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Operation Regenbogen (German:Regenbogen-Befehl, "Rainbow Order") was the code name for the planned massscuttling of theGermanU-boat fleet, to avoid surrender, at the end ofWorld War II.
At the beginning of May 1945Nazi Germany was collapsing under theAllied onslaught.
TheSoviets had capturedBerlin, and on 30 AprilHitler hadcommitted suicide. He had appointed Grand AdmiralKarl Dönitz asHead of State and Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces.US Forces from the west andSoviet forces from the east had alreadymet atTorgau, cutting the Reich in two, while in the north21st Army Group was poised to captureHamburg and the other German ports.
The state of the German navy, theKriegsmarine, was no better. Of its capital ships only the heavy cruiserPrinz Eugen survived, sheltering atCopenhagen; only theU-boat Arm was capable of continuing the fight. TheKriegsmarine had approximately 470 U-boats remaining. Some 170 of these were operational U-boats (Front boats), based mainly inoccupied Norway, and another 200 home-based boats in various stages of building, commissioning and working up; these were mainly in the north German ports and on theBaltic.
As head of theKriegsmarine, and as commander of the U-boat arm, Dönitz was committed that his U-boat force should not be surrendered. However, as the new German leader, he was keen to extricate Germany from the war and, if possible, avoid Allied, particularly Soviet, retribution. To that end he had opened negotiations with the western Allies, through Field MarshalMontgomery commander of Allied 21 Army Group, in North Germany.
As the Allies closed in on the North German ports theKriegsmarine started to destroy what was left to prevent its capture, while all serviceable boats were ordered tobases in Norway. During May a final massacre of U-boats fleeing to Norway took place; 23 U-boats were destroyed or damaged beyond repair in transit in the first week of May.
Against this backdrop, Dönitz and the U-boat arm made plans for a mass scuttle of his U-boats, to be carried out on receiving the code-word "Regenbogen".
During May theKriegsmarine started to scuttle its U-boats ahead of the advancing Allied armies.
On 1 May 1945, 3 U-boats were wrecked atWarnemünde, outsideRostock on the Baltic coast, the first of a wave of scuttling boats and destroying facilities.
On 2 May, a further 32 U-boats were scuttled atTravemünde, nearLübeck.
On 3 May, Dönitz sent his chief aidevon Friedeburg to Montgomery atLüneburg to open negotiations for an armistice with the western allies. This was refused, as von Friedeburg was not empowered to agree to an unconditional surrender, upon which the Allies insisted. Also on 3 May another 39 boats were wrecked, 32 atKiel and another 7 at Hamburg, on theNorth Sea coast.
On 4 May the Supreme Allied Commander,Eisenhower allowed the German forces in Northwest Europe, including naval forces, to surrender to Montgomery and 21 Group; for this, Montgomery insisted that German naval forces, including the U-boat arm, be surrendered intact. This would come into effect at 8 am on 5 May. Meanwhile, on 4 May, four more boats, two in theKiel Canal and two atFlensburg, were scuttled.
In the early hours of 5 May, theRegenbogen order was given, only to be countermanded 8 minutes later,[1] to avoid jeopardizing the surrender negotiations, and later that day all operational U-boats were ordered to cease hostilities. Despite this a further 87 boats were destroyed on 5 May; 64 on the Baltic (41 atGelting Bay, 13 at Flensburg and 10 at various other points), while on the North Sea coast 23 boats were disposed of, 13 atWilhelmshaven and 10 in theWeserestuary.
On 6 May, there were no further sinkings, but on 7 May the twoWalter boats were wrecked atCuxhaven. Over the last week at least 195 U-boats had been scuttled.
On 8 May, Germanysurrendered unconditionally; the remaining naval units, including the surviving U-boats, surrendered to Allied forces. At least 150 U-boats were surrendered to the Allied navies, either at sea or at their operational bases. 52 boats were surrendered at sea, either on patrol or in transit, and 98 in port, mostly in Norway and at bases in Germany, Denmark and France. Two U-boats (U-1277 andU-963) fled to Portuguese waters, where they were scuttled by their crews, the former offPorto and the latter some miles fromNazaré. Two others (U-530 andU-977) and their crews arrived inMar del Plata, Argentina, where they surrendered to the local authorities.
Various figures are given for the numbers of U-boats involved during this period; Kemp gives 218 scuttled, and 154 surrendered;[2]Tarrant gives the same.[3]Blair gives 222 scuttled and 174 surrendered.[4]Neistle lists 195 scuttled[5] and 150 surrendered.[6] A number of U-boats disposed of were not in commission; some had not yet been commissioned, some had been decommissioned. The discrepancies are mainly accounted for depending on whether these are included or not.
Most sources[7] give a number of U–boats scuttled at the end of the war, and describe theRegenbogen order, conflating the two.Kemp describes the scuttle as an act of defiance, and quotes"Ali" Cremer's order to scuttleU-2519 rather than surrender her.[8]
It is questionable, however, to what extent the effect the order had, or even if it was given at all. To take Cremer's case in point, Neistle listsU-2519 as being scuttled on 3 May at Kiel,[9] before the surrender negotiations were complete, and at least 24 hours before theRegenbogen order was given.
Dan van der Vat[1] states the order was given at 1:34 am on 5 May, but countermanded eight minutes later by Dönitz.
Blair[4] on the other hand describes the order as being given "according to some sources", and queries "whether it was true or not", but believes some "ambiguous orders of some kind" were issued. But he also states the scuttle began on 5 May, while Neistle is clear it started 4 days earlier, at the beginning of the month.[4][5]
Certainly by 1 am on 5 May at least 76 boats had already been wrecked, about half the total. On 5 May, and subsequently, another 89 were wrecked/scuttled, all in North German ports.
Neistle gives the total of U-boats scuttled as 195, of which half were destroyed before, and half after, theRegenbogen order was given. Of the boats destroyed, most (184) were non-operational "Home" boats in North German ports.[10]11 wereFront boats, and these include those fatally damaged in the May massacre and subsequently scuttled by their crews.
On 8 May 1945, the surviving U-boats surrendered to the Allied navies, either at sea or at their operational bases in Norway and on the North Sea coast, ending theKriegsmarine's war at sea.
