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Aflue pipe (also referred to as alabial pipe) is anorgan pipe that produces sound through the vibration of air molecules, in the same manner as arecorder or awhistle, in apipe organ. Air under pressure (calledwind) is driven through aflue and against a sharp lip called alabium, causing the column of air in the pipe to resonate at a frequency determined by the pipe length (seewind instrument). Thus, there are no moving parts in a flue pipe. This is in contrast toreed pipes, whose sound is driven by beatingreeds, as in aclarinet.
Flue pipes include allstops of the Principal, Flute, and String classes, and some stops from the Hybrid class.
Flue pipes may be metallic or wooden. Metal pipes are usually circular in cross section; wooden pipes are usually square or rectangular, though triangular and round wooden pipes do exist. A flue pipe has two major parts, a foot and a resonator. Thefoot is the bottom portion of the pipe, usually conical. At its base is thetoe hole, through which wind enters it. The length of the foot does not affect the pipe's pitch, so organ builders vary the foot lengths of their flue pipes depending on other factors, including the desired shape of the pipes in the façade, the height of the rackboard in which the pipes are seated, and the weight of the completed pipe.
Voicing of a pipe organ is the art of achieving the required tonal quality from each pipe, as distinct fromtuning (setting its pitch or frequency). The term only applies to flue pipes, not toreeds, and is practised by a specialist voicer,[1] who may also be the tuner.
Theresonator supports the oscillations of air generated at themouth of the pipe, a horizontal opening at the juncture of the resonator with the foot. The voicing, the length of the resonator, and the resonator's volume all determine the fundamental pitch of the flue pipe. The conical taper of the pipe determines the overblown pitch. If the pipe is metal, atuning sleeve ortuning collar may be fixed at the top of the resonator and raised or lowered to vary its length, thereby adjusting the pitch produced.
Between the foot and the resonator, the side of the pipe containing the mouth is flat. A plate of metal or wood called alanguid, fixed horizontally here, blocks the airway, except for a small slot called thewindway alongside the mouth. This allows air to flow as a sheet of wind directed towards the pipe's mouth. Flat pieces of metal or wood calledears may be attached to the sides of the mouth for tuning purposes, and a horizontal dowel called aroller orbeard may be affixed at the pipe to ensure prompt pipe speech.
When wind is driven into the foot of the pipe, a sheet of wind is focused by the windway across the mouth to strike just above the edge of the upper lip. This creates aBernoulli effect, or "siphon effect", causing a lowpressure area to be created just below the mouth. When this low pressure area reaches a critical stage, it pulls the airstream past the edge of the mouth, filling the vacuum. This alternately pressurizes the inside and outside of the opening, pressurizing and rarefying the air in the pipe's resonator. The column of air in the resonator thus vibrates at a frequency determined by the pipe's dimensions.[2][3] SeeWind Instrument.
Flue pipes generally belong to one of three tonal families:flutes,diapasons (orprincipals), andstrings. The basic "foundation" (from theFrench termfonds) sound of an organ is composed of varying combinations of these three tonal groups, depending upon the particular organ and therepertory being played.
The end of the pipe opposite the mouth may be either open or closed (also known as Gedackt orstopped). Aclosed pipe sounds an octave lower than anopen pipe of the same length. Also, an open pipe produces a tone in which both the even-numbered and the odd-numberedpartials are present, while a stopped pipe produces a tone with odd-numbered partials. The tone of a stopped pipe tends to be gentler and sweeter than that of an open pipe, though this is largely at the discretion of the voicer.
In the system oforgan flue pipe scaling, "flutes" are generally the widest flue pipes and produce the tone with the mostfundamental and the leastharmonics among flue pipes. They are so named because they sound like aflute instrument; though most flute stops are not intended to imitate a specific kind of flute, such as the modern orchestral instrument, they produce similar sounds. A stopped flute, such as theGedackt (German for "covered"), produces a more muffled sound, while an open flute, such as theWaldflöte (German for "forest flute"), produces a rounder, open sound. TheFlûte harmonique (French for "harmonic flute"), whose use the great 19th-century French organ builderAristide Cavaillé-Coll advocated, is a metal flute pipe of double length with a hole punched in the center, which causes the pipe to speak at its first partial with a very round, intense sound. Cavaillé-Coll used the namesFlûte Octaviante andOctavin for the 4-foot and 2-foot harmonic flutes, respectively. TheRohrflöte (German for "pipe flute", or more commonly "chimney flute" in English) is a stopped flute rank with a small pipe or chimney built into the cap.
Diapasons orprincipals produce the characteristic sound of the pipe organ. They are not intended to imitate any other instrument or sound. They are medium-scaled and often feature prominently in the façades of pipe organs, often painted and decorated. Diapasons appear throughout the entire range of the instrument, from 32′ pitch to 1′ pitch (not includingmixtures), a range of nine octaves.
A stop of diapason type may or may not actually be labelled "Diapason". The "Diapason" label is most commonly used in English and American-style organs, whereas the same type of stop is known as a "Prinzipal" or "Principal" on German-style organs, and in French organs they would typically be called "Montre" (literally on "Display" - i.e. the pipes at the front of the organ case) or "Prestant" ("standing in front" - Latinpraestare). Furthermore, diapasons at pitches higher than8′ pitch (pronounced "8 foot", referring to the length of the resonator part of the longest pipe of the stop) are often labelled with other names. For example, on English-style organs, the stops called Principal and Fifteenth sound one octave and two octave pitches respectively above the 8′ Diapason; on German-style organs, the nameOctav is used to indicate the stop an octave above the 8′ Prinzipal, and similarly for French instruments, the names Octave and Doublette for 4′ and 2′ pitches respectively are commonly used.
In Italian organs, the 8′ and sometime the 16′ pitches are called "Principale" and form the foundation of the entire organ. One characteristic of the classic Italian organ (from the 16th century on) is the separated "Ripieno". The "Ripieno" includes many Diapason stops, all separate, in contrast to the German and French style "Fourniture" and "Mixtur". The 4′ pitch is called "Ottava" and all the others are named after the harmonic they produce. They can go up to the "Quadragesima Terza" (43rd), a pipe of1⁄8′ pitch.
String pipes are the smallest-scaled (narrowest) flue pipes. They produce a bright sound that is low in fundamentals and rich in upper partials. String stops are generally named afterbowedstring instruments such as theVioloncelle, theGamba, the Geigen (from the GermanGeige, forviolin), and theViol. One of the most famous organs with a String Division is theWanamaker Organ.
Often, an organ will feature two similarly-voiced stops, one tuned slightly sharp or flat of the other. When these stops are played together, a unique undulating effect results due to alternating constructive and destructive interference (beat frequency). Examples include theVoix céleste (French forcelestial voice), typically tuned slightly sharp, and theUnda maris (Latin forsea waves), typically tuned slightly flat. String stops are most commonly used as undulating stops, though some builders have made undulating flute stops (notablyErnest M. Skinner's Flute celeste). Rare outside Italy is an undulating diapason, as in the Italian "Voce Umana" (not to be confused with theVox Humana, which is a soft reed stop with a short resonator).
Some flue pipes are designed to produce the sounds of reed pipes or to imitate the sounds of orchestral instruments which are approximated by reed pipes. The sound is generally more mellow and sweet than that of a true reed pipe. Examples include the Saxophone, the Muted horn, the Clarinet flute, and the Echo oboe.
The diameter of a flue pipe directly affects its tone. When comparing pipes of otherwise identical shape and size, a wide pipe will tend to produce a flute tone, a medium pipe a diapason tone, and a narrow pipe a string tone. These relationships are referred to as thescale of the pipe: i.e., wide-scaled, normal-scaled, or narrow-scaled. As a pipe's scale increases, more fundamental will be present, and fewer partials will be present in the tone. Thus, the tone becomes richer and fuller as the pipe's diameter widens from string scale to principal scale to flute scale.
The material out of which the pipe is constructed also has much to do with the pipe's final sound. While recent scientific studies have shown that the nature of the metal used in making the pipe has little or no effect on the final sound[citation needed], organ builders agree that a tin/lead alloy, for example, creates a very different tone than does zinc or copper metals or spotted or frosted alloys.
