Inwar, anopen city is a settlement which has announced it has abandoned all defensive efforts, generally in the event of the imminent capture of thecity to avoid destruction. Once a city has declared itself open, the opposing military will be expected underinternational law to peacefullyoccupy the city rather than destroy it.
The concept of an open city emerged during World War I, where cities were declared demilitarized in an attempt to avoid destruction.Protocol I of theGeneva Conventions forbids the attacking party to "attack, by any means whatsoever, non-defended localities".[1] The intent is to protect the city'scivilians and cultural landmarks from a battle which may be futile.
Attacking forces do not always respect the declaration of an open city. Defensive forces will occasionally use the designation as a political tactic as well.[2] In some cases, the declaration of a city to be open is made by a side on the verge of surrender and defeat; in other cases, those making such a declaration are willing and able to fight on, but prefer that the specific city be spared. Often,resistance movements will be active in open cities, straining the temperate conduct of the occupying forces.
Numerous cities were declared open cities duringWorld War II:
Kraków was left undefended (except for some small local units) after the Polish6th Infantry Division marched by the city to the nearbyNiepołomice Forest to set new defensive lines during theGerman invasion of Poland. This led the Mayor of Kraków to declare it an open city on 5 September 1939. TheGerman Army entered the city the next day.[3]
Brussels was declared an open city by the Belgian government on 17 May 1940 during theBattle of Belgium, and was occupied by the Germans.[4]
Paris was declared an open city by the French government on 11 June 1940 during theBattle of France, as the government moved toBordeaux.[5][6]
Rome was declared open on 14 August 1943 by the Italian government[12] following the cessation ofAllied bombing.[13] Subsequently, Allied forces entered Rome in June 1944 and retreating German forces also declaredFlorence andChieti on 24 March 1944 open cities.[13]
Athens was declared an open city by the Germans on 11 October 1944.[14]
Hamburg was declared open on 3 May 1945 by the Germans and was immediately occupied by theBritish Army.[15]
In 1977, a far-left group in Japan—called the "National Open City Declaration Movement Network"—began organizing activists to make cities preemptively declare themselves "defenseless" under theGeneva Convention, so that in the event of war, they would be legally forced to welcome any invasion.[16] This was rejected by nearly all of Japan's political parties and the ruling government as inherently absurd, since Japan was not in a war, and in the event of war such a decision would have to be approved by the national government.[17] However, theSocial Democratic Party—which was the junior party of the ruling coalition from 1994 to 1996—supported it.[18][when?]
Nevertheless, fourwards of Tokyo andKagoshima City, Japan's southernmost port, among many other cities considered[when?] legislation to be declared "open cities".[19]
^Murphy, Paul I. and Arlington, R. Rene. (1983) La Popessa: The Controversial Biography of Sister Pasqualina, the Most Powerful Woman in Vatican History. New York: Warner Books Inc.ISBN0-446-51258-3, p. 210
^de Gaulle, Charles (1968).Ratni memoari: Poziv, 1940–1942 [War Memoirs: Call to Honour, 1940–1942] (in Serbian). Vol. 1. Belgrade/Ljubljana: Prosveta, Državna založba Slovenije. p. 53.
