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Oneota is a designationarchaeologists use to refer to a cultural complex that existed in theEastern Plains andGreat Lakes area of what is now occupied by theUnited States from around AD 900 to around 1650 or 1700. Based on the classification defined inGordon Willey andPhilip Phillips' 1958 bookMethod and Theory in American Archaeology, the Oneota culture belongs toformative stage.[1] The culture is believed to have transitioned into variousSiouan cultures of theprotohistoric and historic times, such as theIoway.[1]
Oneota is considered a major component ofUpper Mississippian culture. It is characterized by globular,shell-temperedpottery that is often coarse in fibre.[2] Pieces often had a spherical body, short necks and/or a flat lip. Sometimes the vessels had strap handles. Decoration includes wavy and zigzag lines, often in parallel. Most decoration was done on the top half of the vessel.[3] One site occupied by the Oneota people for a period was theAztalan site beside theCrawfish river in Wisconsin.[4]
Analytically, the culture has been broken down into various stages or horizons. Generally accepted are the following:
In addition, the Oneota culture has been divided geographically based on stylistic and socio-economic differences. Some of these traditions are Orr, Langford, and Fisher-Huber.
The Oneota diet includedcorn,beans,squash,wild rice,nuts,fish,deer, andbison, varying according to the region and locale.[5]
Relationships withMiddle Mississippian were present but are not yet clearly understood. Whether Oneota developedin situ out ofLate Woodland cultures, was invasive, was the result of influence from (proto-)Middle Mississippian peoples, or was some mix of these, is not clear.
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| South Appalachian Mississippian |
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| Pensacola culture | |||||||||||
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| Caddoan Mississippian | |||||||||||
| Upper Mississippian cultures |
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| Culture |
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