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Open XML Paper Specification

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
XML-based document format

Open XML Paper Specification (OpenXPS)
Filename extension
.oxps,[1] .xps
Internet media type
application/oxps, application/vnd.ms-xpsdocument
Developed byMicrosoft,Ecma International
Initial releaseOctober 2006; 19 years ago (2006-10)
Latest release
First Edition
June 16, 2009; 16 years ago (2009-06-16)
Type of formatPage description language,document file format
Contained byOpen Packaging Conventions
Extended fromZIP,XML,XAML
StandardECMA-388
Websiteecma-international.org/publications-and-standards/standards/ecma-388/

Open XML Paper Specification (also referred to asOpenXPS) is anopen specification for apage description language and a fixed-document format.Microsoft developed it as the XML Paper Specification (XPS). In June 2009,Ecma International adopted it as international standardECMA-388.[2]

It is anXML-based (more preciselyXAML-based) specification, based on a new print path (print processing data representation and data flow) and acolor-managedvector document format that supportsdevice independence andresolution independence. InWindows 8.xps was replaced with the ECMA standard.oxps format which is not natively supported in older Windows versions.[1]

OpenXPS was introduced by Microsoft as an alternative toPortable Document Format (PDF). However, PDF remained the standard choice, and support for and user familiarity with XPS files is limited. It has been described as neglected technology, which may cause difficulties to recipients of documents in a format they are not familiar with.[3]

Format

[edit]

The XPS document format consists of structured XML markup that defines the layout of a document and the visual appearance of each page, along with rendering rules for distributing, archiving, rendering, processing and printing the documents. Notably, the markup language for XPS is a subset ofXAML, allowing it to incorporatevector elements in documents.

An XPS file is aZIP archive using theOpen Packaging Conventions, containing the files which make up the document. These include an XML markup file for each page, text,embedded fonts, raster images, 2Dvector graphics, as well as thedigital rights management information. The contents of an XPS file can be examined by opening it in an application which supports ZIP files.

There are two incompatible XPS formats available. The original document writer printed to.xps inWindows 7 andWindows Vista. Beginning withWindows 8, the document writer defaults to the.oxps format.[1]

Microsoft provides two free converters. XpsConverter converts documents between.xps and.oxps format,[4] while OxpsConverter converts documents from.oxps to.xps format.[5]

Features

[edit]

XPS specifies a set of document layout functionality for paged, printable documents.[6] It also has support for features such ascolor gradients,transparencies,CMYKcolor spaces,printer calibration, multiple-ink systems and printschemas.[7] XPS supports theWindows Color Systemcolor management technology for color conversion precision across devices andhigher dynamic range. It includes a softwareraster image processor (RIP) (downloadable separately).[8] The print subsystem supportsnamed colors, simplifying color definition for images transmitted to printers supporting those colors.

XPS supportsHD Photo images natively for raster images.[9] The XPS format used in the spool file represents advanced graphics effects such as 3D images, glow effects, and gradients as Windows Presentation Foundation primitives, which printer drivers could offload theirrasterization to the printer in order to reduce computational load if the printer is capable of rasterizing those primitives.[10]

Comparison with PDF

[edit]

LikePDF, XPS is a page description language using fixed-layout document format designed to preserve document fidelity,[11] providing device-independent document appearance. PDF uses Carousel Object Syntax (COS syntax) to form a random access database of objects that may be created fromPostScript or generated directly from applications, whereas XPS is based on XML.[12] Both formats arecompressed, albeit using different methods. The filterpipeline architecture of XPS is also similar to the one used in printers supporting the PostScript page description language. PDF includes dynamic capabilities purposely not supported by the XPS format.[13][failed verification] There are many resources for converting from XPS to PDF and some for converting from PDF to XPS. A method often suggested is to open an XPS file in a program with printing capability, and then "print" to avirtual PDF printer such as Microsoft Print to PDF,[14] with a similar procedure to convert from PDF to XPS.

Comparison between OXPS and PDF
File formatOpenXPSPDF
Original authorMicrosoftAdobe Systems
Standardized byEcma International[15]ISO
First public release date2006[16]1993[17]
Latest stable versionEcma International Standard ECMA-388 — Open XML Paper Specification — 1st EditionISO 32000-2:2020 — Document management — Portable document format — Part 2: PDF 2.0
Latest standardised versionEcma International Standard ECMA-388 — Open XML Paper Specification — 1st EditionISO 32000-2:2020 — Document management — Portable document format — Part 2: PDF 2.0
Language typeMarkup language (XML)[18][19]PDF is a random access binary file format comprising a database of objects that may be created fromPostScript or generated directly by an application.
XML schema representationXML Schema (W3C) (XSD) andRELAX NG (ISO/IEC 19757-2)[2]N/A
Compression formatContainer:ZIP[18][19][20] (Although flate(should be Deflate) is mentioned in third-party document, no specific compression method is mandated for the container.)[21]
Payload: JPEG, PNG, TIFF, JPEG XR are compressed based on their file types.[22]		LZW for both text and images; JPEG,JPEG 2000,JBIG2, CCITTGroup 4 compression, andRLE for images[23]
Container structureOpen Packaging Conventions (ISO/IEC 29500-2:2008)[18][19]
3D graphics contentX3D (ISO/IEC 19775/19776)[2]U3D (Standard ECMA-363),[24][25]PRC (Product Representation Compact, ISO 14739-1:2014),[26] STEP AP 242 (ISO 10303-242),[27] glTF[28]
Full file content compressionYes[26]Compression of collections of objects[29]
Fast page by page download from web serversYes[26]Yes[26]
Multiple documents in one fileYes[26]Yes[30]
Document bookmarks and outlineYes[26][31]Yes[26][32]
ReflowableNo[33]With PDF tagging[34]
HyperlinksYes[26][35][36]Yes[26][32]
Page thumbnailsYes[26][35]Yes[26][37]
AnnotationsYes[35]Yes[26][32]
Image transparenciesYes[26]Yes[26]
Gradient fillsYes[26][36]Yes[26]
Alpha channel in color definitionsYes[26]Yes[26]
Support for multiple transparency blending modes?Yes[29]
Change trackingNo[26]No[26]
Password protectionYes[26]Yes[26][32]
Digital signaturesYes[19][20][26][35]Yes[32][38]
JPEG (RGB and CMYK) (ISO/IEC 10918-1)Yes[20][26]Yes[38]
JPEG 2000 (ISO/IEC 15444-1)No[26]Yes[38]
JBIG2 forbi-level imagesNo[26]Yes[29]
PNGYes[26]Yes[26]
TIFF (RGB and CMYK)Yes[26]No[26]
JPEG XR (ISO/IEC 29199-2:2009)Yes[18]No[26]
Gray supportYes[26]Yes[26]
RGB supportYes[26]Yes[26]
CMYK supportYes[26]Yes[26]
Spot color supportYes[26]Yes[26]
Filename extensionsoxps[2]pdf[39]
Internet media typesapplication/oxps[2]application/pdf[40]
Standard licensingNon-free content, downloaded free-of-charge from Ecma
  • PDF 1.7: Non-free content, downloaded free-of-charge from Adobe, or for a fee from ISO
  • PDF 2.0: Non-free content, downloaded free-of-charge from the PDF Association,[41] for a fee from ISO
File formatOpenXPSPDF

Viewing and creating XPS documents

[edit]

Windows Vista and later supports both creating and viewing XPS.[42] In addition, the printing architecture of Windows Vista uses XPS as the spooler format.[11]

Apps can create XPS documents by printing to XPS Document Writer, avirtual printer that comes bundled with Windows. These files open in XPS Viewer, an optional component that comes with Windows Vista and later. In Windows Vista, XPS is hosted withinInternet Explorer, but in subsequent versions, it is a standalone app. Both versions supportdigital rights management anddigital signatures.Windows 8 also comes with an app called "Reader", which reads XPS and PDF files.[43][failed verification]

The.NET Framework 3.0 installer forWindows XP also adds the IE-hosted XPS Viewer, as well as XPS Document Writer. Since then, Microsoft released the XPS Essentials Pack for Windows XP,Server 2003, and Vista,[43][44] which includes the standalone viewer, anIFilter plug-in that helpsWindows Desktop Search index the contents of XPS files, and another plug-in forWindows Explorer to help generate thumbnails for XPS files.[43] Installing this pack enablesoperating systems prior to Windows Vista to use the XPS print spooler[45] instead of the olderGDI-based spooler.[46] The XPS print spooler can produce better quality prints for printers that directly consume the XPS format.[47]

Third-party software

[edit]
NamePlatformFunction
EvinceLinuxA document viewer for multiple document format; can display XPS documents thanks to libgxps.[48]
MuPDFLinux,Windows,Android,iOSA lightweight PDF, XPS and OpenXPS viewer; licensed under the terms ofAGPL v3
Harlequin RIPWindows,Mac OS,Linux,ThreadXRenders XPS files for print or display; used in desktop printers, digital production presses,prepress and software[49]
OkularLinux,FreeBSD,Windows,SolarisThe document viewer of theKDE project; can display XPS documents[50]
STDU ViewerMicrosoft WindowsCan display XPS documents as well as other electronic document formats. Other STDU applications may handle organizing/browsing, conversion, and extraction.[51]
Sumatra PDFWindowsCan display XPS documents, among other formats, since version 1.5, thanks toMuPDF[52]
Xara Designer ProWindowsVector graphics app with XPS support
XPS AnnotatorWindowsStandalone XPS viewer which candigitally sign andannotate XPS documents, and convert XPS documents to common picture formats.[53]
XPS ViewerWindowsFree app from Software Imaging Ltd. for viewing XPS files[54]

Hardware

[edit]

XPS had the support of printing companies such asKonica Minolta,Sharp,[55]Canon,Epson,Hewlett-Packard,[56] andXerox[57] and software and hardware companies such asCSR (formerly Zoran),[58] andGlobal Graphics.[59] Native XPS printers were introduced by Canon, Konica Minolta,Toshiba, and Xerox.[60] Devices at theCertified for Windows level ofWindows Logo conformance certification were required to have XPS drivers for printing since 1 June 2007.[61]

Licensing

[edit]

Microsoft released XPS under aroyalty-free patent license called theCommunity Promise for XPS,[62][63] allowing users to create implementations of the specification that read, write and render XPS files as long as they included a notice within the source that technologies implemented may be encumbered by patents held by Microsoft. Microsoft also required that organizations "engaged in the business of developing (i) scanners that output XPS Documents; (ii) printers that consume XPS Documents to produce hard-copy output; or (iii) print driver or raster image software products or components thereof that convert XPS Documents for the purpose of producing hard-copy output, [...] will not sue Microsoft or any of its licensees under the XML Paper Specification or customers for infringement of any XML Paper Specification Derived Patents (as defined below) on account of any manufacture, use, sale, offer for sale, importation or other disposition or promotion of any XML Paper Specification implementations." The specification itself was released under a royalty-free copyright license, allowing its free distribution.[64]

On September 13, 2011,Monotype Imaging announced it had licensed its XPS-to-PCL 6 and XPS-to-PostScript vector conversion filters to Microsoft for use in the next version of Windows.[65][66]

History and standardization

[edit]

In 2003,Global Graphics was chosen byMicrosoft to provide consultancy and proof of concept development services on XPS and worked with the Windows development teams on the specification and reference architecture for the new format.[67] Microsoft submitted the XPS specification toEcma International.[68] In June 2007 Ecma International Technical Committee 46 (TC46) was set up to develop a standard based on the Open XML Paper Specification (OpenXPS).[69]

At the 97th General Assembly held inBudapest, June 16, 2009, Ecma International approved Open XML Paper Specification (OpenXPS) as an Ecma standard (ECMA-388).[70] TC46's members included:

Malware vulnerability

[edit]
[icon]
This sectionneeds expansion. You can help byadding to it.(October 2024)

XPS files can be infected with malware.[71][72]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^abcPrince, Mitch."XPS and OXPS file support in Windows 7 and Windows 8".Mitch Prince's Blog.Microsoft. Archived fromthe original on January 29, 2013. RetrievedDecember 3, 2012.
  2. ^abcdeStandard ECMA-388: Open XML Paper Specification (OpenXPS®)(PDF) (1st ed.).Ecma International. June 2009.
  3. ^Hoffman, Chris (July 5, 2017)."What Is an XPS File and Why Does Windows Want Me to Print to One?".How-To Geek.
  4. ^"XpsConverter".Microsoft Learn. December 15, 2021.
  5. ^"You cannot open an .oxps file in Windows 7 or in Windows Server 2008 R2".Microsoft Support. RetrievedNovember 4, 2022.
  6. ^"[MS-RDPEXPS]: XPS Basics".Learn Microsoft. RetrievedJune 25, 2025.
  7. ^"Print Schema - Win32 apps".Learn Microsoft. RetrievedJune 25, 2025.
  8. ^"Reference Raster Image Processor (RIP)".Microsoft Learn. January 9, 2007. RetrievedNovember 4, 2022.
  9. ^"HD Photo".Windows Live Photo & Video Blog.Microsoft. March 12, 2007. Archived fromthe original on July 13, 2012.
  10. ^"Microsoft XML Paper Specification, (XPS)".loc.gov. February 20, 2020. RetrievedJune 25, 2025.
  11. ^abFoley, Mary Jo (April 25, 2005)."Microsoft Readies New Document Printing Specification".Microsoft Watch. Seattle:Ziff Davis. Archived fromthe original on January 28, 2013. RetrievedDecember 10, 2009.
  12. ^"Glossary of PDF terms".PDF Association. Archived fromthe original on June 25, 2025. RetrievedJune 25, 2025.
  13. ^"Comparison of PDF, XPS and ODF by an ISV providing PDF solutions". Amyuni. RetrievedDecember 10, 2009.
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  15. ^Nias, Simon (August 2, 2007)."XPS format passes first standardisation test".PrintWeek.Haymarket Media. Archived fromthe original on June 30, 2012. RetrievedJuly 11, 2009.
  16. ^"XML Paper Specification".Microsoft. October 24, 2006. Archived fromthe original on August 25, 2009. RetrievedJuly 11, 2009.
  17. ^Beal, Vangie (May 24, 2021) [first published July 1, 2005]."All About Adobe PDF".Webopedia. TechnologyAdvice.
  18. ^abcd"XPS FAQ"(PDF). Global Graphics Software Limited. January 2008. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on July 5, 2010. RetrievedJuly 6, 2009.
  19. ^abcd"XML Paper Specification (XPS)". VeryDOC.com.
  20. ^abc"ZDNet Definition for: XML Paper Specification".ZDNet.CNET. Archived fromthe original on March 24, 2008.
  21. ^ECMA-388 1st Edition / June 2009, 8.2 Package
  22. ^ECMA-388 1st Edition / June 2009, 9.1.5 Image Parts
  23. ^"PDF Reference"(PDF) (6th ed.). Adobe. November 2006. p. 39. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on June 24, 2008.
  24. ^"Acrobat 3D Developer Center". Adobe. Archived fromthe original on June 30, 2012.
  25. ^Ferris, Sara (February 2005)."U3D format debuts in Acrobat 7".CADalyst. Archived fromthe original on June 23, 2006 – viaFindArticles.
  26. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaaabacadaeafagahaiajakalamAmiouny, Dany."PDF or XPS: Choose the Right Document Format for your Applications"(PDF). Amyuni.Archived(PDF) from the original on April 12, 2022.
  27. ^"ISO/TS 24064:2023 Document management — Portable document format — RichMedia annotations conforming to the ISO 10303-242 (STEP AP 242) specification".ISO. RetrievedSeptember 9, 2024.
  28. ^"ISO/TS 32007:2024 Document management — Portable Document Format — RichMedia annotations conforming to glTF assets".ISO. RetrievedSeptember 9, 2024.
  29. ^abcISO 32000-1:2008 Document management – Portable document format – Part 1: PDF 1.7. July 2008.
  30. ^https://admin.adobe.acrobat.com/_a295153/p81291074/[permanent dead link] A9 PDF Binders][permanent dead link]
  31. ^Fluckinger, Don (June 1, 2006)."Look Out, Acrobat: Microsoft XPS is on Your Tail".PDFzone. Ziff Davis. Archived fromthe original on January 31, 2013. RetrievedJuly 15, 2009.
  32. ^abcdeThomas, Kas (1999)."Portable Document Format: An Introduction for Programmers".MacTech.15 (9). Xplain.
  33. ^Sklar, David F.; van Dam, Andy (November 5, 2010) [first published September 2005]."An Introduction to Windows Presentation Foundation".Microsoft Learn.
  34. ^Rutter, Richard; Lauke, Patrick H.; Waddell, Cynthia; et al. (March 19, 2007).Web Accessibility: Web Standards and Regulatory Compliance. Apress. p. 379.ISBN 978-1-59059-638-8. RetrievedNovember 4, 2022.The Reflow feature depends on tags in order to redraw the PDF page to fit the existing window width, but reflows content withon only a single page at a time.
  35. ^abcd"XPS Annotator".XPSDev.com. Archived fromthe original on January 31, 2010. RetrievedJanuary 28, 2012.
  36. ^abKeizer, Gregg (October 28, 2005)."Microsoft Adds XPS In Office 12 To Fight Adobe".InformationWeek. TechWeb News. Archived fromthe original on October 5, 2009. RetrievedDecember 21, 2020.
  37. ^Brailsford, David F. (May 1994)."Adobe's Acrobat – providing the missing link?"(PDF). University of Nottingham. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on February 17, 2012. RetrievedDecember 21, 2020.
  38. ^abcBlonce, Aexandre; Filiol, Eric; Frayssignes, Laurent."Portable Document Format (PDF) Security Analysis and Malware Threats"(PDF).
  39. ^"explaining PostScript".Applied Mathematics. University of Colorado. Archived fromthe original on March 1, 2009. RetrievedJuly 11, 2009.
  40. ^Hardy, M.; Masinter, L.; Markovic, D.; Adobe Systems Incorporated; Johnson, D.; PDF Association; Bailey, M.; Global Graphics (March 2017).The application/pdf Media Type.IETF.doi:10.17487/RFC8118.ISSN 2070-1721.RFC8118.
  41. ^"Sponsored ISO standards for PDF technology – PDF Association". RetrievedSeptember 9, 2024.
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  43. ^abc"View and Generate XPS". Microsoft. Archived fromthe original on December 14, 2009. RetrievedFebruary 14, 2020.
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  45. ^"Microsoft XML Paper Specification Essentials Pack".Microsoft Download Center. February 12, 2010. Archived fromthe original on July 26, 2011.
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  48. ^"Apps/Evince".GNOME Wiki. RetrievedNovember 4, 2022.
  49. ^"Native Interpretation in the Harlequin RIP"(PDF). Global Graphics Software. October 2021. RetrievedNovember 4, 2022.
  50. ^"Okular Document Format Handlers Status".Okular. RetrievedNovember 4, 2022.
  51. ^"Scientific and technical documentation utility products features". June 22, 2017.
  52. ^"News about Sumatra PDF reader". January 6, 2012. Archived fromthe original on April 6, 2012. RetrievedJanuary 6, 2012.
  53. ^"XPS Annotator". January 28, 2012. Archived fromthe original on January 31, 2010. RetrievedJanuary 28, 2012.
  54. ^XPS viewer
  55. ^"Sharp Open Systems Architecture supports XPS in multi-function printers". Sharpusa.com. RetrievedDecember 10, 2009.
  56. ^Monckton, Paul."IT Week 10 November 2006, Canon, Epson and HP support for XPS". Itweek.co.uk. Archived fromthe original on April 6, 2008. RetrievedDecember 10, 2009.
  57. ^"Fuji Xerox and Microsoft Collaborate in Document Management Solutions Field". Fujixerox.co.jp. November 28, 2006. Archived fromthe original on August 6, 2009. RetrievedDecember 10, 2009.
  58. ^"Ips Xps". Zoran.com. RetrievedDecember 10, 2009.
  59. ^"Solutions for XPS document sharing and native XPS printing". Globalgraphics.com. Archived fromthe original on March 12, 2006. RetrievedDecember 10, 2009.
  60. ^"XPS Technology Showcase". Microsoft.com. April 19, 2007. RetrievedDecember 10, 2009.
  61. ^"Windows Logo Program Requirements and Policies". Microsoft.com. RetrievedDecember 10, 2009.
  62. ^"Community Promise for XPS". Microsoft. January 31, 2007. Archived fromthe original on April 10, 2014. RetrievedFebruary 14, 2020.
  63. ^"Community Promise for XPS FAQs". Microsoft.com. January 31, 2007. Archived fromthe original on September 19, 2009. RetrievedDecember 10, 2009.
  64. ^"XML Paper Specification Licensing". Microsoft. September 2, 2005. Archived fromthe original on November 23, 2006. RetrievedFebruary 14, 2020.
  65. ^"Monotype Imaging Licenses XPS Printer Driver Solution to Microsoft".ir.monotypeimaging.com. Archived fromthe original on December 11, 2011. RetrievedJune 25, 2025.
  66. ^"Monotype Imaging Licenses XPS Printer Driver Solution to Microsoft".[permanent dead link]
  67. ^"Global Graphics XPS reference". Redorbit.com. September 21, 2006. Archived fromthe original on November 25, 2011. RetrievedDecember 10, 2009.
  68. ^Reimer, Jeremy (July 1, 2007)."War and PDF: Microsoft submits XPS to standards body". Arstechnica.com. RetrievedDecember 10, 2009.
  69. ^"TC46 - XML Paper Specification (XPS)". Ecma-international.org. Archived fromthe original on January 29, 2009. RetrievedDecember 10, 2009.
  70. ^Steve McGibbon (Microsoft) (June 17, 2009)."OpenXPS - OpenXML Paper Specification". Archived fromthe original on April 23, 2012.
  71. ^"CVE-2022-42397 detail".National Vulnerability Database. NIST. January 27, 2023.
  72. ^"Analysis of CVE-2020-0605 – Code Execution using XPS Files in .NET".MDSec. May 10, 2020. RetrievedOctober 3, 2023.

External links

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