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Open central unrounded vowel

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Vowel sound often represented by ⟨ä⟩ in IPA

Open central unrounded vowel
ä
IPA number	304 415
Audio sample
source · help
Encoding
Entity(decimal)	`ä`
Unicode(hex)	U+00E4
X-SAMPA	`a_"`

IPA:Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i y	ɨ ʉ	ɯ u
Near-close	ɪ ʏ		ʊ
Close-mid	e ø	ɘ ɵ	ɤ o
Mid	e̞ ø̞	ə	ɤ̞ o̞
Open-mid	ɛ œ	ɜ ɞ	ʌ ɔ
Near-open	æ	ɐ
Open	a ɶ	ä	ɑ ɒ

Legend:unrounded • rounded

Theopen central unrounded vowel, orlow central unrounded vowel,^[1] is a type ofvowel sound, used in severalspoken languages. While theInternational Phonetic Alphabet officially has no dedicated letter for this sound between front[a] and back[ɑ], it is normally written ⟨a⟩. If precision is required, it can be specified by usingdiacritics, typically centralized ⟨ä⟩.

It is usual to use plain ⟨a⟩ for an open central vowel and, if needed, ⟨æ⟩ for an open front vowel.Sinologists may use the letter ⟨ᴀ⟩ (small capital A). The IPA has voted against officially adopting this symbol in 1976, 1989, and 2012.^[2]^[3]^[4]

Features

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Itsvowel height isopen, also known as low, which means the tongue is positioned far from the roof of the mouth – that is, low in the mouth.
Itsvowel backness iscentral, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between afront vowel and aback vowel. This often subsumes open (low) front vowels, because the tongue does not have as much flexibility in positioning as it does for the close (high) vowels; the difference between an open front vowel and an open back vowel is equal to the difference between a close front and a close central vowel, or a close central and a close back vowel.
It isunrounded, which means that the lips are not rounded.

Occurrence

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Most languages have some form of an unrounded open vowel. Because the IPA uses⟨a⟩ for both front and central unrounded open vowels, it is not always clear whether a particular language uses the former or the latter. However, there may not actually be a difference. (SeeVowel § Acoustics.)

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Burmese^[5]		မာ (ma)	[mä]	'hard'	Oral allophone of/a/ in open syllables; realized as near-open[ɐ] in other environments.^[5]
Catalan		sac	[ˈs̺äk]	'bag'	General pronunciation of stressed/a/. SeeCatalan phonology
Chinese	Mandarin^[6]	塌 (tā)	[tʰä˥]^ⓘ	'collapse'	SeeStandard Chinese phonology
Czech^[7]^[8]		prach	[präx]	'dust'	SeeCzech phonology
Danish	Standard^[9]	barn	[ˈpɑ̈ːˀn]	'child'	Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɑː⟩. SeeDanish phonology
Dutch^[10]^[11]		zaal	[zäːɫ]	'hall'	Ranges fromfront to central;^[10] in non-standard accents it may beback. SeeDutch phonology
English	Australian^[12]	bra	[bɹɐ̞ː]	'bra'	Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɐː⟩. SeeAustralian English phonology
	East Anglian^[13]				Used mostly by middle-class speakers; can be front[aː] instead.^[13]
	General American^[14]				In theMidwest. Can be back[ɑː] instead.^[14]
	New Zealand^[15]^[16]				Can be more front[a̠ː] and/or higher[ɐ̟ː~ɐː] instead.^[15]^[16] It may be transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɐː⟩. SeeNew Zealand English phonology
	Mid-Ulster
					Can be more front[a] instead.
		trap	[t̪͆ɹäp]	'trap'	Can be more front[a] instead.
	SomeCanadian andCalifornian speakers^[17]^[18]		[t̠ɹ̝̊äp̚]		SeeCanadian Shift andEnglish phonology
	Multicultural London^[19]		[t̠ɹ̝̊äʔp]		More front[a] in otherSouthern England English.
	Northern England^[20]		[tʰɹäp]		More front[a] inScouse.
French	Parisian^[21]^[22]	patte	[pät̪]	'paw'	Older speakers have two contrastive open vowels: front/a/ and back/ɑ/.^[22] SeeFrench phonology
German^[23]^[24]		Katze	[ˈkʰät͡sə]	'cat'	Can be more front or more back in regionalStandard German.^[25] SeeStandard German phonology
Hindi		आकार (akaar)	[äkäːɾ]	'shape'	Contrasts with the Mid-central vowel[ə]. SeeHindi phonology.
Hungarian^[26]		láb	[läːb]	'leg'	SeeHungarian phonology
Italian^[27]		casa	[ˈkäːsä]	'home'	SeeItalian phonology
Japanese^[28]		蚊 (ka)	[kä]^ⓘ	'mosquito'	SeeJapanese phonology
Limburgish	Hamont-Achel dialect^[29]	zaak	[ˈzǎ̠ːk]	'business'	Front[aː] in other dialects.
Lithuanian		ratas	[räːtɐs̪]	'wheel'	SeeLithuanian phonology
Malay	Standard	رق (rak)	[räʔ]	'shelf'	Can be front[a]. SeeMalay phonology
	Kedah	کاتيل (katil)	[käte]	'bed'	SeeKedah Malay
	Kelantan-Pattani	سست (sesat)	[səˈsäʔ]	'lost'	SeeKelantan-Pattani Malay
Malayalam		വാൾ	[ʋäːɭ̩]	'sword'	SeeMalayalam phonology
Polish^[30]		kat	[kät̪]^ⓘ	'executioner'	SeePolish phonology
Portuguese^[31]		vá	[vä]	'go'	SeePortuguese phonology
Romanian^[32]		cal	[käl]	'horse'	SeeRomanian phonology
Serbo-Croatian^[33]^[34]		пас /pas	[pâ̠s̪]	'dog'	SeeSerbo-Croatian phonology
Spanish^[35]		rata	[ˈrät̪ä]	'rat'	SeeSpanish phonology
Swedish	Central Standard^[36]^[37]	bank	[bäŋk]	'bank'	Also described as front[a].^[38]^[39] SeeSwedish phonology
Thai^[40]		บางกอก (baang-gɔ̀ɔk)	[bäːŋ˧.kɔːk̚˨˩]^ⓘ	'Bangkok'	SeeThai phonology
Turkish^[41]	Standard	at	[ät̪]	'horse'	Also described as back[ɑ].^[42] SeeTurkish phonology
Welsh		siarad	[ʃäräd]	'talk'	SeeWelsh phonology
Yoruba^[43]		àbá	[ä̀.bä́]	'idea'	SeeYoruba phonology

Notes

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^While theInternational Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" forvowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
^Wells (1976).
^International Phonetic Association (1989), p. 74.
^Keating (2012).
^^a ^bWatkins (2001), pp. 292–293.
^Lee & Zee (2003), pp. 110–111.
^Dankovičová (1999), p. 72.
^Šimáčková, Podlipský & Chládková (2012), p. 228.
^Grønnum (1998), p. 100.
^^a ^bCollins & Mees (2003), p. 104.
^Verhoeven (2005), p. 245.
^Cox & Fletcher (2017), pp. 64–65.
^^a ^bTrudgill (2004), p. 172.
^^a ^bWells (1982), p. 476.
^^a ^bBauer et al. (2007), p. 98.
^^a ^bHay, Maclagan & Gordon (2008), pp. 21–23.
^Esling & Warkentyne (1993), p. ?.
^Boberg (2004), pp. 361–362.
^Kerswill, Torgerson & Fox (2006), p. 30.
^Boberg (2004), p. 361.
^Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
^^a ^bCollins & Mees (2013), pp. 226–227.
^Kohler (1999), p. 87.
^Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 34.
^Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 64.
^Szende (1994), p. 92.
^Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 119.
^Okada (1999), p. 117.
^Verhoeven (2007), p. 221.
^Jassem (2003), p. 105.
^Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
^Sarlin (2014), p. 18.
^Kordić (2006), p. 4.
^Landau et al. (1999), p. 67.
^Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 256.
^Engstrand (1999), p. 140.
^Riad (2014), p. 35.
^Bolander (2001), p. 55.
^Rosenqvist (2007), p. 9.
^Tingsabadh & Abramson (1993), p. 25.
^Zimmer & Orgun (1999), p. 155.
^Göksel & Kerslake (2005), p. 10.
^Bamgboṣe (1966), p. 166.

References

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Arvaniti, Amalia (2007),"Greek Phonetics: The State of the Art"(PDF),Journal of Greek Linguistics,8:97–208,CiteSeerX 10.1.1.692.1365,doi:10.1075/jgl.8.08arv, archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2013-12-11
Bamgboṣe, Ayọ (1966),A Grammar of Yoruba, [West African Languages Survey / Institute of African Studies], Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Bauer, Laurie; Warren, Paul; Bardsley, Dianne; Kennedy, Marianna; Major, George (2007),"New Zealand English",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,37 (1):97–102,doi:10.1017/S0025100306002830
Boberg, Charles (2004), "English in Canada: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.),A handbook of varieties of English, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 351–366,ISBN 978-3-11-017532-5
Bolander, Maria (2001),Funktionell svensk grammatik (1st ed.), Liber AB,ISBN 9789147050543
Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981],The Phonetics of English and Dutch (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers,ISBN 978-9004103405
Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2013) [First published 2003],Practical Phonetics and Phonology: A Resource Book for Students (3rd ed.), Routledge,ISBN 978-0-415-50650-2
Cox, Felicity; Fletcher, Janet (2017) [First published 2012],Australian English Pronunciation and Transcription (2nd ed.), Cambridge University Press,ISBN 978-1-316-63926-9
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Dankovičová, Jana (1999), "Czech",Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press, pp. 70–74
Dudenredaktion; Kleiner, Stefan; Knöbl, Ralf (2015) [First published 1962],Das Aussprachewörterbuch (in German) (7th ed.), Berlin: Dudenverlag,ISBN 978-3-411-04067-4
Engstrand, Olle (1999), "Swedish",Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 140–142,ISBN 978-0-521-63751-0
Esling, John H.; Warkentyne, Henry J. (1993), "Retracting of/æ/ in Vancouver English", in Clarke, Sandra (ed.),Focus on Canada, Varieties of English Around the World,John Benjamins Publishing Company,ISBN 978-1556194429
Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L (1993), "French",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,23 (2):73–76,doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874,S2CID 249404451
Göksel, Asli; Kerslake, Celia (2005),Turkish: a comprehensive grammar, Routledge,ISBN 978-0415114943
Grønnum, Nina (1998), "Illustrations of the IPA: Danish",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,28 (1 & 2):99–105,doi:10.1017/s0025100300006290,S2CID 249412109
Hay, Jennifer; Maclagan, Margaret; Gordon, Elizabeth (2008),New Zealand English, Dialects of English, Edinburgh University Press,ISBN 978-0-7486-2529-1
International Phonetic Association (1989), "Report on the 1989 Kiel Convention",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,19 (2):67–80,doi:10.1017/S0025100300003868,S2CID 249412330
Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,33 (1):103–107,doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
Keating, Patricia (2012), "IPA Council votes against new IPA symbol",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,42 (2): 245,doi:10.1017/S0025100312000114
Kerswill, Paul; Torgerson, Eivind; Fox, Sue (2006), "Innovation in inner-London teenage speech",NWAV35, Columbus
Kohler, Klaus J. (1999), "German",Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 86–89,ISBN 978-0-521-65236-0
Labov, William; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles (2006),The Atlas of North American English, Berlin: Mouton-de Gruyter,ISBN 978-3-11-016746-7
Landau, Ernestina; Lončarića, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian",Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69,ISBN 978-0-521-65236-0
Lee, Wai-Sum; Zee, Eric (2003), "Standard Chinese (Beijing)",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,33 (1):109–112,doi:10.1017/S0025100303001208
Mangold, Max (2005),Das Aussprachewörterbuch, Duden, p. 37,ISBN 9783411040667
Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,33 (2):255–259,doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
Moosmüller, Sylvia; Schmid, Carolin; Brandstätter, Julia (2015), "Standard Austrian German",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,45 (3):339–348,doi:10.1017/S0025100315000055
Okada, Hideo (1999),"Japanese", in International Phonetic Association (ed.),Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press, pp. 117–119,ISBN 978-0-52163751-0
Riad, Tomas (2014),The Phonology of Swedish, Oxford University Press,ISBN 978-0-19-954357-1
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Tingsabadh, M.R. Kalaya; Abramson, Arthur (1993), "Thai",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,23 (1):24–28,doi:10.1017/S0025100300004746,S2CID 242001518
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External links

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International Phonetic Alphabet(chart)

IPA topics

IPA	International Phonetic Association History of the alphabet Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA) Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS) Journal of the IPA (JIPA)
Special topics	Cursive forms Case variants Obsolete and nonstandard symbols Naming conventions Sinological extensions World Orthography IPA chart for English dialects
Encodings	ASCII encodings SAMPA X-SAMPA Usenet ASCII-IPA TIPA Phonetic symbols in Unicode IPA number IPA Braille

Consonants

Pulmonic consonants

Place →	Labial					Coronal										Dorsal					Laryngeal
Manner ↓	Bilabial		Labiodental		Linguolabial		Dental		Alveolar		Postalveolar		Retroflex		Palatal		Velar		Uvular		Pharyngeal/epiglottal		Glottal
Nasal	m̥	m	ɱ̊	ɱ		n̼	n̪̊	n̪	n̥	n	n̠̊	n̠	ɳ̊	ɳ	ɲ̊	ɲ	ŋ̊	ŋ	ɴ̥	ɴ
Plosive	p	b	p̪	b̪	t̼	d̼	t̪	d̪	t	d			ʈ	ɖ	c	ɟ	k	ɡ	q	ɢ	ʡ		ʔ
Sibilant affricate							t̪s̪	d̪z̪	ts	dz	t̠ʃ	d̠ʒ	tʂ	dʐ	tɕ	dʑ
Non-sibilant affricate	pɸ	bβ	p̪f	b̪v			t̪θ	d̪ð	tɹ̝̊	dɹ̝	t̠ɹ̠̊˔	d̠ɹ̠˔			cç	ɟʝ	kx	ɡɣ	qχ	ɢʁ	ʡʜ	ʡʢ	ʔh
Sibilantfricative							s̪	z̪	s	z	ʃ	ʒ	ʂ	ʐ	ɕ	ʑ
Non-sibilant fricative	ɸ	β	f	v	θ̼	ð̼	θ	ð	θ̠	ð̠	ɹ̠̊˔	ɹ̠˔	ɻ̊˔	ɻ˔	ç	ʝ	x	ɣ	χ	ʁ	ħ	ʕ	h	ɦ
Approximant		β̞		ʋ				ð̞		ɹ		ɹ̠		ɻ		j		ɰ		ʁ̞				ʔ̞
Tap/flap		ⱱ̟		ⱱ		ɾ̼			ɾ̥	ɾ			ɽ̊	ɽ						ɢ̆		ʡ̮
Trill	ʙ̥	ʙ							r̥	r		r̠	ɽ̊r̥	ɽr					ʀ̥	ʀ	ʜ	ʢ
Lateral affricate									tɬ	dɮ			tꞎ	d𝼅	c𝼆	ɟʎ̝	k𝼄	ɡʟ̝
Lateral fricative							ɬ̪		ɬ	ɮ			ꞎ	𝼅	𝼆	ʎ̝	𝼄	ʟ̝
Lateral approximant								l̪	l̥	l		l̠	ɭ̊	ɭ	ʎ̥	ʎ	ʟ̥	ʟ		ʟ̠
Lateral tap/flap									ɺ̥	ɺ			𝼈̊	𝼈		ʎ̮		ʟ̆

Symbols to the right in a cell arevoiced, to the left arevoiceless.Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

Non-pulmonic consonants

		BL	LD	D	A	PA	RF	P	V	U
Implosive	Voiced	ɓ			ɗ		ᶑ	ʄ	ɠ	ʛ
Implosive	Voiceless	ɓ̥			ɗ̥		ᶑ̊	ʄ̊	ɠ̊	ʛ̥
Ejective	Stop	pʼ			tʼ		ʈʼ	cʼ	kʼ	qʼ
	Affricate		p̪fʼ	t̪θʼ	tsʼ	t̠ʃʼ	tʂʼ	tɕʼ	kxʼ	qχʼ
	Fricative	ɸʼ	fʼ	θʼ	sʼ	ʃʼ	ʂʼ	ɕʼ	xʼ	χʼ
	Lateral affricate				tɬʼ			c𝼆ʼ	k𝼄ʼ	q𝼄ʼ
	Lateral fricative				ɬʼ
Click (top: velar; bottom: uvular)	Tenuis	kʘ qʘ		kǀ qǀ	kǃ qǃ		k𝼊 q𝼊	kǂ qǂ
	Voiced	ɡʘ ɢʘ		ɡǀ ɢǀ	ɡǃ ɢǃ		ɡ𝼊 ɢ𝼊	ɡǂ ɢǂ
	Nasal	ŋʘ ɴʘ		ŋǀ ɴǀ	ŋǃ ɴǃ		ŋ𝼊 ɴ𝼊	ŋǂ ɴǂ	ʞ
	Tenuislateral				kǁ qǁ
	Voiced lateral				ɡǁ ɢǁ
	Nasal lateral				ŋǁ ɴǁ