911 inscribed into the walls giving a complete record of the members of the order.
Knights and Ladies of the Thistle are assigned positions in theorder of precedence, ranking above all others of knightly rank except the Order of the Garter, and abovebaronets. Wives, sons, daughters and daughters-in-law of Knights of the Thistle also feature on the order of precedence; relatives of Ladies of the Thistle, however, are not assigned any special precedence. (Generally, individuals can derive precedence from their fathers or husbands, but not from their mothers or wives.)[63]
Knights of the Thistle prefix "Sir", and Ladies prefix "Lady", to their forenames. Wives of Knights may prefix "Lady" to their surnames, but no equivalent privilege exists for husbands of Ladies. Such forms are not used by peers and princes, except when the names of the former are written out in their fullest forms.[64]
Knights and Ladies use thepost-nominal letters "KT" and "LT" respectively.[6] When an individual is entitled to use multiple post-nominal letters, "KT" or "LT" appears before all others, except "Bt" or "Btss" (Baronet orBaronetess), "VC" (Victoria Cross), "GC" (George Cross) and "KG" or "LG" (Knight or Lady Companion of the Garter).[47]
Knights and Ladies may encircle their arms with thecirclet (a green circle bearing the order's motto) and the collar of the order; the former is shown either outside or on top of the latter. The badge is depicted suspended from the collar.[65] The Royal Arms depict the collar and motto of the Order of the Thistle only in Scotland; they show the circlet and motto of the Garter in England, Wales and Northern Ireland.[66]
Knights and Ladies are also entitled to receive heraldicsupporters. This high privilege is shared only by members of the Royal Family, peers, Knights and Ladies Companion of the Garter, and Knights and Dames Grand Cross of the junior orders of chivalry andclan chiefs.[67]
| Name | Year of appointment | Present age |
|---|---|---|
| KingCharles III (ex officio) | 1977 as The Duke of Rothesay; Sovereign since 2022 | 77 |
| Name | Year of appointment | Present age | Arms |
|---|---|---|---|
| Anne, Princess RoyalKG, KT, GCVO, GCStJ, QSO, GCL, CMM, CD, ADC | 2000 | 75 | .svg) |
| Prince William, Duke of RothesayKG, KT, GCB, PC, ADC | 2012 as The Earl of Strathearn; Duke of Rothesay since 2022 | 43 |  |
| Queen CamillaLG, LT, ONZ, GCVO, GBE, CSM, CD, PC | 2023 | 78 | .svg) |
| Prince Edward, Duke of EdinburghKG, KT, GCVO, CD, ADC | 2024[68] | 61 | .svg) |
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