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Operation Tinderbox

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Series of 1970s and 1980s US nuclear tests

Tinderbox
Huron King test chamber
Map
Information
CountryUnited States
Test site
  • NTS Area 19, 20, Pahute Mesa
  • NTS, Areas 1–4, 6–10, Yucca Flat
Period1979–1980
Number of tests14
Test typeunderground shaft
Max. yield140kilotonnes of TNT (590 TJ)
Test series chronology
Map all coordinates in "Operation Tinderbox" usingOpenStreetMapDownload coordinates asKML

Operation Tinderbox[1] was a series of 14nuclear tests conducted by the United States in 1979–1980 at theNevada Test Site. These tests followed theOperation Quicksilver series and preceded theOperation Guardian series.

List of the nuclear tests

[edit]
See also:List of nuclear weapons tests of the United States
Diagram of Huron King
United States' Tinderbox series tests and detonations
Name[note 1]Date time (UT)Localtime zone[note 2][2]Location[note 3]Elevation + height[note 4]Delivery[note 5]
Purpose[note 6]		Device[note 7]Yield[note 8]Fallout[note 9]ReferencesNotes
BackgammonNovember 29, 1979 15:00:00.096PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U3jh36°59′38″N116°01′29″W / 36.99395°N 116.02484°W /36.99395; -116.02484 (Backgammon)1,175 m (3,855 ft) – 228.72 m (750.4 ft)underground shaft,
weapons development		800 t[1][3][4]
AzulDecember 14, 1979 18:00:00.09PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U2em37°08′14″N116°03′50″W / 37.13732°N 116.06394°W /37.13732; -116.06394 (Azul)1,275 m (4,183 ft) – 205 m (673 ft)underground shaft,
weapons development		less than 20 kt[1][3][4]Destroyed theAnvil/Peninsula device that was damaged during placement.
TarkoFebruary 28, 1980 15:00:00.093PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U2fd37°07′36″N116°05′22″W / 37.12655°N 116.08946°W /37.12655; -116.08946 (Tarko)1,280 m (4,200 ft) – 369 m (1,211 ft)underground shaft,
weapons development		5 ktVenting detected, 50 Ci (1,800 GBq)[1][3][4][5][6][7]
NorboMarch 8, 1980 15:35:00.09PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U8c37°10′48″N116°05′02″W / 37.17989°N 116.08399°W /37.17989; -116.08399 (Norbo)1,349 m (4,426 ft) – 271 m (889 ft)underground shaft,
weapons development		1 ktI-131 venting detected, 0[1][3][4][5][7]
LiptauerApril 3, 1980 14:00:00.089PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U2eh37°08′59″N116°04′59″W / 37.14983°N 116.08313°W /37.14983; -116.08313 (Liptauer)1,304 m (4,278 ft) – 417 m (1,368 ft)underground shaft,
weapons development		20 kt[1][3][4]
PyramidApril 16, 1980 20:00:00.089PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U7be37°06′04″N116°01′53″W / 37.10107°N 116.0314°W /37.10107; -116.0314 (Pyramid)1,266 m (4,154 ft) – 579.1 m (1,900 ft)underground shaft,
weapons development		89 kt[1][3][4][6][8]
CanfieldMay 2, 1980 18:46:30.092PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U3kx37°03′22″N116°01′11″W / 37.05598°N 116.0197°W /37.05598; -116.0197 (Canfield)1,211 m (3,973 ft) – 350.5 m (1,150 ft)underground shaft,
weapons development		6 kt[1][3][4]
FloraMay 22, 1980 13:00:00.089PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U3lg37°00′11″N116°01′56″W / 37.00304°N 116.03214°W /37.00304; -116.03214 (Flora)1,179 m (3,868 ft) – 335.6 m (1,101 ft)underground shaft,
weapons development		less than 20 ktVenting detected, 1 kCi (37 TBq)[1][3][4][5][7]
KashJune 12, 1980 17:15:00.09PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U20af37°16′54″N116°27′17″W / 37.2816°N 116.45474°W /37.2816; -116.45474 (Kash)1,911 m (6,270 ft) – 645 m (2,116 ft)underground shaft,
weapons development		140 ktVenting detected[1][3][4][7]
Huron KingJune 24, 1980 15:10:00.07PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U3ky37°01′24″N116°02′06″W / 37.02328°N 116.03491°W /37.02328; -116.03491 (Huron King)1,187 m (3,894 ft) – 320.04 m (1,050.0 ft)underground shaft,
weapon effect		6 kt[1][3][4][9]Radiation and EMP effects shot through a mockupDSCS satellite on the surface, which was then towed off the collapsing cap.Picture of the test chamber. It is still on the NE lip of the test's crater.
TafiJuly 25, 1980 19:05:00.082PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U20ae37°15′23″N116°28′42″W / 37.25627°N 116.47829°W /37.25627; -116.47829 (Tafi)1,859 m (6,099 ft) – 680 m (2,230 ft)underground shaft,
weapons development		140 ktVenting detected[1][3][4][7]
VerdelloJuly 31, 1980 18:19:00.092PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U3ku37°00′47″N116°01′25″W / 37.013°N 116.02361°W /37.013; -116.02361 (Verdello)1,183 m (3,881 ft) – 365.76 m (1,200.0 ft)underground shaft,
weapons development		3.5 ktVenting detected, 45 Ci (1,700 GBq)[1][3][4][5][6][7]
BonardaSeptember 25, 1980 14:45:00.094PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U3gv37°03′22″N116°02′56″W / 37.05609°N 116.0489°W /37.05609; -116.0489 (Bonarda)1,209 m (3,967 ft) – 381 m (1,250 ft)underground shaft,
weapons development		20 kt[1][3][4]
RiolaSeptember 25, 1980 15:26:30.084PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U2eq37°07′01″N116°03′57″W / 37.11684°N 116.0659°W /37.11684; -116.0659 (Riola)1,254 m (4,114 ft) – 424 m (1,391 ft)underground shaft,
weapons development		1.1 ktVenting detected off site, 2.2 kCi (81 TBq)[1][3][4][5][7][8]
  1. ^The US, France and Great Britain have code-named their test events, while the USSR and China did not, and therefore have only test numbers (with some exceptions – Soviet peaceful explosions were named). Word translations into English in parentheses unless the name is a proper noun. A dash followed by a number indicates a member of a salvo event. The US also sometimes named the individual explosions in such a salvo test, which results in "name1 – 1(with name2)". If test is canceled or aborted, then the row data like date and location discloses the intended plans, where known.
  2. ^To convert the UT time into standard local, add the number of hours in parentheses to the UT time; for local daylight saving time, add one additional hour. If the result is earlier than 00:00, add 24 hours and subtract 1 from the day; if it is 24:00 or later, subtract 24 hours and add 1 to the day. v
  3. ^Rough place name and a latitude/longitude reference; for rocket-carried tests, the launch location is specified before the detonation location, if known. Some locations are extremely accurate; others (like airdrops and space blasts) may be quite inaccurate. "~" indicates a likely pro-forma rough location, shared with other tests in that same area.
  4. ^Elevation is the ground level at the point directly below the explosion relative to sea level; height is the additional distance added or subtracted by tower, balloon, shaft, tunnel, air drop or other contrivance. For rocket bursts the ground level is "N/A". In some cases it is not clear if the height is absolute or relative to ground, for example,Plumbbob/John. No number or units indicates the value is unknown, while "0" means zero. Sorting on this column is by elevation and height added together.
  5. ^Atmospheric, airdrop, balloon, gun, cruise missile, rocket, surface, tower, and barge are all disallowed by thePartial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. Sealed shaft and tunnel are underground, and remained useful under the PTBT. Intentional cratering tests are borderline; they occurred under the treaty, were sometimes protested, and generally overlooked if the test was declared to be a peaceful use.
  6. ^Include weapons development, weapon effects, safety test, transport safety test, war, science, joint verification and industrial/peaceful, which may be further broken down.
  7. ^Designations for test items where known, "?" indicates some uncertainty about the preceding value, nicknames for particular devices in quotes. This category of information is often not officially disclosed.
  8. ^Estimated energy yield intons, kilotons, and megatons. A ton of TNT equivalent is defined as 4.184 gigajoules (1 gigacalorie).
  9. ^Radioactive emission to the atmosphere aside from prompt neutrons, where known. The measured species is only iodine-131 if mentioned, otherwise it is all species. No entry means unknown, probably none if underground and "all" if not; otherwise notation for whether measured on the site only or off the site, where known, and the measured amount of radioactivity released.

References

[edit]
  1. ^abcdefghijklmnoYang, Xiaoping; North, Robert; Romney, Carl (August 2000),CMR Nuclear Explosion Database (Revision 3), SMDC Monitoring Research
  2. ^"Time Zone Historical Database". iana.com. RetrievedMarch 8, 2014.
  3. ^abcdefghijklmnOfficial list of underground nuclear explosions, Sandia National Laboratories, July 1, 1994, retrievedDecember 18, 2013
  4. ^abcdefghijklmnUnited States Nuclear Tests: July 1945 through September 1992(PDF) (DOE/NV-209 REV15), Las Vegas, NV: Department of Energy, Nevada Operations Office, December 1, 2000, archived fromthe original(PDF) on October 12, 2006, retrievedDecember 18, 2013
  5. ^abcdeEstimated exposures and thyroid doses received by the American people from Iodine-131 in fallout following Nevada atmospheric nuclear bomb tests, Chapter 2(PDF), National Cancer Institute, 1997, archived fromthe original(PDF) on December 21, 2010, retrievedJanuary 5, 2014
  6. ^abcOperation Argus, 1958 (DNA6039F), Washington, DC: Defense Nuclear Agency, Department of Defense, 1982, retrievedNovember 26, 2013
  7. ^abcdefgRadiological Effluents Released from U.S. Continental Tests 1961 Through 1992 (DOE/NV-317 Rev. 1)(PDF), DOE Nevada Operations Office, August 1996, archived fromthe original(PDF) on November 3, 2013, retrievedOctober 31, 2013
  8. ^abHechanova, Anthony E.; O'Donnell, James E. (September 25, 1998),Estimates of yield for nuclear tests impacting the groundwater at the Nevada Test Site, Nuclear Science and Technology Division
  9. ^Sublette, Carey,Nuclear Weapons Archive, retrievedJanuary 6, 2014
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