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Open-mid front unrounded vowel

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Vowel sound represented by ⟨ɛ⟩ in IPA
Open-mid front unrounded vowel
ɛ
IPA number303
Audio sample
Encoding
Entity(decimal)ɛ
Unicode(hex)U+025B
X-SAMPAE
Braille⠜ (braille pattern dots-345)
Image
IPA:Vowels
FrontCentralBack
Close
Near-close
Close-mid
Mid
Open-mid
Near-open
Open

Legend:unrounded • rounded

Spectrogram of[ɛ]
Sagittal section of a vocal tract pronouncing the IPA sound ⟨ɛ⟩. Note that a wavyglottis in this diagram indicates a voiced sound.

Theopen-mid front unrounded vowel, orlow-mid front unrounded vowel,[1] is a type ofvowel sound used in somespokenlanguages. The symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is theLatin epsilon, a Latinized variant of the Greek lowercaseepsilon, ⟨ɛ⟩.

Features

[edit]

Occurrence

[edit]
LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
Akan (Twi)ɛyɛ[ɛjɛ]'it is good/fine'SeeAkan phonology
ArabicSeeImāla
ArmenianEastern[2]էջ/ēj[ɛd͡ʒ]'page'
BavarianAmstetten dialect[3][example needed]Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨æ⟩.
Bengali[4]কে/ke[kɛ]'who'SeeBengali phonology
Breton[5]gwenn[ˈɡwɛnː]'white'
Bulgarian[6]пет/pet[pɛt̪]'five'SeeBulgarian phonology
Catalan[7]set[ˈsɛt]'seven'SeeCatalan phonology
ChineseMandarin[8]天 /tiān[tʰi̯ɛn˥]ⓘ'sky'Height varies between mid and open depending on the speaker. SeeStandard Chinese phonology
Chuvashҫепĕҫ['ɕɛp̬ɘɕ]'gentle, tender'
Czech[9][10]led[lɛt]'ice'In Bohemian Czech, this vowel varies between open-mid front[ɛ], open-mid near-front[ɛ̠] and mid near-front[ɛ̝̈].[9] SeeCzech phonology
DanishStandard[11][12]frisk[ˈfʁɛsk]'fresh'Most often transcribed in IPA with ⟨æ⟩. SeeDanish phonology
DutchStandard[13]bed[bɛt]ⓘ'bed'SeeDutch phonology
The Hague[14]jij[jɛ̞ː]ⓘ'you'Corresponds to[ɛi] in standard Dutch.
EnglishGeneral American[15]bed[bɛd]ⓘ'bed'
Northern England[16]May be somewhat lowered.[16]
Received Pronunciation[17][18]Older RP speakers pronounce a closer vowel[e̞]. SeeEnglish phonology
YoungerGeneral Australian speakersRealization of /e/ due to an ongoing short-front vowel chain shift. SeeAustralian English phonology
Scottish[19]
Cockney[20]fat[fɛt]'fat'
Singaporean[21]
New Zealand[22]SeeNew Zealand English phonology
Broad AustralianRealization of /æ/. General Australian speakers realize this vowel as[æ] or[a]. SeeAustralian English phonology
Some Broad
South African speakers[23]		Other speakers realize this vowel as[æ] or[a]. SeeSouth African English phonology
Belfast[24]days[dɛːz]'days'Pronounced[iə] in closed syllables; corresponds to[eɪ] in RP.
Zulu[25]mate[mɛt]'mate'Speakers exhibit amet-mate merger.
Faroese[26]frekt[fɹɛʰkt]'greedy'SeeFaroese phonology
French[27][28]bête[bɛt̪]ⓘ'beast'SeeFrench phonology
Galicianferro[ˈfɛro̝]'iron'SeeGalician phonology
Georgian[29]გედი/gedi[ɡɛdi]'swan'
GermanStandard[30][31]Bett[b̥ɛt]ⓘ'bed'Also described as mid[ɛ̝].[32] SeeStandard German phonology
Franconian accent[33]oder[ˈoːdɛ]'or'Used instead of[ɐ].[33] SeeStandard German phonology
Coastal Northern accents[33]
Swabian accent[34]fett[fɛt]'fat'Contrasts with the close-mid[e].[34] SeeStandard German phonology
Western Swiss accents[35]See[z̥ɛː]'lake'Close-mid[eː] in other accents; contrasts with the near-open[æː].[36] SeeStandard German phonology
HindustaniHindiरहना[ˈɾɛɦna]'to stay'SeeHindustani phonology
Urduرہنا
Hungarianlesz[ˈlɛsː]'will be'Allophone of [æ].
Italian[37]bene[ˈbɛːne]ⓘ'good'SeeItalian phonology
Kaingang[38]mbre[ˈᵐbɾɛ]'with'
Korean매미 /maemi[mɛːmi]'cicada'Merged with /e/ for many speakers. SeeKorean phonology
KurdishKurmanji (Northern)hevde[hɛvdɛ]'seventeen'SeeKurdish phonology
Sorani (Central)هه‌ڤده/hevde[hɛvdæ]
Pehlewî (Southern)[hɛvdæ]
Limburgish[39][40][41]crème[kʀ̝ɛːm]'cream'The example word is from theMaastrichtian dialect.
Lithuanianmesti[mɛs̪t̪ɪ]'throw'SeeLithuanian phonology
Lower Sorbian[42]serp[s̪ɛrp]'sickle'
Luxembourgish[43]Stär[ʃtɛːɐ̯]'star'Allophone of/eː/ before/ʀ/.[43] SeeLuxembourgish phonology
Macedonian[44][45]Standardмед/med[ˈmɛd̪]'honey'SeeMacedonian language § Vowels
MalayStandardpaling[pälɛŋ]'most'Possible realisation of/i/ and/e/ in closed final syllables. SeeMalay phonology
Negeri Sembilancepat[cɔpɛɁ]'quick'SeeNegeri Sembilan Malay
Kelatan-Pattaniayam[äjɛː]'chicken'SeeKelatan-Pattani
Terengganubiasa[bɛsə]'normal'SeeTerengganu Malay
Perakmata[matɛ]'eye'SeePerak Malay
NormanJerseyaffaûrder[afɔrˈdɛ]'to afford'
NorwegianSognamål[46]pest[pʰɛst]'plague'SeeNorwegian phonology
Occitangrèga[ˈɣɾɛɣɔ]'Greek'SeeOccitan phonology
Polish[47]ten[t̪ɛn̪]ⓘ'this one' (nom. m.)SeePolish phonology
PortugueseMost dialects[48][49]pé[ˈpɛ]'foot'Stressed vowel might be lower[æ]. The presence and use of other unstressed ⟨e⟩ allophones, such as[e̞eɪiɨ], varies according to dialect.
Some speakers[50]tempo[ˈt̪ɛ̃mpu]'time'Timbre differences for nasalized vowels are mainly kept in European Portuguese. SeePortuguese phonology
RomanianTransylvanian dialects[51]vede[ˈvɛɟe]'(he) sees'Corresponds to mid[e̞] in standard Romanian. SeeRomanian phonology
Russian[52]это/eto[ˈɛt̪ə]ⓘ'this'SeeRussian phonology
Shiwiar[53][example needed]Allophone of/a/.
Slovenemet[mɛ́t]'throw' (n.)SeeSlovene phonology
SpanishEastern Andalusian[54]las madres[læ̞ːˈmæ̞ːð̞ɾɛː]'the mothers'Corresponds to[e̞] in other dialects, but in these dialects they are distinct. SeeSpanish phonology
Murcian[54]
Swahilishule[ʃulɛ]'school'
SwedishCentral Standard[55]ät[ɛ̠ːt̪]'eat' (imp.)Somewhat retracted.[55] SeeSwedish phonology
Tagalogpeke[ˈpɛxɛʔ]'fake'SeeTagalog phonology
Teluguచేప[tʃɛːa]'Fish'
మేక[mɛːka]'Goat'
Thaiแตร /trae[trɛː˧]'horn (instrument)'
Turkish[56][57]ülke[y̠l̠ˈkɛ]'country'Allophone of/e/ described variously as "word-final"[56] and "occurring in final open syllable of a phrase".[57] SeeTurkish phonology
Ukrainian[58]день/den'[dɛnʲ]'day'SeeUkrainian phonology
Upper Sorbian[42][59]čelo[ˈt͡ʃɛlɔ]'calf'
Welshnesaf[nɛsav]'next'SeeWelsh phonology
West Frisian[60]beppe[ˈbɛpə]'grandma'SeeWest Frisian phonology
Yoruba[61]ẹsẹ̀[ɛ̄sɛ]'leg'

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^While theInternational Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" forvowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
  2. ^Dum-Tragut (2009), p. 13.
  3. ^Traunmüller (1982), cited inLadefoged & Maddieson (1996:290)
  4. ^Khan (2010), p. 222.
  5. ^Mikael Madeg, Traité de prononciation du breton du Nord-Ouest à l’usage des bretonnants, Emgleo Breiz, Brest, 2010
  6. ^Ternes & Vladimirova-Buhtz (1999), p. 56.
  7. ^Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 54.
  8. ^Lin (2007), p. 65.
  9. ^abDankovičová (1999), p. 72.
  10. ^Šimáčková, Podlipský & Chládková (2012), p. 228.
  11. ^Grønnum (1998), p. 100.
  12. ^Basbøll (2005), p. 45.
  13. ^Gussenhoven (1992), p. 47.
  14. ^Collins & Mees (2003), p. 136.
  15. ^Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009a).
  16. ^abLodge (2009), p. 163.
  17. ^Schmitt (2007), pp. 322–323.
  18. ^"Received Pronunciation". British Library. Archived fromthe original on 2018-12-25. Retrieved2013-05-26.
  19. ^Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006), p. 7.
  20. ^Hughes & Trudgill (1979), p. 35.
  21. ^Bet Hashim & Brown (2000).
  22. ^Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009b).
  23. ^Lanham (1967), p. 9.
  24. ^"Week 18 (ii). Northern Ireland"(PDF). Retrieved2013-05-26.
  25. ^"Rodrik Wade, MA Thesis, Ch 4: Structural characteristics of Zulu English". Archived fromthe original on May 17, 2008. Retrieved2008-05-17.
  26. ^Árnason (2011), pp. 68, 75.
  27. ^Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
  28. ^Collins & Mees (2013), p. 225.
  29. ^Shosted & Chikovani (2006), pp. 261–262.
  30. ^Hall (2003), pp. 82, 107.
  31. ^Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 34.
  32. ^Kohler (1999), p. 87.
  33. ^abcDudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 40.
  34. ^abDudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 64.
  35. ^Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 65.
  36. ^Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), pp. 34, 65.
  37. ^Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 119.
  38. ^Jolkesky (2009), pp. 676–677, 682.
  39. ^Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999), p. 159.
  40. ^Peters (2006), p. 119.
  41. ^Verhoeven (2007), p. 221.
  42. ^abStone (2002), p. 600.
  43. ^abGilles & Trouvain (2013), p. 70.
  44. ^Friedman (2001:10)
  45. ^Lunt (1952:10–11)
  46. ^Haugen (2004), p. 30.
  47. ^Jassem (2003), p. 105.
  48. ^Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
  49. ^Variação inter- e intra-dialetal no português brasileiro: um problema para a teoria fonológica – Seung-Hwa LEE & Marco A. de OliveiraArchived 2014-12-15 at theWayback Machine
  50. ^Lista das marcas dialetais e ouros fenómenos de variação (fonética e fonológica) identificados nas amostras do Arquivo Dialetal do CLUP
  51. ^Pop (1938), p. 29.
  52. ^Jones & Ward (1969), p. 41.
  53. ^Fast Mowitz (1975), p. 2.
  54. ^abZamora Vicente (1967), p. ?.
  55. ^abEngstrand (1999), p. 140.
  56. ^abGöksel & Kerslake (2005), p. 10.
  57. ^abZimmer & Orgun (1999), p. 155.
  58. ^Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.
  59. ^Šewc-Schuster (1984), p. 20.
  60. ^Tiersma (1999), p. 10.
  61. ^Bamgboṣe (1966), p. 166.

References

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External links

[edit]
IPA topics
IPA
Special topics
Encodings
Pulmonic consonants
Place →LabialCoronalDorsalLaryngeal
Manner ↓Bi­labialLabio­dentalLinguo­labialDentalAlveolarPost­alveolarRetro­flexPalatalVelarUvularPharyn­geal/epi­glottalGlottal
Nasalm̥mɱ̊ɱn̼n̪̊n̪n̥nn̠̊n̠ɳ̊ɳɲ̊ɲŋ̊ŋɴ̥ɴ
Plosivepbp̪b̪t̼d̼t̪d̪tdʈɖcɟkɡqɢʡʔ
Sibilantaffricatet̪s̪d̪z̪tsdzt̠ʃd̠ʒtʂdʐtɕdʑ
Non-sibilant affricatepɸbβp̪fb̪vt̪θd̪ðtɹ̝̊dɹ̝t̠ɹ̠̊˔d̠ɹ̠˔cçɟʝkxɡɣqχɢʁʡʜʡʢʔh
Sibilantfricatives̪z̪szʃʒʂʐɕʑ
Non-sibilant fricativeɸβfvθ̼ð̼θðθ̠ð̠ɹ̠̊˔ɹ̠˔ɻ̊˔ɻ˔çʝxɣχʁħʕhɦ
Approximantβ̞ʋð̞ɹɹ̠ɻjɰʁ̞ʔ̞
Tap/flapⱱ̟ⱱɾ̼ɾ̥ɾɽ̊ɽɢ̆ʡ̮
Trillʙ̥ʙr̥rr̠ɽ̊r̥ɽrʀ̥ʀʜʢ
Lateral affricatetɬdɮtꞎd𝼅c𝼆ɟʎ̝k𝼄ɡʟ̝
Lateral fricativeɬ̪ɬɮꞎ𝼅𝼆ʎ̝𝼄ʟ̝
Lateral approximantl̪l̥ll̠ɭ̊ɭʎ̥ʎʟ̥ʟʟ̠
Lateral tap/flapɺ̥ɺ𝼈̊𝼈ʎ̮ʟ̆

Symbols to the right in a cell arevoiced, to the left arevoiceless.Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

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