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Operation Fulcrum

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Series of 1970s US nuclear tests
See also:List of nuclear weapons tests of the United States

Fulcrum
Information
CountryUnited States
Test siteNTS, Areas 1–4, 6–10, Yucca Flat
Period1976–1977
Number of tests21
Test typeunderground shaft
Max. yield140kilotonnes of TNT (590 TJ)
Test series chronology
Map all coordinates in "Operation Fulcrum" usingOpenStreetMapDownload coordinates asKML

TheUnited States's Fulcrum nuclear test series[1] was a group of 21nuclear tests conducted in 1976–1977. These tests[note 1] followed theOperation Anvil (nuclear test) series and preceded theOperation Cresset series.

United States' Fulcrum series tests and detonations
Name[note 2]Date time (UT)Localtime zone[note 3][2]Location[note 4]Elevation + height[note 5]Delivery[note 6]
Purpose[note 7]		Device[note 8]Yield[note 9]Fallout[note 10]ReferencesNotes
GoudaOctober 6, 1976 14:30:00.164PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U2ef37°08′04″N116°03′47″W / 37.13451°N 116.06315°W /37.13451; -116.06315 (Gouda)1,272 m (4,173 ft) – 200.1 m (656 ft)underground shaft,
weapons development		600 t[1][3][4][5]
SpritNovember 10, 1976 14:58:00.077PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U3hc37°02′09″N116°01′05″W / 37.03593°N 116.01816°W /37.03593; -116.01816 (Sprit)1,192 m (3,911 ft) – 183.18 m (601.0 ft)underground shaft,
weapons development		less than 20 kt[1][4][5]
ChevreNovember 23, 1976 15:15:00.163PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U10ay37°10′18″N116°03′13″W / 37.17167°N 116.0535°W /37.17167; -116.0535 (Chevre)1,278 m (4,193 ft) – 317.3 m (1,041 ft)underground shaft,
weapons development		2 kt[1][4][5]
RedmudDecember 8, 1976 14:49:30.083PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U7ab37°04′45″N116°00′09″W / 37.07922°N 116.00249°W /37.07922; -116.00249 (Redmud)1,269 m (4,163 ft) – 426.72 m (1,400.0 ft)underground shaft,
weapons development		20 kt[1][4][5]
AsiagoDecember 21, 1976 15:09:00.166PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U2ar37°07′26″N116°04′06″W / 37.12386°N 116.06833°W /37.12386; -116.06833 (Asiago)1,265 m (4,150 ft) – 330.8 m (1,085 ft)underground shaft,
weapons development		11 kt[1][4][5]
SutterDecember 21, 1976 15:58:00.162PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U2bw37°09′07″N116°03′52″W / 37.15205°N 116.06454°W /37.15205; -116.06454 (Sutter)1,287 m (4,222 ft) – 200.3 m (657 ft)underground shaft,
weapons development		less than 20 kt[1][4][5]
RudderDecember 28, 1976 18:00:00.076PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U7aj(s)37°06′01″N116°02′15″W / 37.1004°N 116.03755°W /37.1004; -116.03755 (Rudder)1,255 m (4,117 ft) – 638.56 m (2,095.0 ft)underground shaft,
weapons development		89 kt[1][4][5][6][7]
Cove - 1 (withOarlock)February 16, 1977 17:53:00.16PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U3ki37°00′24″N116°01′56″W / 37.00662°N 116.0321°W /37.00662; -116.0321 (Cove - 1)1,181 m (3,875 ft) +underground shaft,
weapons development		3 kt[1][4][5]Simultaneous, separate holes.
Oarlock - 2 (withCove)February 16, 1977 17:53:00.073PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U3km37°00′48″N116°01′46″W / 37.01346°N 116.02937°W /37.01346; -116.02937 (Oarlock - 2)1,183 m (3,881 ft) – 317.6 m (1,042 ft)underground shaft,
weapons development		8 kt[1][4][5]Simultaneous, separate holes.
Dofino - 1March 8, 1977 14:24:00.164PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U10ba37°10′34″N116°03′14″W / 37.17616°N 116.05385°W /37.17616; -116.05385 (Dofino - 1)1,283 m (4,209 ft) – 182.88 m (600.0 ft)underground shaft,
weapons development		800 tVenting detected, 25 Ci (920 GBq)[1][3][4][5][8]Simultaneous, same hole.
Dofino-Lawton - 2March 8, 1977 14:24:00.16PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U10ba37°10′34″N116°03′14″W / 37.17616°N 116.05385°W /37.17616; -116.05385 (Dofino-Lawton - 2)1,283 m (4,209 ft) – 282 m (925 ft)underground shaft,
weapons development		less than 20 ktVenting detected[1][4][5][8]Simultaneous, same hole.
MarsillyApril 5, 1977 15:00:00.167PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U2ei37°07′13″N116°03′47″W / 37.12019°N 116.06315°W /37.12019; -116.06315 (Marsilly)1,259 m (4,131 ft) – 689.73 m (2,262.9 ft)underground shaft,
weapons development		140 ktVenting detected, 15 Ci (560 GBq)[1][4][5][6][8][9]
BulkheadApril 27, 1977 15:00:00.084PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U7am37°05′41″N116°01′44″W / 37.09474°N 116.02875°W /37.09474; -116.02875 (Bulkhead)1,259 m (4,131 ft) – 594.36 m (1,950.0 ft)underground shaft,
weapons development		67 kt[1][4][5][6]
CrewlineMay 25, 1977 17:00:00.076PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U7ap37°05′39″N116°02′45″W / 37.0943°N 116.04574°W /37.0943; -116.04574 (Crewline)1,237 m (4,058 ft) – 564.18 m (1,851.0 ft)underground shaft,
weapons development		51 kt[1][4][5][6]
ForefootJune 2, 1977 17:15:00.098PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U3kf37°03′18″N116°01′33″W / 37.0549°N 116.02583°W /37.0549; -116.02583 (Forefoot)1,207 m (3,960 ft) – 193.55 m (635.0 ft)underground shaft,
weapons development		less than 20 kt[1][4][5]
CarnelianJuly 28, 1977 14:07:00.162PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U4af37°05′51″N116°05′31″W / 37.09751°N 116.09182°W /37.09751; -116.09182 (Carnelian)1,265 m (4,150 ft) – 208 m (682 ft)underground shaft,
weapons development		600 tVenting detected, 7 Ci (260 GBq)[1][3][4][5][8]
StrakeAugust 4, 1977 16:40:00.074PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U7ae37°05′11″N116°00′28″W / 37.08652°N 116.00774°W /37.08652; -116.00774 (Strake)1,273 m (4,177 ft) – 517.55 m (1,698.0 ft)underground shaft,
weapons development		44 kt[1][4][5][6]
Gruyere - 1August 16, 1977 14:41:00.165PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U9cg37°08′42″N116°03′00″W / 37.14512°N 116.04996°W /37.14512; -116.04996 (Gruyere - 1)1,263 m (4,144 ft) – 206.96 m (679.0 ft)underground shaft,
weapons development		less than 20 kt[1][3][4][5]Simultaneous, same hole.
Gruyere-Gradino - 2August 16, 1977 14:41:00.16PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U9cg37°08′42″N116°03′00″W / 37.14512°N 116.04996°W /37.14512; -116.04996 (Gruyere-Gradino - 2)1,263 m (4,144 ft) – 320 m (1,050 ft)underground shaft,
weapons development		600 tVenting detected, 0.8 Ci (30 GBq)[1][4][5][8]Simultaneous, same hole.
FlotostAugust 16, 1977 15:49:00.168PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U2ao37°08′48″N116°03′50″W / 37.14669°N 116.06402°W /37.14669; -116.06402 (Flotost)1,284 m (4,213 ft) – 274.93 m (902.0 ft)underground shaft,
weapons development		1.5 ktVenting detected, 3 Ci (110 GBq)[1][3][4][5][8]
ScupperAugust 19, 1977 17:32:00.098PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U3hj37°01′03″N116°01′57″W / 37.01757°N 116.03248°W /37.01757; -116.03248 (Scupper)1,185 m (3,888 ft) – 449.58 m (1,475.0 ft)underground shaft,
weapons development		200 t[1][3][4][5][6]
ScantlingAugust 19, 1977 17:55:00.1PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U4h37°06′36″N116°03′20″W / 37.10997°N 116.05567°W /37.10997; -116.05567 (Scantling)1,246 m (4,088 ft) – 701.04 m (2,300.0 ft)underground shaft,
weapons development		120 kt[1][4][5][6][7]
EbbtideSeptember 15, 1977 14:36:30.077PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U3kt37°01′58″N116°02′38″W / 37.03274°N 116.044°W /37.03274; -116.044 (Ebbtide)1,194 m (3,917 ft) – 379.48 m (1,245.0 ft)underground shaft,
weapons development		6 kt[1][4][5]
CoulommiersSeptember 27, 1977 14:00:00.161PST (–8 hrs)
NTS Area U2ei37°09′04″N116°04′06″W / 37.15112°N 116.06843°W /37.15112; -116.06843 (Coulommiers)1,292 m (4,239 ft) – 530.35 m (1,740.0 ft)underground shaft,
weapons development		20 ktVenting detected, 0.9 Ci (33 GBq)[1][4][5][6][8][9]
  1. ^A bomb test may be a salvo test, defined as two or more explosions "where a period of time between successive individual explosions does not exceed 5 seconds and where the burial points of all explosive devices can be connected by segments of straight lines, each of them connecting two burial points and does not exceed 40 kilometers in length".Mikhailov, V. N., Editor in Chief."Catalog of World Wide Nuclear Testing". Begell-Atom, LLC. Archived fromthe original on April 26, 2014.{{cite journal}}:|first= has generic name (help);Cite journal requires|journal= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. ^The US, France and Great Britain have code-named their test events, while the USSR and China did not, and therefore have only test numbers (with some exceptions – Soviet peaceful explosions were named). Word translations into English in parentheses unless the name is a proper noun. A dash followed by a number indicates a member of a salvo event. The US also sometimes named the individual explosions in such a salvo test, which results in "name1 – 1(with name2)". If test is canceled or aborted, then the row data like date and location discloses the intended plans, where known.
  3. ^To convert the UT time into standard local, add the number of hours in parentheses to the UT time; for local daylight saving time, add one additional hour. If the result is earlier than 00:00, add 24 hours and subtract 1 from the day; if it is 24:00 or later, subtract 24 hours and add 1 to the day. Historical time zone data obtained from theIANA time zone database.
  4. ^Rough place name and a latitude/longitude reference; for rocket-carried tests, the launch location is specified before the detonation location, if known. Some locations are extremely accurate; others (like airdrops and space blasts) may be quite inaccurate. "~" indicates a likely pro-forma rough location, shared with other tests in that same area.
  5. ^Elevation is the ground level at the point directly below the explosion relative to sea level; height is the additional distance added or subtracted by tower, balloon, shaft, tunnel, air drop or other contrivance. For rocket bursts the ground level is "N/A". In some cases it is not clear if the height is absolute or relative to ground, for example,Plumbbob/John. No number or units indicates the value is unknown, while "0" means zero. Sorting on this column is by elevation and height added together.
  6. ^Atmospheric, airdrop, balloon, gun, cruise missile, rocket, surface, tower, and barge are all disallowed by thePartial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. Sealed shaft and tunnel are underground, and remained useful under the PTBT. Intentional cratering tests are borderline; they occurred under the treaty, were sometimes protested, and generally overlooked if the test was declared to be a peaceful use.
  7. ^Include weapons development, weapon effects, safety test, transport safety test, war, science, joint verification and industrial/peaceful, which may be further broken down.
  8. ^Designations for test items where known, "?" indicates some uncertainty about the preceding value, nicknames for particular devices in quotes. This category of information is often not officially disclosed.
  9. ^Estimated energy yield intons, kilotons, and megatons. A ton of TNT equivalent is defined as 4.184 gigajoules (1 gigacalorie).
  10. ^Radioactive emission to the atmosphere aside from prompt neutrons, where known. The measured species is only iodine-131 if mentioned, otherwise it is all species. No entry means unknown, probably none if underground and "all" if not; otherwise notation for whether measured on the site only or off the site, where known, and the measured amount of radioactivity released.

References

[edit]
  1. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyYang, Xiaoping; North, Robert; Romney, Carl (August 2000),CMR Nuclear Explosion Database (Revision 3), SMDC Monitoring Research
  2. ^"Time Zone Historical Database". iana.com. RetrievedMarch 8, 2014.
  3. ^abcdefNorris, Robert Standish; Cochran, Thomas B. (February 1, 1994),"United States nuclear tests, July 1945 to 31 December 1992 (NWD 94-1)"(PDF),Nuclear Weapons Databook Working Paper, Washington, DC: Natural Resources Defense Council, archived fromthe original(PDF) on October 29, 2013, retrievedOctober 26, 2013
  4. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxOfficial list of underground nuclear explosions, Sandia National Laboratories, July 1, 1994, retrievedDecember 18, 2013
  5. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxUnited States Nuclear Tests: July 1945 through September 1992(PDF) (DOE/NV-209 REV15), Las Vegas, NV: Department of Energy, Nevada Operations Office, December 1, 2000, archived fromthe original(PDF) on October 12, 2006, retrievedDecember 18, 2013
  6. ^abcdefghHechanova, Anthony E.; O'Donnell, James E. (September 25, 1998),Estimates of yield for nuclear tests impacting the groundwater at the Nevada Test Site, Nuclear Science and Technology Division
  7. ^abOperation Argus, 1958 (DNA6039F), Washington, DC: Defense Nuclear Agency, Department of Defense, 1982, retrievedNovember 26, 2013
  8. ^abcdefgRadiological Effluents Released from U.S. Continental Tests 1961 Through 1992 (DOE/NV-317 Rev. 1)(PDF), DOE Nevada Operations Office, August 1996, archived fromthe original(PDF) on November 3, 2013, retrievedOctober 31, 2013
  9. ^abEstimated exposures and thyroid doses received by the American people from Iodine-131 in fallout following Nevada atmospheric nuclear bomb tests, Chapter 2(PDF), National Cancer Institute, 1997, archived fromthe original(PDF) on December 21, 2010, retrievedJanuary 5, 2014
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