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Anorder of battle of anarmed force participating in a military operation or campaign shows the hierarchical organization,command structure, strength, disposition of personnel, and equipment of units and formations of the armed force. Various abbreviations are in use, including OOB, O/B, or OB, while ORBAT remains the most common in theUnited Kingdom. An order of battle is distinct from atable of organisation, which is the intended composition of a given unit or formation according to themilitary doctrine of its armed force. Historically, an order of battle was the order in which troops were positioned relative to the position of the army commander or the chronological order in which ships were deployed in naval situations.
As combat operations develop during a campaign, orders of battle may be revised and altered in response to the military needs and challenges. Also the known details of an order of battle may change during the course of executing the commanders'after action reports and/or other accounting methods (e.g. despatches) ascombat assessment is conducted.
In its original form during theMedieval period of European warfare, an order of battle was the order in which troops were positioned relative to the position of the army commander. The term was also applied to the disposition of ships in theline of battle during theage of sail. In the later transformation of its meaning during the European period ofEarly Modern warfare the order of battle came to mean the order in which the units manoeuvered or deployed onto the battlefield to formbattle-lines, with the positioning on the right considered the place of greatest honour. This need to reflect the unit seniority led to the keeping of military staff records, in tabular form reflecting the compilation of units an army, their commanders, equipment, and locations on the battlefield.
During theNapoleonic wars the meaning of the order of battle changed yet again to reflect the changes in the composition of opposing forces during the battle owing to use of larger formations than in the previous century.Napoleon also instituted the staff procedure of maintaining accurate information about the composition of the enemy order of battle, and tables of organisation, and this later evolved into an important function and an organisational tool used bymilitary intelligence to analyse enemy capability for combat.
British military history is the source of some of the earliest orders of battle in the English language, and due to the British Empire's involvement in global conflicts over several centuries the records of historical orders of battle provide a valuable source of study for understanding not only of the composition, but also of tactics and doctrines of the forces through their depiction in the orders of battle. TheBritish Army and UK forces use theacronymORBAT to describe the structure of both friendly and enemy forces.
Operation Quicksilver, part of the British deception plan for theInvasion of Normandy inWorld War II, fed German intelligence a combination of true and false information about troop deployments in Britain, causing the Germans to deduce an order of battle which suggested an invasion at thePas-de-Calais instead of Normandy.
Clausewitz defined the 'order of battle' as "that division and formation of the different arms into separate parts, or sections, of the whole Army, and that form of general position or disposition of those parts which is to be the norm throughout the whole campaign or war."
Normally these tactics are exercised in peace and cannot be essentially modified when war breaks out. Order of battle belongs more to tactics than strategy. Clausewitz also noted that the order of battle depends on the effective span of control by a commander. Too few subunits makes an army unwieldy; too many subunits makes the 'power of the superior will' weak; and in addition every step by which an order has to pass weakens its effect by loss of force and longer time of transmission. Clausewitz recommended that armies have no more than eight to ten subunits and subordinate corps four to six subunits.[1]
InUnited States Armystanding operating procedures, an order of battle to be used for operations planning should relate what an Army unit might be expected to encounter while deployed in the field. The templating of theOoB duringmaneuvers is typically the responsibility of abattalion orbrigade commander, conducted through theirHeadquartersS-2 (intelligence) sections. Observations about enemy troop movements may be gathered by various military intelligence resources from all echelons, including the employment of any attached special forces units (such asRangers orLRS teams) as well asCavalryRSTA squadrons.
From such intelligence data, the OOB section staff compiles a likely order of battle for aplanning document oroperations order by assessing the following factors:
Enemy's Composition, Disposition, Strength (often mnemonicized with SALUTE: Size, Activity, Location, Unit, Time, Equipment):
Enemy capabilities and limitations (often mnemonicized with DRAWD: Defend, Reinforce, Attack, Withdraw, Delay):
Enemy's Most Likely Course of Action (EMLCOA):
A general rule in American military doctrine is that each unit should keep track of enemy subunits two echelons below its own: that is, adivision should monitor enemy units confronting it down to the battalion, a brigade should monitor enemy units down tocompanies, and a battalion should monitor enemy forces down toplatoons.
The United States military's intelligence capabilities in the 21st century have allowed for monitoring even further than two echelons down thechain of command. Thissituational awareness provides a more complete picture of thebattlespace for bothcombatant commanders and tactical commanders.
Up until the end of the Cold War, determining realistic orders of battle was generally an orderly but extremely frustrating process for NATO. The intelligence situation for Western militaries has since been exacerbated as they continue to become engaged in operations against non-traditional enemies (insurgents,guerrillas, etc.) and compiling orders of battle forirregular forces becomes very difficult; the equivalent military intelligence output requiring an increase in acquired data and analysis effort to provide an accurate and timely picture to the commander.
An example of ORBATs inmodern warfare can be found forGerman forces andAllied forces during theNormandy landings. Other examples include theBattle of Bình Giã during theVietnam War and theBattle of Al Faw during theIraq War.
