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Open back rounded vowel

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Vowel sound represented by ⟨ɒ⟩ in IPA

Open back rounded vowel

IPA number 313

Audio sample

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Encoding

Entity(decimal) ɒ

Unicode(hex) U+0252

X-SAMPA Q

Braille

Image

IPA:Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i y	ɨ ʉ	ɯ u
Near-close	ɪ ʏ		ʊ
Close-mid	e ø	ɘ ɵ	ɤ o
Mid	e̞ ø̞	ə	ɤ̞ o̞
Open-mid	ɛ œ	ɜ ɞ	ʌ ɔ
Near-open	æ	ɐ
Open	a ɶ	ä	ɑ ɒ

Legend:unrounded • rounded

Theopen back rounded vowel, orlow back rounded vowel,^[1] is a type ofvowel sound, used in somespoken languages. The symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɒ⟩. It is calledLatin turned alpha being a rotated version ofLatin alpha. It seems a "turned scripta", being a rotated version of "script (cursive)a", which is thevariant ofa that lacks the extra stroke on top of a "printeda". Latin turned alphaa ⟨ɒ⟩ has its linear stroke on the left, whereas Latin alphaa ⟨ɑ⟩ (forits unrounded counterpart) has its linear stroke on the right.

Features

[edit]

Itsvowel height isopen, also known as low, which means the tongue is positioned far from the roof of the mouth – that is, low in the mouth.
Itsvowel backness isback, which means the tongue is positioned back in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as aconsonant.
Itsplace of articulation ispharyngeal, which means it is articulated with thetongue root against the back of the throat (thepharynx).
It isrounded, which means that the lips are rounded rather than spread or relaxed.

Occurrence

[edit]

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Afrikaans	Standard^[2]	daar	[dɒːr]	'there'	Fully back. Used by some speakers, particularly young female speakers of northern accents. Other speakers use an unrounded vowel[ɑː~ɑ̟ː].^[2] SeeAfrikaans phonology
Assamese		কৰ (kor)	[kɒ̹ɹ]	'to do'	An "over-rounded"[ɒ̹], with rounding as strong as that for[u].^[3] May also be transcribed[ɔ].
Bulgarian	SomeRhodopean dialects	мъж (măž)	[ˈmɒʃʲ]	'man'	Found as the unification of theProto-Slavic ǫ, ę, ъ and ь. Standard Bulgarian has/ɤ̞/ for ǫ and ъ and/ɛ/ for ę and ь.
Dutch	Some dialects^[4]	bot	[bɒt]	'bone'	Some non-Randstad dialects,^[4] for example those ofDen Bosch andGroningen. It is open-mid[ɔ] in standard Dutch.
English	South African^[5]	not	[nɒ̜̈t]	'not'	Near-back and weakly rounded.^[5] Some younger speakers of the General variety may actually have a higher and fully unrounded vowel[ʌ̈].^[5] SeeSouth African English phonology
	ConservativeReceived Pronunciation^[6]		[nɒt]		Somewhat raised. Contemporary RP speakers pronounce a closer vowel[ɔ]. It is proposed that the/ɒ/ vowel of Conservative RP, which is normally described as arounded vowel, is pronounced by some speakers without rounded lips for whom the characteristic quality is rather one ofsulcality.^[7] SeeEnglish phonology
	Northern English^[8]				May be somewhat raised and fronted.^[8]
	Canadian^[9]				Lot andthought have the same vowel in Canadian English; seecot–caught merger.
	Canadian^[9]	thought	[θɒt]^ⓘ	'thought'
	General American				Vowel/ɔ(:)/ is lowered (phonetic realization of/ɔ(:)/ is much lower in GA than in RP). However,"Shorto" beforer before a vowel (a shorto sound followed byr and then another vowel, as inorange,forest,moral, andwarrant) is realized as[oɹ~ɔɹ].
	Inland Northern American^[10]				SeeNorthern cities vowel shift
	Indian^[11]		[t̪ʰɒʈ]		/ɒ/ and/ɔː/ differ entirely by length in Indian English.
	Welsh^[12]^[13]		[θɒːt]		Open-mid inCardiff; may merge with/oː/ in northern dialects.
German	Many speakers^[14]	Gourmand	[ɡ̊ʊʁˈmɒ̃ː]	'gourmand'	Nasalized; common phonetic realization of/ɑ̃ː/.^[14] SeeStandard German phonology
German	ManySwiss dialects^[15]	maane	[ˈmɒːnə]	'remind'	The example word is from theZurich dialect, in which[ɒː] is in free variation with the unrounded[ɑː].^[16]
Istro-Romanian^[17]		cåp	[kɒp]	'head'	SeeIstro-Romanian pronunciation (in Romanian).
Jeju^[18]		ᄒᆞ나 (haona)	[hɒna]	'one'	SeeJeju phonology
Malay	Kedah	tua	[tu.ɒ]	'old'	Northern Kedah subdialect/dialect. Allophone of/a/ in word-final position in open-ended words and close-ended words that end with a glottal stop/ʔ/ or a glottal fricative/h/.
Mansi	Central/Northern	ам	[ɒm]	'me'	The pronunciation of 'a' sometimes varies between/ɒ/ and/o/.
Neapolitan^[19]	Vastese	uâʃtə	[uˈwɒʃtə]	'Vasto'
Norwegian	Dialects along the Swedish border^[20]	hat	[hɒ̜ːt]	'hate'	Weakly rounded and fully back.^[20] SeeNorwegian phonology
Persian		ف‍‍ارسی (fârsi)	[fɒːɾˈsiː]	'Persian'
Brazilian Portuguese	Carioca	ova	[ˈɒːva]	'fish roe'	Allophone of/ɔ/. SeePortuguese phonology
Slovak	Some speakers^[21]	a	[ɒ]	'and'	Under Hungarian influence, some speakers realize the short/a/ as rounded.^[21] SeeSlovak phonology
Swedish	Gothenburg^[22]	jag	[jɒːɡ]	'I'	More rounded than in Central Standard Swedish.^[22]
Uzbek	Standard^[23]	choy	[t͡ʃɒj]	'tea'

Near-open back rounded vowel

[edit]

Near-open back rounded vowel
ɒ̝
ɔ̞

In some languages there is thenear-open back rounded vowel (a sound between cardinal ⟨ɒ⟩ and ⟨ɔ⟩), which can be transcribed in IPA with[ɒ̝] or[ɔ̞].

Features

[edit]

Itsvowel height isnear-open, also known as near-low, which means the tongue is positioned similarly to anopen vowel, but is slightly more constricted – that is, the tongue is positioned similarly to alow vowel, but slightly higher.
Itsvowel backness isback, which means the tongue is positioned back in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as aconsonant.
Itsplace of articulation ispharyngeal, which means it is articulated with thetongue root against the back of the throat (thepharynx).
It isrounded, which means that the lips are rounded rather than spread or relaxed.

Occurrence

[edit]

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Catalan	Balearic (except Ibizan)^[24]^[25]	dones	[ˈd̪ɔ̞nəs̺]	'women'	Main realization of /ɔ/ (also represented as/ɒ/). May be unrounded[ɑ] in Majorcan and some Southern Valencian dialects. SeeCatalan phonology
	Valencian (general pronunciation)^[24]^[25]	dones	[ˈd̪ɔ̞nes̺]	'women'
	Valencian (some speakers)^[26]	taula	[ˈt̪ɑwɫɔ̞̈]	'table'	Can be realized as unrounded and/or fronted.
Dutch	Leiden^[27]	bad	[bɒ̝t]	'bath'	Near-open fully back; may be unrounded[ɑ̝] instead.^[27] It corresponds to[ɑ] in standard Dutch.
Dutch	Rotterdam^[27]	bad	[bɒ̝t]	'bath'
Hungarian	Standard^[28]	magyar	[ˈmɒ̜̽ɟɒ̜̽r]	'Hungarian'	Somewhat fronted and raised, with only slight rounding; sometimes transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔ⟩. Unrounded[ɑ] in some dialects.^[29] SeeHungarian phonology
Ibibio^[30]		dọ	[dɒ̝́]	'marry'	Near-open;^[30] typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔ⟩.
Irish	Ulster^[31]	ólann	[ɒ̝ːɫ̪ən̪ˠ]	'(he) drinks'	Near-open;^[31] may be transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔː⟩.
Lehali^[32]		dön̄	[ⁿdɒ̝ŋ]	'yam'	Raised vowel, being the back rounded counterpart of/æ/ in a symmetrical vowel inventory.^[32]
Lemerig^[33]		‘ān̄sār	[ʔɒ̝ŋsɒ̝r]	'person'	Raised vowel, being the back rounded counterpart of/æ/ in a symmetrical vowel inventory.^[33]
Limburgish	Maastrichtian^[34]	plaots	[plɒ̝ːts]	'place'	Near-open fully back; typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔː⟩.^[34] Corresponds to[ɔː] in other dialects.
Norwegian	Urban East^[35]^[36]	topp	[tʰɒ̝pː]	'top'	Near-open,^[35]^[36] also described as close-mid back[o].^[37] Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔ⟩. SeeNorwegian phonology
Swedish	Central Standard^[38]^[22]	ska	[s̪kɒ̝͑ː]^ⓘ	'be going to'	Near-open fully back weakly rounded vowel.^[38] Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɑː⟩. SeeSwedish phonology
Yoruba^[39]		itọju	[itɒ̝ju]	'care'	Near-open; most often transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔ⟩.

Notes

[edit]

^While theInternational Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" forvowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
^^a ^bWissing (2016), section "The unrounded low-central vowel/a/".
^Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), pp. 293–294.
^^a ^bCollins & Mees (2003), p. 132.
^^a ^b ^cLass (2002), p. 115.
^Roach (2004), p. 242.
^Lass, Roger (1984).Phonology: an introduction to basic concepts. p. 124.
^^a ^bLodge (2009), p. 163.
^Boberg (2004), p. 359.
^Labov, William; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles (1997),A national map of the regional dialects of American English, Department of Linguistics, University of Pennsylvania, retrievedMay 27, 2013
^Sailaja (2009), pp. 24–25.
^Connolly (1990), p. 125.
^Tench (1990), p. 135.
^^a ^bDudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 38.
^Krech et al. (2009), p. 263.
^Fleischer & Schmid (2006), p. 248.
^Pop (1938), p. 29.
^Yang, Changyong; Yang, Sejung; O'Grady, William (2020).Jejueo: the language of Korea's Jeju Island. Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press.ISBN 978-0-8248-7443-8.
^"Vastesi Language - Vastesi in the World".Vastesi in the World. Retrieved21 November 2016.
^^a ^bPopperwell (2010), p. 23.
^^a ^bKráľ (1988), p. 54.
^^a ^b ^cRiad (2014), pp. 35–36.
^Sjoberg, Andrée F. (1963).Uzbek Structural Grammar. Uralic and Altaic Series. Vol. 18. Bloomington: Indiana University. p. 17.
^^a ^bRecasens (1996), pp. 130–131.
^^a ^bRafel (1999), p. 14.
^Saborit (2009), pp. 25–26.
^^a ^b ^cCollins & Mees (2003), p. 131.
^Szende (1994), p. 92.
^Vago (1980), p. 1.
^^a ^bUrua (2004), p. 106.
^^a ^bNí Chasaide (1999), p. 114.
^^a ^bFrançois (2011), p. 194.
^^a ^bFrançois (2011), pp. 195, 208.
^^a ^bGussenhoven & Aarts (1999), pp. 158–159.
^^a ^bVanvik (1979), pp. 13, 17.
^^a ^bKvifte & Gude-Husken (2005), p. 2.
^Kristoffersen (2000), pp. 16–17.
^^a ^bEngstrand (1999), pp. 140–141.
^Bamgboṣe (1966), p. 166.

References

[edit]

Bamgboṣe, Ayọ (1966),A Grammar of Yoruba, [West African Languages Survey / Institute of African Studies], Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Bauer, Laurie; Warren, Paul; Bardsley, Dianne; Kennedy, Marianna; Major, George (2007),"New Zealand English",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,37 (1):97–102,doi:10.1017/S0025100306002830
Boberg, Charles (2004), "English in Canada: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.),A handbook of varieties of English, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, p. 359,ISBN 978-3-11-017532-5
Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981],The Phonetics of English and Dutch (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers,ISBN 978-9004103405
Connolly, John H. (1990),"Port Talbot English", in Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (eds.),English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change, Multilingual Matters Ltd., pp. 121–129,ISBN 978-1-85359-032-0
Cox, Felicity; Fletcher, Janet (2017) [First published 2012],Australian English Pronunciation and Transcription (2nd ed.), Cambridge University Press,ISBN 978-1-316-63926-9
Dudenredaktion; Kleiner, Stefan; Knöbl, Ralf (2015) [First published 1962],Das Aussprachewörterbuch (in German) (7th ed.), Berlin: Dudenverlag,ISBN 978-3-411-04067-4
Engstrand, Olle (1999), "Swedish",Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 140–142,ISBN 978-0-521-63751-0
Fleischer, Jürg; Schmid, Stephan (2006), "Zurich German",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,36 (2):243–253,doi:10.1017/S0025100306002441
François, Alexandre (2011),"Social ecology and language history in the northern Vanuatu linkage: A tale of divergence and convergence"(PDF),Journal of Historical Linguistics,1 (2):175–246,doi:10.1075/jhl.1.2.03fra,hdl:1885/29283
Gussenhoven, Carlos; Aarts, Flor (1999),"The dialect of Maastricht"(PDF),Journal of the International Phonetic Association,29 (2):155–166,doi:10.1017/S0025100300006526,S2CID 145782045, archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2017-10-11, retrieved2016-01-11
Hay, Jennifer; Maclagan, Margaret; Gordon, Elizabeth (2008),New Zealand English, Dialects of English, Edinburgh University Press,ISBN 978-0-7486-2529-1
Horvath, Barbara M. (2004), "Australian English: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.),A handbook of varieties of English, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 625–644,ISBN 978-3-11-017532-5
Kráľ, Ábel (1988),Pravidlá slovenskej výslovnosti, Bratislava: Slovenské pedagogické nakladateľstvo
Krech, Eva Maria; Stock, Eberhard; Hirschfeld, Ursula; Anders, Lutz-Christian (2009), "7.3.10 Norwegisch",Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch, Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter,ISBN 978-3-11-018202-6
Kristoffersen, Gjert (2000),The Phonology of Norwegian, Oxford University Press,ISBN 978-0-19-823765-5
Kvifte, Bjørn; Gude-Husken, Verena (2005) [First published 1997],Praktische Grammatik der norwegischen Sprache (3rd ed.), Gottfried Egert Verlag,ISBN 978-3-926972-54-5
Ladefoged, Peter;Maddieson, Ian (1996).The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell.ISBN 0-631-19815-6.
Lass, Roger (2002), "South African English", in Mesthrie, Rajend (ed.),Language in South Africa, Cambridge University Press,ISBN 9780521791052
Lodge, Ken (2009),A Critical Introduction to Phonetics, Continuum International Publishing Group,ISBN 978-0-8264-8873-2
Mahanta, Shakuntala (2012),"Assamese",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,42 (2):217–224,doi:10.1017/S0025100312000096
Ní Chasaide, Ailbhe (1999), "Irish",Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press, pp. 111–16,ISBN 978-0-521-63751-0
Pop, Sever (1938),Micul Atlas Linguistic Român, Muzeul Limbii Române Cluj
Popperwell, Ronald G. (2010) [First published 1963],Pronunciation of Norwegian, Cambridge University Press,ISBN 978-0-521-15742-1
Rafel, Joaquim (1999),Aplicació al català dels principis de transcripció de l'Associació Fonètica Internacional(PDF) (3rd ed.), Barcelona: Institut d'Estudis Catalans,ISBN 978-84-7283-446-0
Recasens, Daniel (1996),Fonètica descriptiva del català: assaig de caracterització de la pronúncia del vocalisme i el consonantisme català al segle XX (2nd ed.), Barcelona: Institut d'Estudis Catalans,ISBN 978-84-7283-312-8
Riad, Tomas (2014),The Phonology of Swedish, Oxford University Press,ISBN 978-0-19-954357-1
Roach, Peter (2004), "British English: Received Pronunciation",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,34 (2):239–245,doi:10.1017/S0025100304001768
Saborit, Josep (2009),Millorem la pronúncia (in Catalan), Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua
Sailaja, Pingali (2009),Indian English, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press Ltd, pp. 17–38,ISBN 978-0-7486-2594-9
Scobbie, James M.; Gordeeva, Olga B.; Matthews, Benjamin (2006),Acquisition of Scottish English Phonology: an overview, Edinburgh: QMU Speech Science Research Centre Working Papers
Szende, Tamás (1994), "Hungarian",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,24 (2):91–94,doi:10.1017/S0025100300005090,S2CID 242632087
Tench, Paul (1990),"The Pronunciation of English in Abercrave", in Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (eds.),English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change, Multilingual Matters Ltd., pp. 130–141,ISBN 978-1-85359-032-0
Urua, Eno-Abasi E. (2004), "Ibibio",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,34 (1):105–109,doi:10.1017/S0025100304001550
Vago, Robert M. (1980),The Sound Pattern of Hungarian, Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press
Vanvik, Arne (1979),Norsk fonetikk, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo,ISBN 978-82-990584-0-7
Wells, John C. (1982).Accents of English. Vol. 2: The British Isles (pp. i–xx, 279–466). Cambridge University Press.doi:10.1017/CBO9780511611759.ISBN 0-52128540-2 .
Wissing, Daan (2016)."Afrikaans phonology – segment inventory".Taalportaal.Archived from the original on 15 April 2017. Retrieved16 April 2017.

External links

[edit]

List of languages with[ɒ] onPHOIBLE

International Phonetic Alphabet(chart)

IPA topics

IPA	International Phonetic Association History of the alphabet Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA) Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS) Journal of the IPA (JIPA)
Special topics	Cursive forms Case variants Obsolete and nonstandard symbols Naming conventions Sinological extensions World Orthography IPA chart for English dialects
Encodings	ASCII encodings SAMPA X-SAMPA Usenet ASCII-IPA TIPA Phonetic symbols in Unicode IPA number IPA Braille

Consonants

Pulmonic consonants

Place →	Labial					Coronal										Dorsal					Laryngeal
Manner ↓	Bilabial		Labiodental		Linguolabial		Dental		Alveolar		Postalveolar		Retroflex		Palatal		Velar		Uvular		Pharyngeal/epiglottal		Glottal
Nasal	m̥	m	ɱ̊	ɱ		n̼	n̪̊	n̪	n̥	n	n̠̊	n̠	ɳ̊	ɳ	ɲ̊	ɲ	ŋ̊	ŋ	ɴ̥	ɴ
Plosive	p	b	p̪	b̪	t̼	d̼	t̪	d̪	t	d			ʈ	ɖ	c	ɟ	k	ɡ	q	ɢ	ʡ		ʔ
Sibilant affricate							t̪s̪	d̪z̪	ts	dz	t̠ʃ	d̠ʒ	tʂ	dʐ	tɕ	dʑ
Non-sibilant affricate	pɸ	bβ	p̪f	b̪v			t̪θ	d̪ð	tɹ̝̊	dɹ̝	t̠ɹ̠̊˔	d̠ɹ̠˔			cç	ɟʝ	kx	ɡɣ	qχ	ɢʁ	ʡʜ	ʡʢ	ʔh
Sibilantfricative							s̪	z̪	s	z	ʃ	ʒ	ʂ	ʐ	ɕ	ʑ
Non-sibilant fricative	ɸ	β	f	v	θ̼	ð̼	θ	ð	θ̠	ð̠	ɹ̠̊˔	ɹ̠˔	ɻ̊˔	ɻ˔	ç	ʝ	x	ɣ	χ	ʁ	ħ	ʕ	h	ɦ
Approximant		β̞		ʋ				ð̞		ɹ		ɹ̠		ɻ		j		ɰ						˷
Tap/flap		ⱱ̟		ⱱ		ɾ̼			ɾ̥	ɾ			ɽ̊	ɽ						ɢ̆		ʡ̮
Trill	ʙ̥	ʙ							r̥	r		r̠	ɽ̊r̥	ɽr					ʀ̥	ʀ	ʜ	ʢ
Lateral affricate									tɬ	dɮ			tꞎ	d𝼅	c𝼆	ɟʎ̝	k𝼄	ɡʟ̝
Lateral fricative							ɬ̪		ɬ	ɮ			ꞎ	𝼅	𝼆	ʎ̝	𝼄	ʟ̝
Lateral approximant								l̪	l̥	l		l̠	ɭ̊	ɭ	ʎ̥	ʎ	ʟ̥	ʟ		ʟ̠
Lateral tap/flap									ɺ̥	ɺ			𝼈̊	𝼈		ʎ̮		ʟ̆

Symbols to the right in a cell arevoiced, to the left arevoiceless.Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

Non-pulmonic consonants

		BL	LD	D	A	PA	RF	P	V	U
Implosive	Voiced	ɓ			ɗ		ᶑ	ʄ	ɠ	ʛ
Implosive	Voiceless	ɓ̥			ɗ̥		ᶑ̊	ʄ̊	ɠ̊	ʛ̥
Ejective	Stop	pʼ			tʼ		ʈʼ	cʼ	kʼ	qʼ
	Affricate		p̪fʼ	t̪θʼ	tsʼ	t̠ʃʼ	tʂʼ	tɕʼ	kxʼ	qχʼ
	Fricative	ɸʼ	fʼ	θʼ	sʼ	ʃʼ	ʂʼ	ɕʼ	xʼ	χʼ
	Lateral affricate				tɬʼ			c𝼆ʼ	k𝼄ʼ	q𝼄ʼ
	Lateral fricative				ɬʼ
Click (top: velar; bottom: uvular)	Tenuis	kʘ qʘ		kǀ qǀ	kǃ qǃ		k𝼊 q𝼊	kǂ qǂ
	Voiced	ɡʘ ɢʘ		ɡǀ ɢǀ	ɡǃ ɢǃ		ɡ𝼊 ɢ𝼊	ɡǂ ɢǂ
	Nasal	ŋʘ ɴʘ		ŋǀ ɴǀ	ŋǃ ɴǃ		ŋ𝼊 ɴ𝼊	ŋǂ ɴǂ	ʞ
	Tenuislateral				kǁ qǁ
	Voiced lateral				ɡǁ ɢǁ
	Nasal lateral				ŋǁ ɴǁ