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Seat 12, also known asOperation Seat 12, was a purporteddisinformation campaign conducted by the Soviet Union during theCold War to discredit themoral authority of theVatican because of its outspokenanticommunism.[1][2][3] Claims of the operation's existence were first made in 2007 byIon Mihai Pacepa, alieutenant general who headed theSecuritate, Romanian secret service before defecting to the West in 1978.
According to Pacepa, in February 1960,Nikita Khrushchev authorized acovert operation to discredit the Vatican'smoral authority inWestern Europe with a campaign of disinformation due to its fervent anticommunism,Pope Pius XII being the prime target.[1][4][3] The motto of Seat 12 was "Dead men cannot defend themselves", since Pius died in 1958.[5] Pacepa states that GeneralIvan Agayants, chief of theKGB's disinformation department, created the outline for what was to become a play mischaracterizing the Pope as aNazi sympathizer,The Deputy; that the purported research for the play consisted of forgeries;[6] that the research was done not by its authorRolf Hochhuth, but by KGB agents; and that the play's producer,Erwin Piscator, founder of the Proletarian Theater in Berlin,[7] was a devout Communist who had long established ties with the USSR.[4][3][8]
Pacepa states that the KGB employedRomanian spies to feign that Romania was preparing to reestablish diplomatic relations with the Holy See.[5] Under this ruse, Pacepa states he obtained entry into Vatican archives from the Church's head of secret discussions with theWarsaw Pact, MonsignorAgostino Casaroli.[5] Three communist spies in the guise of priests over two years secreted materials out of the archives for copying and transfer to the KGB.[5] "In fact," Pacepa reported, "no incriminating material against the pontiff ever turned up."[5] According to Pacepa, GeneralIvan Agayants, head of Soviet disinformation, informed him while inBucharest in 1963 that the disinformation campaign had "materialised into a powerful play attacking Pope Pius XII", Agayants having authored the outline ofThe Deputy and overseen KGB's compilation of the "research" which incorporated documents Pacepa's agents had purloined from the Vatican.[5]
Writer and law professorRonald Rychlak states that the American producer of Seat 12's play was also a communist; many of the press who lauded the play had deep connections to leftist or communist causes; a highly communist influenced periodical helped to guaranteeThe Deputy played on Broadway; and even early reviews had communist links.[9] Pacepa also relates that in 1974Yuri Andropov admitted that had Soviets known in 1963 what they knew in 1974 (newly released information thatHitler was hostile to andplotted against Pius XII) they would never have gone after him.[4][3]
According to Rychlak, a declassified British intelligence memorandum, dated January 10, 1969, surmises that Hochhuth may have played a knowing role in spreading communist propaganda, rather than having been a dupe, saying he "might perhaps be an ‘intellectual agent', writing either on behalf of theEast Germans or the Soviets" and theBritish agents declined to "discount the possibility of long-term efforts by the communists to foster Hochhuth's allegations until they become legend."[10] The memorandum continued: "whether Hochhuth is motivated only by the urge to write historical plays, to rehabilitate the Germans or is up to some more sinister game is difficult to determine at this stage. But the Russians are certainly reaping some of the benefit."[11]
Rychlak concludes that Hochhuth might not have been a knowing actor in the propaganda but was a "perfect candidate to be an unknowing dupe."[10] Rychlak writes "his ideology was not far removed fromMarxism. He also admitted that he was, at least at times,anticlerical. He was particularly opposed to priestly celibacy."[10]
Referring to Pacepa's account, German historianMichael F. Feldkamp writes that "Pacepa's report is wholly credible. It fits like a missing piece in the puzzle of communist propaganda and disinformation aimed at discrediting the Catholic Church and its Pontiff."[12][13] English historian,Michael Burleigh, concurring with Feldkamp, states: "Soviet attempts to smear Pius had actually commenced as soon as theRed Army crossed into CatholicPoland", noting that the Soviets "hired a militantly anti-religious propagandist,Mikhail Markovich Sheinmann" – "Hochhuth's play ... drew heavily upon Sheinmann's lies and falsehoods."[2]
Pacepa's story has not been corroborated; the national German paperFrankfurter Allgemeine stated in 2007 that "Hochhuth did not require any KGB assistance for his one-sided presentation of history".[14]