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Operation Toggle

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Series of 1970s US nuclear tests
See also:List of nuclear weapons tests of the United States

Operation Toggle
Toggle Diamond Sculls tunnel test chamber
Information
CountryUnited States
Test site
  • near Rifle, Colorado
  • NTS Area 12, Rainier Mesa
  • NTS Area 19, 20, Pahute Mesa
  • NTS, Areas 1–4, 6–10, Yucca Flat
Period1972–1973
Number of tests28
Test typeunderground shaft, tunnel
Max. yield250kilotonnes of TNT (1,000 TJ)
Test series chronology
Map all coordinates in "Operation Toggle" usingOpenStreetMapDownload coordinates asKML

TheUnited States's Toggle nuclear test series[1] was a group of 28nuclear tests conducted in 1972–1973. These tests[note 1] followed theOperation Grommet series and preceded theOperation Arbor series.

Shots

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Diamond Sculls

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Diamond Sculls was a horizontal line-of-sight (HLOS) nuclear test. Its purpose was to test the radiation hardness of theLIM-49 Spartan anti-ballistic missile. It was the largest HLOS test conducted by the United States, consisting of a 27-foot (8.2 m) diameter test chamber and a 1,900-foot (580 m) line-of-sight pipe.[2]

List of the nuclear tests

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United States' Toggle series tests and detonations
Name[note 2]Date time (UT)Localtime zone[note 3][3]Location[note 4]Elevation + height[note 5]Delivery[note 6]
Purpose[note 7]		Device[note 8]Yield[note 9]Fallout[note 10]ReferencesNotes
Diamond ScullsJuly 20, 1972 17:16:00.16PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U12t.0237°12′52″N116°11′02″W / 37.21439°N 116.18382°W /37.21439; -116.18382 (Diamond Sculls)2,113 m (6,932 ft) – 419.4 m (1,376 ft)tunnel,
weapon effect		21 kt[1][4][5][6][7]Spartan missile hardness test.
AtarqueJuly 25, 1972 13:30:00.06PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U3ht37°00′45″N116°00′57″W / 37.01247°N 116.01577°W /37.01247; -116.01577 (Atarque)1,182 m (3,878 ft) – 294.2 m (965 ft)underground shaft,
weapons development		1.5 ktVenting detected[1][6][7][8]
Cebolla – 1 (withCuchillo, Solano)August 9, 1972 13:31:10.04PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U3jc37°00′26″N116°01′11″W / 37.00717°N 116.01976°W /37.00717; -116.01976 (Cebolla – 1)1,180 m (3,870 ft) – 287 m (942 ft)underground shaft,
weapons development		less than 5 ktVenting detected[1][6][7][8]Simultaneous, separate holes.
Cuchillo – 2 (withCebolla, Solano)August 9, 1972 13:31:10.04PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U3jt37°00′13″N116°01′11″W / 37.00373°N 116.01982°W /37.00373; -116.01982 (Cuchillo – 2)1,179 m (3,868 ft) – 198.81 m (652.3 ft)underground shaft,
weapons development		less than 5 kt[1][6][7]Simultaneous, separate holes.
Solano – 3 (withCebolla, CuchilloAugust 9, 1972 13:31:10.04PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U3jx37°00′11″N116°01′03″W / 37.00315°N 116.01757°W /37.00315; -116.01757 (Solano – 3)1,179 m (3,868 ft) +underground shaft,
safety experiment		less than 5 kt[1][6][7]Simultaneous, separate holes.
OscuroSeptember 21, 1972 15:30:00.19PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U7z37°04′55″N116°02′15″W / 37.08201°N 116.03742°W /37.08201; -116.03742 (Oscuro)1,225 m (4,019 ft) – 560.21 m (1,838.0 ft)underground shaft,
weapons development		160 kt[1][4][6][7][9]
DelphiniumSeptember 26, 1972 14:30:00.16PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U2dp37°07′17″N116°05′12″W / 37.12135°N 116.08667°W /37.12135; -116.08667 (Delphinium)1,276 m (4,186 ft) – 295.66 m (970.0 ft)underground shaft,
weapons development		15 kt[1][6][7][9]
AkbarNovember 9, 1972 15:15:00.16PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U10ax37°09′43″N116°02′03″W / 37.16202°N 116.03405°W /37.16202; -116.03405 (Akbar)1,295 m (4,249 ft) – 267 m (876 ft)underground shaft,
weapons development		600 t[1][5][6][7]
ArsenateNovember 9, 1972 18:15:00.16PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U9ci37°07′17″N116°02′00″W / 37.12151°N 116.03326°W /37.12151; -116.03326 (Arsenate)1,268 m (4,160 ft) – 250.24 m (821.0 ft)underground shaft,
weapons development		600 tVenting detected, 12 Ci (440 GBq)[1][5][6][7][8]
Canna-Limoges – 2November 17, 1972 18:00:00.16PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U9itsyz2637°08′22″N116°02′00″W / 37.13953°N 116.03324°W /37.13953; -116.03324 (Canna-Limoges – 2)1,273 m (4,177 ft) +underground shaft,
safety experiment		less than 20 kt[1][6][7]Simultaneous, same hole.
Canna-Umbrinus – 1November 17, 1972 18:00:00.16PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U9itsyz237°08′22″N116°02′00″W / 37.13953°N 116.03324°W /37.13953; -116.03324 (Canna-Umbrinus – 1)1,273 m (4,177 ft) – 213.36 m (700.0 ft)underground shaft,
weapons development		less than 20 kt[1][6][7]Simultaneous, same hole.
TulosoDecember 12, 1972 16:30:00.04PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U3gi37°01′53″N116°01′19″W / 37.03128°N 116.02196°W /37.03128; -116.02196 (Tuloso)1,189 m (3,901 ft) – 271.09 m (889.4 ft)underground shaft,
weapons development		200 t[1][5][6][7]
SolanumDecember 14, 1972 15:30:00.16PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U9itsw2437°08′17″N116°02′08″W / 37.13804°N 116.03559°W /37.13804; -116.03559 (Solanum)1,267 m (4,157 ft) – 201.17 m (660.0 ft)underground shaft,
weapons development		less than 20 ktVenting detected[1][6][7][8]
Flax-SourceDecember 21, 1972 20:15:00.24PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U2dj37°08′24″N116°05′03″W / 37.13997°N 116.08415°W /37.13997; -116.08415 (Flax-Source)1,296 m (4,252 ft) – 440 m (1,440 ft)underground shaft,
weapons development		20 kt[1][4][7][9]
Flax-Backup – 2December 21, 1972 20:15:24.35PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U2dj37°08′24″N116°05′03″W / 37.13997°N 116.08415°W /37.13997; -116.08415 (Flax-Backup – 2)1,296 m (4,252 ft) +underground shaft,
weapon effect		less than 20 kt[1][6][7]
Flax-Test – 1December 21, 1972 20:15:24.35PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U2dj37°08′24″N116°05′03″W / 37.13997°N 116.08415°W /37.13997; -116.08415 (Flax-Test – 1)1,296 m (4,252 ft) – 688.85 m (2,260.0 ft)underground shaft,
weapon effect		20 kt[1][6][7]
AlumrootFebruary 14, 1973 15:30:00.16PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U9cj37°08′49″N116°03′03″W / 37.14704°N 116.05096°W /37.14704; -116.05096 (Alumroot)1,264 m (4,147 ft) – 182.88 m (600.0 ft)underground shaft,
weapons development		less than 20 kt[1][6][7]
MieraMarch 8, 1973 16:10:00.19PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U7ad37°06′13″N116°01′39″W / 37.10354°N 116.02759°W /37.10354; -116.02759 (Miera)1,279 m (4,196 ft) – 568.39 m (1,864.8 ft)underground shaft,
weapons development		67 ktI-131 venting detected, 0[1][6][7][8][9][10]
GazookMarch 23, 1973 20:15:00.17PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U2do37°07′02″N116°05′16″W / 37.11727°N 116.08779°W /37.11727; -116.08779 (Gazook)1,274 m (4,180 ft) – 326.14 m (1,070.0 ft)underground shaft,
weapons development		200 tVenting detected, 12 Ci (440 GBq)[1][5][6][7][8]
NatomaApril 5, 1973 14:50:00.16PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U10aw37°10′40″N116°03′17″W / 37.17783°N 116.05476°W /37.17783; -116.05476 (Natoma)1,283 m (4,209 ft) – 243.84 m (800.0 ft)underground shaft,
weapons development		less than 20 kt[1][6][7]
Angus – 1 (withVelarde)April 25, 1973 22:25:00.03PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U3jg37°00′17″N116°01′45″W / 37.00483°N 116.0292°W /37.00483; -116.0292 (Angus – 1)1,180 m (3,870 ft) – 452.63 m (1,485.0 ft)underground shaft,
weapons development		9 ktVenting detected, 0.6 Ci (22 GBq)[1][4][6][7][8][10]Simultaneous, separate holes.
Velarde – 2 (withAngus)April 25, 1973 22:25:00.07PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U3jk36°59′37″N116°01′18″W / 36.99367°N 116.02173°W /36.99367; -116.02173 (Velarde – 2)1,176 m (3,858 ft) – 277 m (909 ft)underground shaft,
weapons development		8 ktVenting detected, 250 Ci (9,200 GBq)[1][6][7][8][11]Simultaneous, separate holes.
ColmorApril 26, 1973 15:15:00.04PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U3hv37°00′44″N116°01′15″W / 37.01214°N 116.0207°W /37.01214; -116.0207 (Colmor)1,182 m (3,878 ft) – 245.81 m (806.5 ft)underground shaft,
weapons development		500 tVenting detected[1][5][6][7][8]
StarwortApril 26, 1973 17:15:00.16PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U2bs37°07′23″N116°03′34″W / 37.12301°N 116.05937°W /37.12301; -116.05937 (Starwort)1,261 m (4,137 ft) – 563.88 m (1,850.0 ft)underground shaft,
weapons development		90 ktVenting detected, 10 Ci (370 GBq)[1][6][7][8][9][10]
MesitaMay 9, 1973 13:30:00.04PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U3jd37°00′23″N116°01′01″W / 37.00626°N 116.01681°W /37.00626; -116.01681 (Mesita)1,180 m (3,870 ft) – 149.25 m (489.7 ft)underground shaft,
weapons development		less than 20 ktVenting detected[1][6][7][8]
Rio Blanco – 1May 17, 1973 16:00:00.12MST (–7 hrs)
near Rifle, Colorado39°47′36″N108°22′02″W / 39.79322°N 108.3672°W /39.79322; -108.3672 (Rio Blanco – 1)1,938 m (6,358 ft) – 1,758 m (5,768 ft)underground shaft,
peaceful research		33 kt[1][7]Operation Plowshare – AEC/Gas industry enhancement experiment. Simultaneous, same hole.
Rio Blanco – 2May 17, 1973 16:00:00.12MST (–7 hrs)
near Rifle, Colorado39°47′36″N108°22′02″W / 39.79322°N 108.3672°W /39.79322; -108.3672 (Rio Blanco – 2)1,938 m (6,358 ft) – 1,875 m (6,152 ft)underground shaft,
peaceful research		33 kt[1][7]Project Plowshare – AEC/Gas industry enhancement experiment. Simultaneous, same hole.
Rio Blanco – 3May 17, 1973 16:00:00.12MST (–7 hrs)
near Rifle, Colorado39°47′36″N108°22′02″W / 39.79322°N 108.3672°W /39.79322; -108.3672 (Rio Blanco – 3)1,938 m (6,358 ft) – 2,015 m (6,611 ft)underground shaft,
peaceful research		33 kt[1][7]Project Plowshare – AEC/Gas industry enhancement experiment. Simultaneous, same hole.
CabrestoMay 24, 1973 13:30:00.04PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U7h37°04′41″N116°01′54″W / 37.078°N 116.03164°W /37.078; -116.03164 (Cabresto)1,228 m (4,029 ft) – 197.89 m (649.2 ft)underground shaft,
weapons development		15 kt[1][6][7]
KashanMay 24, 1973 14:30:00.16PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U10av37°09′44″N116°03′25″W / 37.16222°N 116.05689°W /37.16222; -116.05689 (Kashan)1,277 m (4,190 ft) – 265.18 m (870.0 ft)underground shaft,
weapons development		2 ktVenting detected, 270 Ci (10,000 GBq)[1][5][6][7][8]
Dido QueenJune 5, 1973 17:00:00.17PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U12e.1437°11′06″N116°12′58″W / 37.18498°N 116.21599°W /37.18498; -116.21599 (Dido Queen)2,247 m (7,372 ft) – 391.36 m (1,284.0 ft)tunnel,
weapon effect		18 kt[1][4][5][6][7]
AlmendroJune 6, 1973 13:00:00.08PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U19v –37°14′42″N116°20′49″W / 37.245°N 116.34691°W /37.245; -116.34691 (Almendro)2,069 m (6,788 ft) – 1,066.52 m (3,499.1 ft)underground shaft,
weapons development		250 kt[1][4][5][6][7]
PotrilloJune 21, 1973 14:45:00.08PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U7af37°05′31″N116°01′41″W / 37.09199°N 116.02809°W /37.09199; -116.02809 (Potrillo)1,255 m (4,117 ft) – 567.02 m (1,860.3 ft)underground shaft,
weapons development		58 ktVenting detected[1][4][6][7][8]
PortulacaJune 28, 1973 19:15:12.4PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U2bv37°08′54″N116°05′12″W / 37.14837°N 116.08673°W /37.14837; -116.08673 (Portulaca)1,311 m (4,301 ft) – 466.34 m (1,530.0 ft)underground shaft,
weapons development		24 ktI-131 venting detected, 0[1][5][6][7][9][10]
SileneJune 28, 1973 19:45:00.16PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U9ck37°06′53″N116°02′30″W / 37.11486°N 116.04179°W /37.11486; -116.04179 (Silene)1,254 m (4,114 ft) – 198.12 m (650.0 ft)underground shaft,
weapons development		5 t[1][5][6][7]
  1. ^A bomb test may be a salvo test, defined as two or more explosions "where a period of time between successive individual explosions does not exceed 5 seconds and where the burial points of all explosive devices can be connected by segments of straight lines, each of them connecting two burial points and does not exceed 40 kilometers in length".Mikhailov, V. N."Catalog of World Wide Nuclear Testing". Begell-Atom. Archived fromthe original on April 26, 2014.
  2. ^The US, France and Great Britain have code-named their test events, while the USSR and China did not, and therefore have only test numbers (with some exceptions – Soviet peaceful explosions were named). Word translations into English in parentheses unless the name is a proper noun. A dash followed by a number indicates a member of a salvo event. The US also sometimes named the individual explosions in such a salvo test, which results in "name1 – 1(with name2)". If test is canceled or aborted, then the row data like date and location discloses the intended plans, where known.
  3. ^To convert the UT time into standard local, add the number of hours in parentheses to the UT time; for local daylight saving time, add one additional hour. If the result is earlier than 00:00, add 24 hours and subtract 1 from the day; if it is 24:00 or later, subtract 24 hours and add 1 to the day. Historical time zone data obtained from theIANA time zone database.
  4. ^Rough place name and a latitude/longitude reference; for rocket-carried tests, the launch location is specified before the detonation location, if known. Some locations are extremely accurate; others (like airdrops and space blasts) may be quite inaccurate. "~" indicates a likely pro-forma rough location, shared with other tests in that same area.
  5. ^Elevation is the ground level at the point directly below the explosion relative to sea level; height is the additional distance added or subtracted by tower, balloon, shaft, tunnel, air drop or other contrivance. For rocket bursts the ground level is "N/A". In some cases it is not clear if the height is absolute or relative to ground, for example,Plumbbob/John. No number or units indicates the value is unknown, while "0" means zero. Sorting on this column is by elevation and height added together.
  6. ^Atmospheric, airdrop, balloon, gun, cruise missile, rocket, surface, tower, and barge are all disallowed by thePartial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. Sealed shaft and tunnel are underground, and remained useful under the PTBT. Intentional cratering tests are borderline; they occurred under the treaty, were sometimes protested, and generally overlooked if the test was declared to be a peaceful use.
  7. ^Include weapons development, weapon effects, safety test, transport safety test, war, science, joint verification and industrial/peaceful, which may be further broken down.
  8. ^Designations for test items where known, "?" indicates some uncertainty about the preceding value, nicknames for particular devices in quotes. This category of information is often not officially disclosed.
  9. ^Estimated energy yield intons, kilotons, and megatons. A ton of TNT equivalent is defined as 4.184 gigajoules (1 gigacalorie).
  10. ^Radioactive emission to the atmosphere aside from prompt neutrons, where known. The measured species is only iodine-131 if mentioned, otherwise it is all species. No entry means unknown, probably none if underground and "all" if not; otherwise notation for whether measured on the site only or off the site, where known, and the measured amount of radioactivity released.

References

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  1. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaaabacadaeafagahaiajYang, Xiaoping; North, Robert; Romney, Carl (August 2000),CMR Nuclear Explosion Database (Revision 3), SMDC Monitoring Research
  2. ^McDuff, George Glen (May 9, 2018).Underground Nuclear Testing (Report). Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States). p. 17.OSTI 1438136.Archived from the original on January 23, 2022. RetrievedJuly 25, 2021.
  3. ^"Time Zone Historical Database". iana.com.Archived from the original on March 11, 2014. RetrievedMarch 8, 2014.
  4. ^abcdefgHechanova, Anthony E.; O'Donnell, James E. (September 25, 1998),Estimates of yield for nuclear tests impacting the groundwater at the Nevada Test Site, Nuclear Science and Technology Division
  5. ^abcdefghijkNorris, Robert Standish; Cochran, Thomas B. (February 1, 1994),"United States nuclear tests, July 1945 to 31 December 1992 (NWD 94-1)"(PDF),Nuclear Weapons Databook Working Paper, Washington, DC: Natural Resources Defense Council, archived fromthe original(PDF) on October 29, 2013, retrievedOctober 26, 2013
  6. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaaabacadaeOfficial list of underground nuclear explosions, Sandia National Laboratories, July 1, 1994, retrievedDecember 18, 2013
  7. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaaabacadaeafagahaiUnited States Nuclear Tests: July 1945 through September 1992(PDF) (DOE/NV-209 REV15), Las Vegas, NV: Department of Energy, Nevada Operations Office, December 1, 2000, archived fromthe original(PDF) on October 12, 2006, retrievedDecember 18, 2013
  8. ^abcdefghijklmRadiological Effluents Released from U.S. Continental Tests 1961 Through 1992 (DOE/NV-317 Rev. 1)(PDF), DOE Nevada Operations Office, August 1996, archived fromthe original(PDF) on November 3, 2013, retrievedOctober 31, 2013
  9. ^abcdefBolt, Bruce A. (1976),Nuclear Explosions and Earthquakes: The Parted Veil, San Francisco, CA: W.H. Freeman and Co.
  10. ^abcdEstimated exposures and thyroid doses received by the American people from Iodine-131 in fallout following Nevada atmospheric nuclear bomb tests, Chapter 2(PDF), National Cancer Institute, 1997, archived fromthe original(PDF) on December 21, 2010, retrievedJanuary 5, 2014
  11. ^Operation Argus, 1958 (DNA6039F), Washington, DC: Defense Nuclear Agency, Department of Defense, 1982,archived from the original on November 16, 2021, retrievedNovember 26, 2013
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