Oprah Gail Winfrey (/ˈoʊprə/; bornOrpah Gail Winfrey;[a] January 29, 1954) is an Americantalk show host, television producer, actress, author, andmedia proprietor. She is best known for her talk show,The Oprah Winfrey Show, broadcast fromChicago, which ran in national syndication for 25 years, from 1986 to 2011.[3][4] Globally, she is therichest Black woman[5] and thewealthiest female celebrity.[6] Dubbed the "Queen of All Media",[7] she was the richest African-American of the 20th century[8][9] and was once the world's only Black billionaire.[10] By 2007, she was often ranked as the most influential woman in the world.[11][12]
Winfrey was born into poverty in ruralMississippi to a single teenage mother and later raised in inner-cityMilwaukee. She has stated that she was molested during her childhood and early teenage years and became pregnant at 14; her son was bornprematurely and died in infancy.[13] Winfrey was then sent to live with the man she calls her father, Vernon Winfrey, a barber inNashville, Tennessee, and landed a job in radio while still in high school.[4] By 19, she was a co-anchor for the local evening news. Winfrey's often emotional, extemporaneous delivery eventually led to her transfer to the daytime talk show arena, and after boosting a third-rated local Chicago talk show to first place,[14] she launched her own production company.
Credited with creating a more intimate, confessional form of media communication,[15] Winfrey popularized and revolutionized[15][16] thetabloid talk show genre pioneered byPhil Donahue.[15] By the mid-1990s, Winfrey had reinvented her show with a focus on literature, self-improvement, mindfulness, and spirituality. She has been criticized for unleashing a confession culture, promoting controversialself-help ideas,[17] and having an emotion-centered approach,[18] and has also been praised for overcoming adversity to become a benefactor to others.[19] Winfrey also emerged as a political force in the 2008 presidential race, withher endorsement of Barack Obama estimated to have been worth about one million votes during the2008 Democratic primaries.[20] In the same year, she formed her own network, theOprah Winfrey Network (OWN). In 2013, Winfrey was awarded thePresidential Medal of Freedom by PresidentBarack Obama.[21]
Orpah Gail Winfrey was born on January 29, 1954; her first name was spelledOrpah on her birth certificate after thebiblical figure in theBook of Ruth, but people mispronounced it regularly and "Oprah" stuck.[a] She was born inKosciusko, Mississippi, to a teenaged mother,[26] Vernita Lee, and father Vernon Winfrey. Winfrey's parents never married.[27] Vernita Lee (1935–2018) was a housemaid.[28][29] Vernon Winfrey (1933–2022)[30] was a coal miner turned barber turned city councilman who was in the Armed Forces when she was born.[28][b] Agenetic test in 2006 determined that her matrilineal line originated among theKpelle ethnic group, from the area that becameLiberia. Her genetic makeup was determined to be 89% Sub-Saharan African, 8%Native American[32][c], and 3% East Asian.[34]
After Winfrey's birth, her mother traveled north, and Winfrey spent her first six years living in rural poverty with her maternal grandmother, Hattie Mae (Presley) Lee (April 15, 1900 – February 27, 1963). Her grandmother was so poor that Winfrey often wore dresses made of potato sacks, for which other children made fun of her.[26][35] Her grandmother taught her to read before the age of three and took her to the local church, where she was nicknamed "The Preacher" for her ability to reciteBible verses. Her grandmother, a believer in the adage "spare the rod, spoil the child," beat her almost daily.[36]
At age six, Winfrey moved to an inner-city neighborhood inMilwaukee, Wisconsin. Her mother had little time for Oprah as a result of the long hours she worked as a maid.[28] Around this time, Lee had given birth to another daughter, Winfrey's younger half-sister, Patricia,[37] who died of causes related tococaine addiction in February 2003 at age 43.[38] By 1962, Lee was having difficulty raising both daughters, so Winfrey was temporarily sent to live with Vernon inNashville, Tennessee.[39] While Winfrey was in Nashville, Lee gave birth to a third daughter,[40] who was put up for adoption in the hopes of easing the financial straits that had led to Lee's being onwelfare, and was later also named Patricia.[41] Winfrey did not know that she had a second half-sister until 2010.[41] By the time Winfrey moved back with her mother, Lee had also given birth to Winfrey's half-brother Jeffrey, who died ofAIDS-related causes in 1989.[38] At the age of eight, she was baptized in aBaptist church.[42]
Winfrey has stated she wasmolested by her cousin, uncle, and a family friend, starting when she was nine years old, something she first announced on a 1986 episode of her TV show regardingsexual abuse.[43][44] A biographer alleged that when Winfrey discussed the alleged abuse with family members at age 24, they refused to believe her account.[45] Winfrey once commented that she had chosen not to be a mother because she had not been mothered well.[46] At 13, after suffering what she described as years of abuse, Winfrey ran away from home.[2]
When she was 14, she became pregnant, but her son was bornprematurely and died shortly after birth.[47] Winfrey later stated she felt betrayed by the family member who had sold the story of her son to theNational Enquirer in 1990.[48]
Winfrey attended Lincoln Middle andHigh School in Milwaukee, but after early success in theUpward Bound program, was transferred to the affluent suburbanNicolet High School. Upon transferring, she said she was continually reminded of her poverty as she rode the bus to school with fellow African-Americans, some of whom wereservants of her classmates' families. She began to rebel and steal money from her mother in an effort to keep up with her free-spending peers.[49][50] As a result, her mother once again sent her to live with her father inNashville, although this time, she did not take her daughter back. Vernon was strict but encouraging, and made her education a priority. Winfrey became an honors student, was voted Most Popular Girl, and joined her high school speech team atEast Nashville High School, placing second in the nation in dramatic interpretation.[51][52] In 1986, Winfrey said, "'When my father took me, it changed the course of my life. He saved me. He simply knew what he wanted and expected. He would take nothing less'".[28]
Winfrey's first job as a teenager was working at a local grocery store.[53][54] At the age of 17, Winfrey won the Miss Black Tennessee beauty pageant.[55][56][57] She also attracted the attention of the local black radio station,WVOL, which hired her to do the news part-time.[43] She worked there during her senior year of high school and in her first two years of college.[58] Winfrey won an oratory contest, which secured her a full scholarship toTennessee State University, ahistorically black institution, where she studiedcommunication. However, she did not deliver her final paper until 1987, by which time she was a successful television personality.[59] It was only then Winfrey earned her degree.
Winfrey's career in media would not have surprised her grandmother, who once said that ever since Winfrey could talk, she was on stage. As a child, she played games interviewing her corncob doll and the crows on the fence of her family's property. Winfrey later acknowledged her grandmother's influence, saying it was Hattie Mae who had encouraged her to speak in public and "gave me a positive sense of myself".[60]
Working in local media, Winfrey was both the youngest news anchor and the first black female news anchor atNashville's WLAC-TV (nowWTVF-TV), where she often covered the same stories asJohn Tesh, who worked ata competing Nashville station. In 1976, she moved toBaltimore'sWJZ-TV to co-anchor the six o'clock news. In 1977, she was removed as co-anchor and worked in lower profile positions at the station. She was then recruited to joinRichard Sher as co-host of WJZ's local talk showPeople Are Talking, which premiered on August 14, 1978. She also hosted the local version ofDialing for Dollars.[61][62][63]
In 1984, Winfrey relocated to Chicago to hostWLS-TV's low-rated half-hour morning talk show,AM Chicago, after being hired by that station's general manager,Dennis Swanson. The first episode aired on January 2, 1984. Within months after Winfrey took over, the show went from last place in the ratings to overtakingDonahue as the highest-rated talk show in Chicago. The movie criticRoger Ebert persuaded her to sign a syndication deal withKing World. Ebert predicted that she would generate 40 times as much revenue as his television show,At the Movies.[64] It was then renamedThe Oprah Winfrey Show and expanded to a full hour. The first episode was broadcast nationwide on September 8, 1986.[65][66] Winfrey's syndicated show brought in double Donahue's national audience, displacing Donahue as the number-one daytime talk show in America. Their much-publicized contest was the subject of enormous scrutiny. According toTime magazine in August 1988:
Few people would have bet on Oprah Winfrey's swift rise to host of the most popular talk show on TV. In a field dominated by white males, she is a black female of ample bulk. As interviewers go, she is no match for, say, Phil Donahue ... What she lacks in journalistic toughness, she makes up for in plainspoken curiosity, robust humor and, above all empathy. Guests with sad stories to tell are apt to rouse a tear in Oprah's eye ... They, in turn, often find themselves revealing things they would not imagine telling anyone, much less a national TV audience. It is the talk show as a group therapy session.[67]
TV columnistHoward Rosenberg said: "She's a roundhouse, a full course meal, big, brassy, loud, aggressive, hyper, laughable, lovable, soulful, tender, low-down, earthy, and hungry. And she may know the way to Phil Donahue's jugular."[68]Newsday'sLes Payne observed, "Oprah Winfrey is sharper than Donahue, wittier, more genuine, and far better attuned to her audience, if not the world"[69] and Martha Bayles ofThe Wall Street Journal wrote, "It's a relief to see a gab-monger with a fond but realistic assessment of her own cultural and religious roots."[69]
Winfrey in 1997
In the early years ofThe Oprah Winfrey Show, the program was classified as a tabloid talk show. In the mid-1990s, Winfrey began to host shows on broader topics such as heart disease,geopolitics, spirituality, and meditation. She interviewed celebrities on social issues they were directly involved with, such as cancer, charity work, or substance abuse, and hosted televised giveaways.[70][71] The later years of the show faced accusations that Winfrey was promotingjunk science.[72] This has manifested as criticisms of Winfrey for promoting particular guests whose medical commentaries (both on her show and in the wider media) frequently lack supporting science. Common targets of this criticism includeJenny McCarthy's unfounded assertions about vaccines, andSuzanne Somers's promotion of bioidenticals.[73][74]
In addition to her talk show, Winfrey moderated threeABC Afterschool Specials from 1992 to 1994 and also produced and co-starred in the drama miniseriesThe Women of Brewster Place (1989) and its short-lived spin-off,Brewster Place.[75] As well as hosting and appearing on television shows, Winfrey co-founded the women's cable television networkOxygen, which was the initial network for herOprah After the Show program from 2002 to 2006 before moving to Oprah.com when Winfrey sold her stake in the network. She is also the president ofHarpo Productions (Oprah spelled backwards), a film and TV production company behindThe Oprah Winfrey Show,Dr. Phil,Rachael Ray,The Dr. Oz Show and many others.
Dr. Phil has been criticized as being at best, simplistic and, at worst, ineffective or harmful.[76] TheNational Alliance on Mental Illness has called Dr. Phil's conduct "unethical" and "incredibly irresponsible".[77] Dr. Oz (Mehmet Oz) has been criticized by various medical publications and physicians for spreadingpseudoscience[78][79][80][81]Dr. Oz's promotion of various "miracle pills" (especially those aimed at weight loss),[82] One website,Science-Based Medicine, said "No other show on television can top The Dr. Oz Show for the sheer magnitude of bad health advice it consistently offers, all while giving everything a veneer of credibility".[83]Multiple publications have called on Winfrey to denounce medical statements made by her former proteges long after her show ended. For example, there were calls for her to denounce Dr. Oz in 2020 reaction to his comments about coronavirus and his promotion of a poorly vetted drug as a cure.[84]
The series finale ofThe Oprah Winfrey Show aired on May 25, 2011.[86]
In January 2017,CBS announced that Winfrey would join60 Minutes as a special contributor on the Sunday evening news magazine program starting in September 2017.[87] TheNational Museum of African American History and Culture in 2018 opened a special exhibit on Winfrey's cultural influence through television.[88] Winfrey left60 Minutes by the end of 2018.[89]
In June 2018,Apple announced a multi-year content partnership with Winfrey, in which it was agreed that Winfrey would create new original programs exclusively for Apple's streaming service,Apple TV+.[90] The first show under the deal,Oprah's Book Club, premiered on November 1, 2019.Oprah's Book Club is based onthe segment of the same name fromThe Oprah Winfrey Show. The second show under the deal,Oprah TalksCOVID-19, debuted on March 21, 2020, during theCOVID-19 pandemic. A third show,The Oprah Conversation debuted on July 30, 2020, with Winfrey "[continuing] to explore impactful and relevant topics with fascinating thought leaders from all over the world".[91]
Celebrity interviews
In 1993, Winfrey hosted a rare prime-time interview called,Michael Jackson Talks ... to Oprah withMichael Jackson, which became thefourth most-watched event in American television history as well as the most watched interview ever, with an audience of 36.5 million.[92] On December 1, 2005, Winfrey appeared on theLate Show with David Letterman for the first time in 16 years, to promote the new Broadway musical,The Color Purple,[93] which she produced. The episode was hailed by some as the "television event of the decade" and helped Letterman attract his largest audience in more than 11 years: 13.45 million viewers.[94] Although a much-rumored feud was said to have been the cause of the rift,[93] both Winfrey and Letterman balked at such talk. "I want you to know, it's really over, whatever you thought was happening," said Winfrey. On September 10, 2007, Letterman made his first appearance onThe Oprah Winfrey Show, as its season premiere was filmed in New York City.[95]
In 2006, rappersLudacris,50 Cent, andIce Cube criticized Winfrey for what they perceived as an anti-hip hop bias. In an interview withGQ magazine, Ludacris said that Winfrey gave him a "hard time" about his lyrics, and edited comments he made during an appearance on her show with the cast of the filmCrash. He also said that he wasn't initially invited on the show with the rest of the cast.[96] Winfrey responded by saying that she is opposed to rap lyrics that "marginalize women," but enjoys some artists, includingKanye West, who appeared on her show. She said she spoke with Ludacris backstage after his appearance to explain her position and said she understood that his music was for entertainment purposes, but that some of his listeners might take it literally. In September 2008, Winfrey received criticism afterMatt Drudge of theDrudge Report[97] reported that Winfrey refused to haveSarah Palin on her show, allegedly because of Winfrey's support for Barack Obama.[98] Winfrey denied the report, maintaining that there never was a discussion regarding Palin's appearing on her show. She said that after she made public her support for Obama, she decided that she would not let her show be used as a platform for any of the candidates.[98] Although Obama appeared twice on her show, those appearances were prior to his declaration as a presidential candidate. Winfrey added that Palin would make a fantastic guest and that she would love to have her on the show after the election, which she did on November 18, 2009.[98]
In 2009, Winfrey was criticized for allowing actressSuzanne Somers to appear on her show to discuss hormone treatments that are not accepted by mainstream medicine.[99] Critics have also suggested that Winfrey is not tough enough when questioning celebrity guests or politicians whom she appears to like.[100] Lisa de Moraes, a media columnist forThe Washington Post, stated: "Oprah doesn't do follow-up questions unless you're an author who's embarrassed her by fabricating portions of a supposed memoir she's plugged for her book club", referring to the controversy aroundJames Frey'sA Million Little Pieces.[101]
In 2024,ABC aired a new television special titled"AI and the Future of Us: An Oprah Winfrey Special". The one-hour show aimed to delve into the impact ofartificial intelligence (AI) on daily life. It featured interviews with prominent figures from the tech industry, includingOpenAI CEOSam Altman andBill Gates.[103][104]
Other media
Film
Winfrey co-starred inSteven Spielberg'sThe Color Purple (1985), as distraught housewifeSofia. She was nominated for anAcademy Award forBest Supporting Actress for her performance. TheAlice Walker novel later becamea Broadway musical which opened in late 2005, with Winfrey credited as a producer. In October 1998, Winfrey produced and starred in the filmBeloved, based onToni Morrison'sPulitzer Prize–winningnovel of the same name. To prepare for her role as Sethe, the protagonist and former slave, Winfrey experienced a 24-hour simulation of the experience of slavery, which included being tied up and blindfolded and left alone in the woods. Despite major advertising, including two episodes of hertalk show dedicated solely to the film, and moderate to good critical reviews,Beloved opened to poor box-office results, losing approximately $30 million. While promoting the movie, co-starThandiwe Newton described Winfrey as "a very strong technical actress and it's because she's so smart. She's acute. She's got a mind like a razor blade."[105]Harpo Productions released a film adaptation ofZora Neale Hurston's 1937 novelTheir Eyes Were Watching God in 2005. The made-for-television film was based upon a teleplay bySuzan-Lori Parks and starredHalle Berry in the lead female role.
In late 2008, Winfrey's companyHarpo Films signed an exclusive output pact to develop and produce scripted series, documentaries, and movies exclusively forHBO.[106]
In 2013, Winfrey starred in the filmThe Butler directed byLee Daniels. Though her performance garnered significant Oscar buzz, she was not nominated for the award.[107]
Winfrey has co-authored five books. At the announcement of a weight-loss book in 2005, co-authored with her personal trainer Bob Greene, it was said that her undisclosed advance fee had broken the record for the world's highest book advance fee, previously held by the autobiography of former U.S. PresidentBill Clinton.[110]
Winfrey on her "The Life You Want" tour in October 2014
In 2015, her memoir,The Life You Want, was announced following on her tour of the same name,[111][112] and scheduled for publication in 2017,[113] but was "indefinitely postponed" in 2016.[114]
Winfrey publishes the magazineOprah Daily and from 2004 to 2008 also published a magazine calledO At Home.[115] In 2002,Fortune calledO, the Oprah Magazine the most successful start-up ever in the industry.[116] Although its circulation had declined by more than 10 percent to 2.4 million from 2005 to 2008, the January 2009 issue was the best selling issue since 2006.[117][118] The audience for her magazine is considerably more upscale than for her TV show; the average reader earns well above the median for U.S. women.[116] In July 2020, it was announced thatO Magazine would end its regular print publications after the December 2020 issue.[119][120] In the December 2020 issue, Winfrey thanked readers and acknowledged it was the magazine's "final monthly print edition".[121]
Online
Winfrey's company created theOprah.com website to provide resources and interactive content related to her shows, magazines, book club, and public charity. Oprah.com averages more than 70 million page views and more than six million users per month, and receives approximately 20,000 e-mails each week.[122] Winfrey initiated "Oprah's Child Predator Watch List", through her show and website, to help track down accused child molesters. Within the first 48 hours, two of the featured men were captured.[123]
Radio
On February 9, 2006, it was announced that Winfrey had signed a three-year, $55-million contract withXM Satellite Radio to establish a new radio channel. The channel,Oprah Radio, features popular contributors toThe Oprah Winfrey Show andO, The Oprah Magazine includingNate Berkus,Dr. Mehmet Oz, Bob Greene, Dr. Robin Smith, andMarianne Williamson. Oprah & Friends began broadcasting at 11:00 amET, September 25, 2006, from a new studio at Winfrey's Chicago headquarters. The channel broadcasts 24 hours a day, seven days a week on XM Radio Channel 156. Winfrey's contract requires her to be on the air 30 minutes a week, 39 weeks a year.[124]
Oprah's extensive and continuously evolving real-estate portfolio has garnered heightened attention throughout her life and career, with many prominent industry outlets branding her a "tycoon" regarding her investments which as of 2022, are estimated to total approximately $127 million.
As her talk show was beginning, Oprah first purchased a condominium in Chicago'sWater Tower Place in 1985, before purchasing the condos adjoining and directly below it in 1992, 1993, and 1994, respectively. In 1988, she purchased an 164-acre property including main and guest residences, orchard, and stables inRolling Prairie, Indiana as her weekend refuge. In 1992, she purchased an 80-acre compound inTelluride, Colorado, which she would go on to sell in approximately late 2000. In 1994, she also purchased an apartment at theFour Seasons Hotel Chicago. Between 1996 and 2000 she purchased a total of five condos in different development areas ofFisher Island, Florida. In 2000, through her Chicago-based LLC Overground Railroad, Oprah purchased her friendGayle King an estate inGreenwich, Connecticut. In 2001, Oprah sold all five of her Fisher Island condos and purchased what would become her "main home base" she has also called "The Promised Land" (where she currently lives as of 2022), a (then) 42-acre (17 ha) estate with ocean and mountain views inMontecito, California.[125][126]
Additionally that year, she also purchased homes in bothElmwood Park, Illinois andMerrillville, Indiana for other family members and friends. Similarly, in 2002, she purchased her father's home inFranklin, Tennessee and a lakefront condo inMilwaukee,Wisconsin. In 2003 she listed her compound in Rolling Prairie, Indiana, and sold it in 2004.[127][128] From 2003 to 2005, Oprah acquired several properties totaling 163 acres inKula andHana,Hawaii as well as a penthouse apartment inAtlanta,Georgia. In 2005, she purchased a home inDouglasville, Georgia which was gifted in 2011 to a family member.
In 2006, Oprah purchased a co-op apartment alongLake Shore Drive in downtown Chicago, reportedly with plans to permanently move there from her prior adjoined-condo unit in Water Tower Place for the duration of her show; for reasons unknown, the property sat entirely unused until she sold it in 2012.[129] In 2008, she sold her penthouse apartment in Atlanta. That year, she also listed Gayle King's estate and purchased her (through her second LLC Sophie's Penthouse) a penthouse apartment in midtownManhattan,New York City which would later be sold in 2012.
In early 2014, she listed her combined-unit Chicago duplex on the market. Later that year, Oprah came back toTelluride, Colorado to purchase a 60-acre lot with plans to build on the property. A lawsuit filed against her that year by a retired nuclear physicist living in the area regarding trail access rights was dismissed later that year with the judge citing little case law to support his case, among other issues. The extent of the agreement between all the parties and jurisdictions regarding her subsequent development on the property remains undisclosed.[130]
In 2015, Oprah purchased another property in Telluride, and later that year, expanded her Montecito compound with another 23-acre estate and yet another 44-acre dedicated crop and equestrian preserve. That year she also sold both of her downtown Chicago homes.
In 2018, Oprah obtained two adjoining parcels of land totaling 23 acres including the Madroneagle compound onOrcas Island,Washington and sold her last home property in the Chicago area from Elmwood Park.[131] In late 2019, Oprah yet again expanded her Montecito home-base compound, this time to 70 contiguous acres, with the purchase of a four-acre complex from actorJeff Bridges. In 2021, she sold her Orcas Island compound as she said she was too busy to use it and purchased another compound in Montecito further away from her home-base compound, flipping the latter in 2022 with split properties, one of which was sold to her property manager and longtime personal trainer Bob Greene, and the other to actressJennifer Aniston.[132][133][134][135][136][excessive citations] In 2023, Winfrey also purchased 870 acres of land in Maui for $6.6 million.[137]
Romantic history
Winfrey's high school sweetheart Anthony Otey recalled an innocent courtship that began in Winfrey's senior year of high school, from which he saved hundreds of love notes; Winfrey conducted herself with dignity and was a model student.[138] The two spoke of getting married, but Otey claimed to have always secretly known that Winfrey was destined for a far greater life than he could ever provide.[139] She broke up with him on Valentine's Day of her senior year.[140]
In 1971, several months after breaking up with Otey, Winfrey met William "Bubba" Taylor at Tennessee State University. According to CBS journalist George Mair, Taylor was Winfrey's "first intense, to-die-for love affair". Winfrey helped get Taylor a job at WVOL, and according to Mair, "did everything to keep him, including literally begging him on her knees to stay with her".[141] Taylor, however, was unwilling to leave Nashville with Winfrey when she moved to Baltimore to work at WJZ-TV in June 1976. "We really did care for each other," Winfrey would later recall. "We shared a deep love. A love I will never forget."[142]
In the 1970s, Winfrey had a romantic relationship withJohn Tesh. BiographerKitty Kelley claims that Tesh split with Winfrey over the pressures of an interracial relationship.[143]
When WJZ-TV management criticized Winfrey for crying on air while reporting tragedies and were unhappy with her physical appearance (especially when her hair fell out as a result of a bad perm), Winfrey turned to reporter Lloyd Kramer for comfort. "Lloyd was just the best," Winfrey would later recall. "That man loved me even when I was bald! He was wonderful. He stuck with me through the whole demoralizing experience. That man was the most fun romance I ever had."[144]
According to Mair, when Kramer moved to NBC in New York, Winfrey had a love affair with a married man who had no intention of leaving his wife.[145] Winfrey would later recall: "I'd had a relationship with a man for four years. I wasn't living with him. I'd never lived with anyone—and I thought I was worthless without him. The more he rejected me, the more I wanted him. I felt depleted, powerless. At the end, I was down on the floor on my knees groveling and pleading with him".[146] Winfrey became so depressed that on September 8, 1981, she wrote a suicide note to best friendGayle King instructing King to water her plants.[146] "That suicide note had been much overplayed" Winfrey toldMs. magazine. "I couldn't kill myself. I would be afraid the minute I did it, something really good would happen and I'd miss it."[147]
According to Winfrey, her emotional turmoil gradually led to a weight problem: "The reason I gained so much weight in the first place and the reason I had such a sorry history of abusive relationships with men was I just needed approval so much. I needed everyone to like me, because I didn't like myself much. So I'd end up with these cruel self-absorbed guys who'd tell me how selfish I was, and I'd say 'Oh thank you, you're so right' and be grateful to them. Because I had no sense that I deserved anything else. Which is also why I gained so much weight later on. It was the perfect way of cushioning myself against the world's disapproval."[147]
Winfrey later confessed to smokingcrack cocaine with a man she was romantically involved with during the same era. She explained on her show: "I always felt that the drug itself is not the problem but that I was addicted to the man." She added: "I can't think of anything I wouldn't have done for that man."[148]
Winfrey was allegedly involved in a second drug-related love affair. Self-proclaimed former boyfriend Randolph Cook said they lived together for several months in 1985 and did drugs. In 1997, Cook tried to sue Winfrey for $20 million for allegedly blocking atell-all book about their alleged relationship.[149][150]
In the mid-1980s, Winfrey briefly dated movie criticRoger Ebert, whom she credits with advising her to take her show into syndication.[64]
In 1985, before Winfrey's Chicago talk show had gone national, Haitian filmmaker Reginald Chevalier claims he appeared as a guest on a look-alike segment and began a relationship with Winfrey involving romantic evenings at home, candlelit baths, and dinners withMichael Jordan andDanny Glover. Chevalier says Winfrey ended the relationship when she metStedman Graham.[151]
Winfrey and her partner Stedman Graham have been together since 1986. They were engaged to be married in November 1992, but the ceremony never took place.[152]
Close friends
Winfrey celebrating her 50th birthday among friends at her Santa Barbara estate, 2004
Winfrey's best friend since their early twenties isGayle King. King was formerly the host ofThe Gayle King Show and is currently an editor ofO, the Oprah Magazine. Since 1997, when Winfrey played the therapist on an episode of the sitcomEllen in whichEllen DeGeneres came out of the closet, Winfrey and King have been the target of persistent rumors that they were gay. "I understand why people think we're gay," Winfrey says in the August 2006 issue ofO magazine. "There isn't a definition in our culture for this kind of bond between women. So I get why people have to label it—how can you be this close without it being sexual?"[153] "I've told nearly everything there is to tell. All my stuff is out there. People think I'd be so ashamed of being gay that I wouldn't admit it? Oh, please."[153]
Winfrey has also had a long friendship withMaria Shriver, after they met in Baltimore.[154][155] Winfrey consideredMaya Angelou, author ofI Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, her mentor and close friend; she called Angelou her "mother-sister-friend".[156] Winfrey hosted a week-long Caribbean cruise for Angelou and 150 guests for Angelou's 70th birthday in 1998, and in 2008, threw her "an extravagant 80th birthday celebration" atDonald Trump'sMar-a-Lago club inPalm Beach, Florida.[157]
Personal wealth
Born in rural poverty, and raised by a mother dependent on government welfare payments in a poor urban neighborhood, Winfrey became a millionaire at the age of 32 when her talk show received national syndication. Winfrey negotiated ownership rights to the television program and started her own production company. At the age of 41, Winfrey had a net worth of $340 million and replacedBill Cosby as the only African American on theForbes 400.[158] By 2000, with a net worth of $800 million, Winfrey is believed to have been therichest African American of the 20th century. There has been a course taught at theUniversity of Illinois focusing on Winfrey's business acumen; namely, "History 298: Oprah Winfrey, the Tycoon".[159] Winfrey was the highest-paid television entertainer in the United States in 2006, earning an estimated $260 million during the year, five times the sum earned by second-place music executiveSimon Cowell.[160] By 2008, her yearly income had increased to $275 million.[161]
Forbes' list ofThe World's Billionaires has listed Winfrey as the world's only black billionaire from 2004 to 2006 and as the first black woman billionaire in the world that was achieved in 2003.[158] One of therichest celebrities ever, as of 2014, Winfrey had a net worth in excess of 2.9 billion dollars[162] and had overtaken formereBay CEOMeg Whitman as the richest self-made woman in America.[d]
She was quoted as saying: "I have church with myself: I have church walking down the street. I believe in the God force that lives inside all of us, and once you tap into that, you can do anything."[167] She also stated, "Doubt means don't. When you don't know what to do, do nothing until you do know what to do. Because the doubt is your inner voice or the voice of God or whatever you choose to call it. It is your instinct trying to tell you something is off. That's how I have found myself to be led spiritually, because that's your spiritual voice saying to you, 'let's think about it.' So when you don't know what to do, do nothing."[168]
Oprah has stated that she is a Christian and her favorite Bible verse isActs 17:28.[169]
After the loss of her infant child at age 14, Winfrey did not want more children. In a 2017 interview withVanity Fair, she explained "I didn't want babies. I wouldn't have been a good mom for babies. I don't have the patience. I have the patience for puppies but that's a quick stage!"[170]
At the end of the 20th century,Life listed Winfrey as both the most influential woman and the most influential black person of her generation, and in a cover story profile the magazine called her "America's most powerful woman".[174] In 2007,USA Today ranked Winfrey as the most influential woman and most influential black person of the previous quarter-century.[175]Ladies' Home Journal also ranked Winfrey number one in their list of the most powerful women in America and thenSenatorBarack Obama in 2007 said she "may be the most influential woman in the country".[176] In 1998, Winfrey became the first woman and first African American to topEntertainment Weekly's list of the 101 most powerful people in the entertainment industry.[177]Forbes named her the world's most powerful celebrity in 2005,[178] 2007,[179] 2008,[161] 2010,[180] and 2013.[181]
ColumnistMaureen Dowd seems to agree with such assessments. Interviewed byThe Guardian in 2006, Dowd said: "She is the top alpha female in this country. She has more credibility than the president. Other successful women, such asHillary Clinton andMartha Stewart, had to be publicly slapped down before they could move forward. EvenCondi has had to play the protégé with Bush. None of this happened to Oprah – she is a straight ahead success story."[186]Vanity Fair wrote: "Oprah Winfrey arguably has more influence on the culture than any university president, politician, or religious leader, except perhaps the Pope.[187]Bill O'Reilly said: "this is a woman that came from nothing to rise up to be the most powerful woman, I think, in the world. I think Oprah Winfrey is the most powerful woman in the world, not just in America. That's – anybody who goes on her program immediately benefits through the roof. I mean, she has a loyal following; she has credibility; she has talent; and she's done it on her own to become fabulously wealthy and fabulously powerful."[188]
In 2005, Winfrey was named the greatest woman in American history as part of a public poll as part ofThe Greatest American. She was ranked No. 9 overall on the list of greatest Americans. However, polls estimating Winfrey's personal popularity have been inconsistent. A November 2003 Gallup poll estimated that 73% of American adults had a favorable view of Winfrey. Another Gallup poll in January 2007 estimated the figure at 74%, although it dropped to 66% when Gallup conducted the same poll in October 2007. A December 2007Fox News poll put the figure at 55%.[189] According toGallup's annual most admired poll, Americans consistently rank Winfrey as one of the most admired women in the world. Her highest rating came in 2007[190] when she was statistically tied withHillary Clinton for first place.[191] In a list compiled by the British magazineNew Statesman in September 2010, she was voted 38th in the list of "The World's 50 Most Influential Figures 2010".[192]
The Wall Street Journal coined the term "Oprahfication", meaning public confession as a form of therapy.[194] By confessing intimate details about her weight problems, tumultuous love life, and sexual abuse, and crying alongside her guests, Winfrey has been credited byTime magazine with creating a new form of media communication known as "rapport talk" as distinguished from the "report talk" of Phil Donahue: "Winfrey saw television's power to blend public and private; while it links strangers and conveys information over public airwaves, TV is most often viewed in the privacy of our homes. Like a family member, it sits down to meals with us and talks to us in the lonely afternoons. Grasping this paradox, ... She makes people care because she cares. That is Winfrey's genius, and will be her legacy, as the changes she has wrought in the talk show continue to permeate our culture and shape our lives."[195]
Observers have also noted the "Oprahfication" of politics such as "Oprah-style debates" andBill Clinton being described as "the man who brought Oprah-style psychobabble and misty confessions to politics".[196]Newsweek stated: "Every time a politician lets his lip quiver or a cable anchor 'emotes' on TV, they nod to the cult of confession that Oprah helped create."[197]
The November 1988Ms. observed that "in a society where fat is taboo, she made it in a medium that worships thin and celebrates a bland, white-bread prettiness of body and personality [...] But Winfrey made fat sexy, elegant – damned near gorgeous – with her drop-dead wardrobe, easy body language, and cheerful sensuality."[198]
Daytime talk show's impact on LGBT people
WhilePhil Donahue has been credited with pioneering the tabloid talk show genre, Winfrey's warmth, intimacy, and personal confession popularized and changed it.[15][16] Her success at popularizing the tabloid talk show genre opened up a thriving industry that has includedRicki Lake,The Jenny Jones Show, andThe Jerry Springer Show. In the bookFreaks Talk Back,[199] Yale sociology professorJoshua Gamson credits the tabloid talk show genre with providing much needed high-impact media visibility for gay,bisexual,transsexual, andtransgender (LGBT) people and doing more to make them mainstream and socially acceptable than any other development of the 20th century. In the book's editorial review,Michael Bronski wrote, "In the recent past, lesbians, gay men, bisexuals, and transgendered people had almost no presence on television. With the invention and propagation of tabloid talk shows such asJerry Springer,Jenny Jones,Oprah, andGeraldo, people outside the sexual mainstream now appear in living rooms across America almost every day of the week."[200] Gamson credits the tabloid talk show with making alternative sexual orientations and identities more acceptable in mainstream society. Examples include aTime magazine article[page needed] on early 21st-century gayscoming out of the closet at an increasingly younger age and on plummetinggay suicide rates. Gamson also believes that tabloid talk shows caused gays to be accepted on more traditional forms of media.
In April 1997, Winfrey played the therapist in "The Puppy Episode" on the sitcomEllen to whom the character (and the real-lifeEllen DeGeneres) came out as a lesbian.
"The Oprah Effect"
The power of Winfrey's opinions and endorsement to influence public opinion, especially consumer purchasing choices, has been dubbed "theOprah Effect".[201] The effect has been documented or alleged in domains as diverse as book sales, beef markets, and election voting. Late in 1996,[202] Winfrey introduced theOprah's Book Club segment to her television show. The segment focused on new books and classics and often brought obscure novels to popular attention. The book club became such a powerful force that whenever Winfrey introduced a new book as her book-club selection, it instantly became a best-seller; for example, when she selected the classicJohn Steinbeck novelEast of Eden, it soared to the top of the book charts. Being recognized by Winfrey often means a million additional book sales for an author.[203] InReading with Oprah: The Book Club that Changed America (2005), Kathleen Rooney describes Winfrey as "a serious American intellectual who pioneered the use of electronic media, specifically television and the Internet, to take reading – a decidedly non-technological and highly individual act – and highlight its social elements and uses in such a way to motivate millions of erstwhile non-readers to pick up books."
When authorJonathan Franzen's book was selected for the Book Club, he reportedly "cringed" and said selected books tend to be "schmaltzy".[204] AfterJames Frey'sA Million Little Pieces was found to contain fabrications in 2006, Winfrey confronted him on her show over the breach of trust. In 2009, Winfrey apologized to Frey for the public confrontation.[205] During a show aboutmad cow disease withHoward Lyman (aired on April 16, 1996), Winfrey said she was stopped cold from eating another burger. Texas cattlemen sued her and Lyman in early 1998 for "false defamation of perishable food" and "business disparagement," claiming that Winfrey's remarks sent cattle prices tumbling, costing beef producers $11 million. Winfrey was represented by attorneyChip Babcock and, on February 26, after a two-month trial in anAmarillo, Texas, court, a jury found Winfrey and Lyman were not liable for damages.[206][207] Winfrey's ability to launch other successful talk shows such asDr. Phil,The Dr. Oz Show, andRachael Ray has also been cited as examples of "The Oprah Effect".[208]
Politics
Matthew Baum and Angela Jamison performed an experiment testing their hypothesis, "Politically unaware individuals who consumesoft news will be more likely to vote consistently than their counterparts who do not consume soft news".[209] In their studies, they found that low-awareness individuals who watch soft news shows, such asThe Oprah Winfrey Show are 14% more likely to vote consistently than low-awareness individuals who only watch hard news.[209]
Winfrey joinsBarack andMichelle Obama on the campaign trail (December 10, 2007).
Winfrey states she is a political independent who has "earned the right to think for myself and to vote for myself".[210]She endorsed presidential candidateBarack Obama in the2008 presidential election.[211][212][213] On September 25, 2006, Winfrey made her first endorsement of Obama forpresident onLarry King Live, the first time she endorsed a political candidate running for office.[214] Two economists estimate that Winfrey's endorsement was worth over a million votes in theDemocratic primary race[215] and that without it, Obama would have lost the nomination.[216] Winfrey held a fundraiser for Obama on September 8, 2007, at herSanta Barbara estate. In December 2007, Winfrey joined Obama for a series of rallies in the early primary states of Iowa, New Hampshire, and South Carolina. TheColumbia, South Carolina, event on December 9, 2007, drew a crowd of nearly 30,000, the largest for any political event of 2007.[217] An analysis by two economists at theUniversity of Maryland, College Park estimated that Winfrey's endorsement was responsible for between 420,000 and 1,600,000 votes for Obama in the Democratic primary alone, based on a sample of states that did not include Texas, Michigan, North Dakota, Kansas, or Alaska. The results suggest that in the sampled states, Winfrey's endorsement was responsible for the difference in the popular vote between Barack Obama andHillary Clinton.[218] The governor of Illinois,Rod Blagojevich, reported being so impressed by Winfrey's endorsement that he considered offering Winfrey Obama's vacant senate seat, describing Winfrey as "the most instrumental person in electing Barack Obama president," with "a voice larger than all 100 senators combined".[219] Winfrey responded by stating that although she was absolutely not interested, she did feel she could be a senator.[220] TheTopps trading card company memorialized Oprah's involvement in the campaign by featuring her on a card in a set commemorating Obama's road to the White House.[221]
In April 2014, Winfrey spoke for more than 20 minutes at afundraiser inArlington, Virginia, for Lavern Chatman, a candidate in aprimary to nominate aDemocratic Party candidate for election to theU.S. House of Representatives. Winfrey participated in the event even after reports had revealed that Chatman had been found liable in 2001 for her role in a scheme to defraud hundreds ofDistrict of Columbia nursing-home employees of at least $1.4 million in owed wages.[222]
Winfrey has at times been the subject of media speculation that she may run for president herself, most notably in the lead-up to the2020 election in which some reports claimed that she was actively considering launching a campaign for theDemocratic nomination.[227] Winfrey ultimately denied any plans to run for president, saying in 2018 that while it was "a humbling thing to have people think you can run the country", she "would not be able to do it. It's not a clean business. It would kill me."[228] Winfrey suggested that she would publicly endorse a candidate in the 2020 Democratic primaries, however she ultimately did not do so.[229] She later campaigned forJoe Biden during the general election.[230]
In 2000, she was awarded theSpingarn Medal from theNAACP.[246] In 2002,Christianity Today published an article called "The Church of O" in which they concluded that Winfrey had emerged as an influential spiritual leader. "Since 1994, when she abandoned traditional talk-show fare for more edifying content, and 1998, when she began 'Change Your Life TV', Oprah's most significant role has become that of a spiritual leader. To her audience of more than 22 million mostly female viewers, she has become a postmodern priestess—an icon of church-free spirituality."[194] The sentiment was echoed by Marcia Z. Nelson in her bookThe Gospel According to Oprah.[247] Since the mid-1990s, Winfrey's show has emphasized uplifting and inspirational topics and themes and some viewers say the show has motivated them to perform acts of altruism such as helpingCongolese women and building an orphanage.[248] A scientific study by psychological scientists at the University of Cambridge,University of Plymouth, andUniversity of California used an uplifting clip from The Oprah Winfrey Show in an experiment that discovered that watching the 'uplifting' clip caused subjects to become twice as helpful as subjects assigned to watch a British comedy or nature documentary.[249][250]
In 1998, Winfrey began an ongoing conversation withGary Zukav, an American spiritual teacher, who appeared on her television show 35 times.[251] Winfrey has said she keeps a copy of Zukav'sThe Seat of the Soul at her bedside, a book that she says is one of her all-time favorites.[252]
On the season premiere of Winfrey's 13th season,Roseanne Barr told Winfrey "you're the African Mother Goddess of us all" inspiring much enthusiasm from the studio audience. The animated seriesFuturama alluded to her spiritual influence by suggesting that "Oprahism" is a mainstream religion in 3000 AD.[253] Twelve days after theSeptember 11 attacks, New York mayorRudy Giuliani asked Winfrey to serve as host of a Prayer for America service at New York City'sYankee Stadium, which was attended by former presidentBill Clinton and New York senatorHillary Clinton.[254] Leading up to the U.S.-led2001 invasion of Afghanistan, less than a month after the September 11 attacks, Winfrey aired a controversial show called "Islam 101" in which she portrayed Islam as areligion of peace, calling it "the most misunderstood of the three major religions".[255] In 2002,George W. Bush invited Winfrey to join a US delegation that included adviserKaren Hughes andCondoleezza Rice, planning to go to Afghanistan to celebrate the return of Afghan girls to school. The "Oprah strategy" was designed to portray thewar on terror in a positive light; however, when Winfrey refused to participate, the trip was postponed.[256]
Leading up to theU.S.-led invasion of Iraq, Winfrey's show received criticism for allegedly having ananti-war bias.Ben Shapiro ofTownhall.com wrote: "Oprah Winfrey is the most powerful woman in America. She decides what makesThe New York Times Best Seller lists. Her touchy-feely style sucks in audiences at the rate of 14 million viewers per day. But Oprah is far more than a cultural force, she's a dangerous political force as well, a woman with unpredictable and mercurial attitudes toward the major issues of the day."[257] In 2006, Winfrey recalled such controversies: "I once did a show titledIs War the Only Answer? In the history of my career, I've never received more hate mail – like 'Go back to Africa' hate mail. I was accused of being un-American for even raising the question."[258] FilmmakerMichael Moore came to Winfrey's defense, praising her for showing antiwar footage no other media would show[259] and begging her to run for president.[260]
A February 2003 series, in which Winfrey showed clips from people all over the world asking America not to go to war, was interrupted in several East Coast markets by network broadcasts of a press conference in which PresidentGeorge W. Bush andColin Powell summarized the case for war.[261][262]
In 2007, Winfrey began to endorse the self-help programThe Secret.The Secret claims that people can change their lives through positive thoughts or 'vibrations', which will then cause them to attract more positive vibrations that result in good things happening to them. Peter Birkenhead ofSalon magazine argued that this idea ispseudoscience and psychologically damaging, as it trivializes important decisions and promotes a quick-fix material culture, and suggests Winfrey's promotion of it is irresponsible given her influence.[263] In 2007, skeptic and magicianJames Randi accused Winfrey of being deliberately deceptive and uncritical in how she handles paranormal claims on her show.[264] In 2008, Winfrey endorsed author and spiritual teacherEckhart Tolle and his book,A New Earth: Awakening to Your Life's Purpose, which sold several million extra copies after being selected for her book club. During a Webinar class, in which she promoted the book, Winfrey stated "God is a feeling experience and not a believing experience. If your religion is a believing experience [...] then that's not truly God."[265]Frank Pastore, a Christian radio talk show host on KKLA, was among the many Christian leaders who criticized Winfrey's views, saying "if she's a Christian, she's an ignorant one because Christianity is incompatible withNew Age thought".[265]
Winfrey was named as the 2008 Person of the Year by animal-rights groupPeople for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) for using her fame and listening audience to help the less fortunate, including animals. PETA praised Winfrey for using her talk show to uncover horrific cases of cruelty to animals inpuppy mills and onfactory farms, and Winfrey even used the show to highlight the cruelty-free vegan diet that she tried.[266]
Winfrey filming in Denmark in 2009
In 2009, Winfrey filmed a series of interviews in Denmark highlighting its citizens as the happiest people in the world. In 2010,Bill O'Reilly of Fox News criticized these shows for promoting a left-wing society.[267] Following the launch of theSuper Soul Sunday andSuperSoul Sessions programs onHarpo Productions' SuperSoul TV, in 2016 Winfrey selected 100 people for theSuperSoul 100 list of "innovators and visionaries who are aligned on a mission to move humanity forward".[268][269]
On using theN-word, Winfrey said, "You cannot be my friend and use that word around me. ... I always think of the...people who heard that as their last word as they werehanging from a tree."[270]
Fan base
The viewership forThe Oprah Winfrey Show was highest during the 1991–92 season, when about 13.1 million U.S. viewers were watching each day. By 2003, ratings declined to 7.4 million daily viewers.[271] Ratings briefly rebounded to approximately 9 million in 2005 and then declined again to around 7.3 million viewers in 2008, though it remained the highest-rated talk show.[272]
In 2008, Winfrey's show was airing in 140 countries internationally and seen by an estimated 46 million people in the US weekly.[273][274] According to theHarris poll, Winfrey was America's favorite television personality in 1998, 2000, 2002–06, and 2009. Winfrey was especially popular among women,Democrats, political moderates,Baby Boomers,Generation X, Southern Americans, and East Coast Americans.[275]
Outside the U.S., Winfrey has become increasingly popular in theArab world.The Wall Street Journal reported in 2007 thatMBC 4, an Arab satellite channel, centered its entire programming around reruns of her show because it was drawing record numbers of female viewers inSaudi Arabia.[276] In 2008,The New York Times reported thatThe Oprah Winfrey Show, with Arabic subtitles, was broadcast twice each weekday onMBC 4. Winfrey's modest dress, combined with her attitude of triumph over adversity and abuse has caused some women in Saudi Arabia to idealize her.[277]
Philanthropy
Winfrey visits evacuees fromNew Orleans temporarily sheltered at the Reliant center in Houston followingHurricane Katrina.
In 2004, Winfrey became the first Black person to rank among the 50 most generous Americans[278] and she remained among the top 50 until 2010.[279] By 2012, she had given away about $400 million to educational causes.[280]
As of 2012, Winfrey had also given over 400 scholarships toMorehouse College in Atlanta, Georgia.[162] Winfrey was the recipient of the firstBob Hope Humanitarian Award at the 2002Emmy Awards for services to television and film. To celebrate two decades on national TV, and to thank her employees for their hard work, Winfrey took her staff and their families (1,065 people in total) on vacation to Hawaii in the summer of 2006.[281]
Winfrey purchased 2,130 acres of land inMaui and set up a bed and breakfast for entertaining friends as well as a (unprofitable) organic farm; she is dedicated to keeping the area unoccupied and growing native species to aid in the restoration of damaged watersheds. She distributed pillows, diapers and other supplies to survivors of a devastating fire and, withDwayne “The Rock” Johnson, set up the People’s Fund of Maui, personally donating $25 million of her own towards the cause.[284]
In 1998, Winfrey created Oprah's Angel Network, a charity that supported charitable projects and provided grants to nonprofit organizations around the world. Oprah's Angel Network raised more than $80 million ($1 million of which was donated byJon Bon Jovi). Winfrey personally covered all administrative costs associated with the charity, so 100% of all funds raised went to charity programs. In May 2010, with Oprah's show ending, the charity stopped accepting donations and was shut down.[285][286]
In 2004, Winfrey and her team filmed an episode of her show, "Oprah's Christmas Kindness", in which Winfrey travelled to South Africa to bring attention to the plight of young children affected by poverty and AIDS. During the 21-day trip, Winfrey and her crew visited schools and orphanages in poverty-stricken areas, and distributed Christmas presents to 50,000 children,[287] with dolls for the girls and soccer balls for the boys, and school supplies. Throughout the show, Winfrey appealed to viewers to donate money to Oprah's Angel Network for poor and AIDS-affected children in Africa. From that show alone, viewers around the world donated over $7 million. Winfrey invested $40 million and some of her time establishing theOprah Winfrey Leadership Academy for Girls inHenley on Klip south ofJohannesburg, South Africa. The school, set over 22 acres, opened in January 2007 with an enrollment of 150 pupils (increasing to 450) and features state-of-the-art classrooms, computer and science laboratories, a library, a theatre, and a beauty salon.Nelson Mandela praised Winfrey for overcoming her own disadvantaged youth to become a benefactor for others. Critics considered the school elitist and unnecessarily luxurious.[288] Winfrey rejected the claims, saying: "If you are surrounded by beautiful things and wonderful teachers who inspire you, that beauty brings out the beauty in you."[288] Winfrey, who has no surviving biological children, described maternal feelings towards the girls at Oprah Winfrey Leadership Academy for Girls.[289][290] Winfrey teaches a class at the school via satellite.[289]
^abWinfrey has said in interviews that 'my name had been chosen from the Bible. My Aunt Ida had chosen the name, but nobody really knew how to spell it, so it went down as "Orpah" on my birth certificate, but people didn't know how to pronounce it, so they put the "P" before the "R" in every place else other than the birth certificate. On the birth certificate it is Orpah, but then it got translated to Oprah, so here we are.'[2]
^A genetic claim to be Native American is much less reliable than a finding about other ancestries. In general, Native American tribes have rejected this type of genetic information in considering membership. No genetic tests can definitively prove Native American ancestry.[33]
^Forbes magazine says there are only 10 self-made women billionaires in the world and Winfrey is the richest of the 4 listed as U.S. billionaires.[163]
^"#562 Oprah Winfrey".Forbes Special Report: The World's Billionaires (2006). October 2006.Archived from the original on February 9, 2011. RetrievedAugust 25, 2008.
^"New Members".American Academy of Arts & Sciences.Archived from the original on May 23, 2021. RetrievedApril 24, 2021.
^abHarris, Paul (November 20, 2005)."You go, girl".The Observer. UK.Archived from the original on June 7, 2024. RetrievedDecember 4, 2016 – via The Guardian.
^abWinfrey, Lee (September 7, 1986)."Talking her way to TV stardom".The Philadelphia Inquirer. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. p. TV Week 4,51.Archived from the original on March 6, 2022. RetrievedMarch 6, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
^"Letterman to Appear on 'Oprah'".The Washington Post. Associated Press. August 29, 2007.Archived from the original on August 29, 2008. RetrievedSeptember 17, 2010.
^Wyatt, Edward (May 26, 2008)."A Few Tremors in Oprahland".The New York Times.Archived from the original on August 15, 2020. RetrievedSeptember 25, 2008.
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