| Olona | |
|---|---|
.jpg) The Olona river inLegnano | |
  Location of the mouth of Olona river in Italy | |
| Native name | Olona (Italian) |
| Location | |
| Country | Italy |
| Regions | Lombardy |
| Provinces | Province of Varese Metropolitan City of Milan |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Source | Rasa di Varese |
| • location | Varese,Lombardy,Italy |
| • coordinates | 45°51′20″N8°49′23″E / 45.85556°N 8.82306°E /45.85556; 8.82306 |
| • elevation | 548 m (1,798 ft) |
| Mouth | Lambro Meridionale |
• location | Milan,Lombardy,Italy |
• coordinates | 45°26′52″N9°9′22″E / 45.44778°N 9.15611°E /45.44778; 9.15611 |
• elevation | 113 m (371 ft) |
| Length | 71 km (44 mi) |
| Basin size | 1,038 km2 (401 sq mi) |
| Width | |
| • minimum | 5 m (16 ft) |
| • average | 8 m (26 ft) |
| • maximum | 18 m (59 ft) |
| Discharge | |
| • average | 14 m3/s (490 cu ft/s) |
| • minimum | 7 m3/s (250 cu ft/s) |
| • maximum | 18 m3/s (640 cu ft/s) |
| Basin features | |
| Progression | Lambro Meridionale→Lambro→Po→Adriatic Sea |
| Waterfalls | Cascate di Valganna |
| Average slope | 6 ‰ |
TheOlona (Olona inItalian;Ulona,[1]Urona orUòna[2] inWestern Lombard) is an Italian river belonging to thePo Basin, 71 kilometres (44 mi) long,[3][4][5] that runs through theProvince of Varese andMetropolitan City of Milan whose course is developed entirely inLombardy.
The river born at 548 meters above sea level in the Fornaci della Riana locality at the Rasa ofVarese, at theSacro Monte di Varese, within theCampo dei Fiori Regional Park.[6][7] After crossing theValle Olona and theAlto Milanese, the Olona reachesRho where it pours part of its water into theCanale Scolmatore Nord Ovest.[8] After passingPero, the river enters inMilan, where, at the exit of its underground route, it flows into theLambro Meridionale, that flows into theLambro atSant'Angelo Lodigiano, in the quartier of San Cristoforo ending its course.[9] Along the way, the water system formed by the Olona and the Lambro Meridionale crosses or laps 45 towns receiving the water of 19tributaries.[10]
The Olona is known for thewaterfalls andcaves ofValganna and for having been one of the mostpolluted rivers in Italy. The valley carved by the river, thanks to the system ofwater wheels that exploited the driving force originated by the water, was one of the cradles of Italianindustrialization.[11] The Olona river consortium (it.Consorzio del fiume Olona), that is founded in 1606, is the oldest irrigation consortium in Italy.[12]
The river is sometimes also referred to as "northern Olona" for thehomonymy with another Olona, who was born inBornasco and flows into thePo after having crossed theProvince of Pavia. This second Olona, in turn, is designated as "inferior" or "southern".[13] The homonymy is not of imitative oretymological origin, but it is due to the fact that originally it was two trunks of the same river, diverted by theancient Romans in its upper stretch towardsMilan to bring water to the moat of the defensive walls of the city.[14]
The principalsource of the Olona is in theFornaci della Riana locality, at theRasa of Varese, part of thehomonymous provincial capital, at theSacro Monte di Varese, within theCampo dei Fiori regional park.[7] The Fornaci della Riana owe their name to some ancientlimestonefurnaces that remained active until 1972.[15]
In addition to the main source, the river also flows from five other small springs,[7] two inVal di Rasa and three inValganna;[6] these springs give rise to two branches joining downstream fromBregazzana (fraction of Varese).[6]
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The branch that is born to the west, in Val di Rasa, is the most important;[6] the two springs that originate this waterway are located at the Varròpass (betweenMonte Legnone andMonte Pizzella) and onMonte Chiusarella.[6]
The main source, and the one located at the Varrò pass, join upstream from the inhabited area of the Rasa di Varese, while the spring that flows from Monte Chiusarella flows into the Olona downstream.[6] The branch of the Valganna, which is located to the east, was born instead south ofMonte Martica.[6]
The branch of the Rasa is fed by seven small tributaries (more precisely, the torrents Legnone, Grassi, Boccaccia, Brasché, Pissabò, Valle del Forno and Sesnini), while the branch of Valganna is increased by four torrents (the Margorabbia, Valfredda, Valpissavacca and Pedana della Madonna).[6]
The Valganna branch also gives rise to the Fonteviva lake, dedicated tosport fishing,[16] and to theValganna waterfalls, which in winter, due to the harsh climate, are often frozen. They are found in the municipality ofInduno Olona and are close to the famous andhomonymouscaves.[17] On the waterfalls, which were artificially created at the beginning of the 20th century to improve water withdrawal, one can admire the phenomenon oftravertine surfacing.[18]
After the initial stretch, the river begins to travel the valley of the same name, theValle Olona. This valley originated from the Olona and the retreat of theglaciers during the lastice age; it looks like a valley deeply engraved with the inhabited centers located on the hills overlooking the river bed, the so-calledpianalti.[19]
The slopes are mostly covered withwoods, while in the valley bottom there are cultivated areas,meadows andheaths.[19] The main tributary on Olona in theprovince of Varese is theBevera; other important tributaries of this stretch of the river are theVellone, theGaggiolo (also calledRio Lanza,Ranza,Anza orClivio), theQuadronna, theSelvagna, theMornaga, theRiale delle Selve and theTenore.[20]
InGorla Minore the river branches off into theOlonella, which joins the main riverbed after 1200 m.[7][21] In this stretch, manyartificial canals are born in the service of agriculture and of the industries that re-enter the Olona beforeCastellanza.[21] After passing Castellanza, the waterway leaves theValle Olona and heads towards thePo Valley. Once there was also another natural branch which was indicated by the name of Olonella and which crossedLegnano passing behind thebasilica of San Magno. The natural island that was formed by the two branches of the river was known as "Archbishop Braida".[22] This legnanese branch was buried in the first part of the 20th century.[23]
After crossing San Lorenzo (fraction ofParabiago) andNerviano, the Olona river receives its two main tributaries, theBozzente and theLura, atRho.[24] In Rho there is also the "deviator of the Olona", completed in the 1980s, which flows intoLambro Meridionale.[8] This work has always been a source of controversy: on the one hand it has not avoided all thefloods as it was designed and, on the other hand, it carries polluted water towards theTicino.[25] In November 2002, in particular climatic conditions,[26] the Olona, theSeveso, the spillway and the Ticino overflowed.
From Lucernate (fraction of Rho) onwards the river no longer flows into the natural riverbed, but follows the path deviated by theancient Romans towards the Bozzente.[4] EnteringPero, after an initial stretch still outdoors, the Olona begins to flow under the road surface and reachesMilan[3][27] by first crossing theGallaratese,Lampugnano andQT8 districts, where it collects the water of theMerlata river (also calledFugone), to then skirt the southern slope ofMonte Stella. Once inPiazza Stuparich it receives the confluence of thePudiga (known asMussa in his Milanese section).[4]
Merlata and Pudiga are the water collectors that come from the area north of Milan, the so-called "groane".[4] The Olona then runs along the Lampugnano andSan Siro districts, and then continues under the avenues of the ring road bypass.[4]
The path under the ring road, which was designed for the first time on theGeneral Plan of Milan in 1884 (the so-calledPiano Beruto),[28] was channeled in the first two decades of the 20th century[28] and covered in a period from 1950 to 1970.[28] At the exit from this covered stretch, after passing under theNaviglio Grande, the Olona ends its course flowing into theLambro Meridionale.[4]
Until the entry into operation of the water purification system of Milan (2005), the Lambro Meridionale was a drain collector which collected the results of the western part of the city sewerage system. Subsequently, these sewage were diverted to the purifiers of San Rocco and Nosedo.[29] From the same unloader, the Lambro Meridionale has its "clean source".[30]
The Olona is 71 km (44 mi) long and has adrainage basin of 1,038 km2 (401 sq mi).[4] The drainage basin of the Olona extends over part of theprovince of Varese, theMetropolitan City of Milan and, to a lesser extent,province of Como, also affecting part ofSwitzerland.[8][6] A small part of theGaggiolo basin, its tributary, in fact belongs to theCanton Ticino.[6]
With its 1,038 km2 (401 sq mi), the Olona drainage basin occupies 5% of theLombardy area and hosts approximately 1,000,000 inhabitants (which corresponds to around 10% of the residents in the region).[8] The catchment area of Olona instead measures 370 km².[6][31]
Any hydrographic engineers describe the Olona and the Lambro Meridionale as a single stream that flows into theLambro atSant'Angelo Lodigiano and which has an overall length of 121 km (75 mi).[30][32]
One of the most important studies onhydrography of Milan was carried out by engineer Felice Poggi.[33] In 1911 Poggi affirmed that the two Olona, the one that flows into theLambro Meridionale and the stream that flows into thePo atSan Zenone al Po, constituted until the first years of theCommon Era a single river that had a total length of 120 km (75 mi).[10][14] This hypothesis has also been confirmed by subsequent studies.[10]
The place where the river was diverted toMilan by theancient Romans is Lucernate, afraction ofRho.[34][35] From here, to find the ancient bed of the Olona following the minimum undulations and the very small altimetric variations of the terrain, we arrive at Cascina Olona[35] (a locality ofSettimo Milanese; the toponym is indicative), inBaggio and inCorsico, with a possible variant that from Settimo Milanese would lead toMuggiano andTrezzano sul Naviglio (orCesano Boscone).[14]
In the neighboring towns of Cesano Boscone, Corsico and Trezzano sul Naviglio, all three of which rise on theNaviglio Grande, it is possible to identify two waterways that could flow - towards the south - into the ancient natural riverbed of the Olona toBinasco: at Trezzano sul Naviglio and Cesano Boscone would be the Belgioioso canal, while in Corsico would be the Vecchia roggia.[14]
From Binasco, with the derivation of theCanale Ticinello, we arrive then a little further south, in the territory ofLacchiarella, where theColombana andCarona irrigation channels bring water to the irrigation network giving rise to theRoggione. The Roggione, when at the Settimo di Bornasco[36] receives the Olonetta canal, changes its name to lower orOlona. The Olonetta, together with the Misana canal, comes from a fountain inMisano Olona, a few kilometers upstream. Taking the old course and its name, the southern Olona flows into the Po at San Zenone al Po.
The two Olona do not have an autonomous hydrography: at Rozzano, from the Lambro Meridionale, a branch take off towards the south-west, gaining vigor thanks to the water supply provided by springs and artificial canals.[32] This stream then flows into the southern Olona.[32] The reconnection of the two Olona is being planned with the construction of an artificial riverbed that would resume the ancient course of the river.[37][38]
Untilancient Roman times, atLa Maddalena, today's quartier of Milan, the Olona was diverted towards the city with the aim of bringing water to it: in ancient Roman times it flowed into the moat of therepublican defensive walls of the city ofMediolanum[39] then, from the 12th century, in the defensive moat around the medieval walls[28] and later (1603) in theDarsena of Porta Ticinese.[40]
In particular Olona river, during theMiddle Ages, flowed into the moat of medieval defensive walls of the city in correspondence of the modernPiazza della Resistenza Partigiana, while in ancient Roman times it continued the city route reaching the modernPiazza Vetra, where it poured its water into the moat of Roman walls thanks to the homonymous canal, theCanale Vetra.[41] TheCerchia dei Navigli then originated from the medieval moat of walls, while the two branches of the Roman moat became theGrande Sevese and thePiccolo Sevese, twocanals still existing today in the Milan underground.[39]
The Milanese stretch of the Olona corresponds to the ancient natural beds of twostreams,Bozzente andPudiga.[42] Before the deviation of the Olona towards Milan the Pudiga stream, after having lapped on the western side of the city, continued south following its natural bed, corresponding to what is now calledLambro Meridionale, which ended its course, like the ancient Pudiga, in theLambro nearSant'Angelo Lodigiano.[43] Originally, at the height of the inhabited center of Milan, the Pudiga made a wide bend towards the east, which led it to touch the city at the height of the modernPiazza Vetra, near the natural and ancient bed of theNirone stream, and then bend towards the south following the bed of the modern Lambro Meridionale.[42]
Originally, on its hydrographic left, the Pudiga, in place of the Olona, received the Bozzente stream.[44] The Bozzente originally had in fact an autonomous natural bed that led him to collect the water of theLura stream and theMerlata stream and then flow into the Pudiga.[44] As already mentioned, it was the ancient Romans who diverted the Olona to Lucernate, a quartier of Rho, in the bed of Bozzente and then to the Pudiga riverbed. The Milanese stretch of the Olona therefore corresponds to the ancient natural beds of Bozzente and Pudiga.[42] The new artificial riverbed of the Olona was then excavated from scratch only for a short distance: having reached the modern Lucernate at the Bozzente stream, the designers widened their bed to accommodate a greater water flow.[44]
As the final destination of the new Olona route, the moat of Milan's Roman walls was chosen, where it poured its water into theCanale Vetra (name given by the ancient Romans to the final stretch of the Nirone natural bed) at the height of the modern and homonymouspiazza: to achieve this goal, the ancient Romans extended and enlarged the Vetra canal towards the aforementioned Pudiga naturalmeander so as to also collect the Olona water.[42] With the deviation of the Olona towards the wall of the city, the water continuity of the ancient bed of the Pudiga disappeared, whose southern section (the future "Lambro Meridionale") was intercepted remaining devoid of clean water, which came from the north, thus becoming in a sewer collector.[44]
Until 1704[45] the river had only one terminal arm, while on a map of 1722[46] it is reported that the Olona forked into two almost parallel branches that met before entering Darsena of Milan: theOlona Nuova (en. "New Olona"), that is the northern one that later will be calledroggia Molinara, and theOlona Vecchia (en. "Old Olona"), that it was the southern one. The Molinara canal was then buried at the end of the 19th century before the river was channeled.[47] The so-called "Brera island", which was located between the present-dayVia George Washington andVia Vincenzo Foppa, had a longer life. Originated from another fork in the river, it took its name from the homonymousfarmhouse that once stood there. It is still marked in a paper from 1925.[48] In this context, in 1894,Canottieri Olona was founded, a multi-sports club in Milan, winner of an Italian men's water polo championship, based in the Darsena of Porta Ticinese.[49]
In 1919,[50] as part of the complex hydrophobic revision of Milan, the channels of the current Olona route began to be built, which involved the deviation of part of the river's water towards the Lambro Meridionale passing through the outerring road. However, the branch that led to the Darsena was maintained. The detour to the latter took place inPiazza Tripoli: here there was a lock that diverted the river byVia Roncaglia, starting what was called the "Darsena branch".[28] In the two dry periods of theNavigli annual, the sluice was maneuvered in such a way as to completely close the Darsena branch causing the entire flow of the Olona water to flow into Lambro Meridionale. The Lambro Meridionale, which at the time was a veritable sewer collector, was also known as "Lambro Merdario" (en. "Shiter Lambro").[33]
The new channeled route, which was also envisaged by the Beruto Plan of 1884, the first regulatory plan of Milan, did not come into operation until the early 1930s.[28] The first covering carried out in Milan on the course of the Olona occurred in 1935 on part of the Darsena branch (fromVia Valparaiso toViale Coni Zugna), when instead of thecattle station of the railways that stood there was built the Solari Park.[51]
The remaining part of the Darsena branch, and the canalized section along the ring road, were instead covered between 1950 and 1970.[28] With the passing of the years, and with the increasingpollution of the river, the sluice of piazza Tripoli was not maneuvered only to divert the flow of water during the dry of the Navigli: at first it considerably reduced the flow of the Darsena branch and, at the end of the 1980s, it was resetted for "hydrogeological risk and danger of pollution" of the Darsena and the water that came out for irrigation or navigation purposes.[28]
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There are three hypotheses on theorigin of the toponymOlona.[52] The first supposes that the name of the river is connected to theCeltic rootOl-, which means "large", "valid" in reference to the use of its water.[53]
The second conjecture hypothesizes that the name derives from theancient Greek "oros" (ὄρος), which means "relief", "mountain". The last hypothesis supposes instead that the toponym of the water course is connected to a Milanese monastery founded in the 8th century that was known asAurona.
The latter name perhaps derives, in turn, from the name of the founder of the convent, as well as sister of thearchbishop of MilanTheodorus II, "Aurona" (or "Orona"). In the latter case, the opposite has also been hypothesized, namely that the name of the monastery derives from the name of the river.[53]
Other toponyms that were used during the history to refer to the Olona areOllona (appeared in a document dated737 AD),Oleunda (1033),Orona (mid-16th century) andOlonna (reported in 1688 on theRavenna Cosmography).[54][55]
Instead, as far as local toponyms are concerned, it was assumed thatLonate Pozzolo andLonate Ceppino derive from "Olona" (from "Olona" to "Lonate").[53]
Since ancient times, the inhabitants of theValle Olona lived mainly away from the river, on higher ground that certainly would not have been hit by seasonalfloods.[56] From thearchaeological findings found, it can be deduced that the Valle Olona was - already inantiquity - a significant communication route.[57]
The water of the Olona have been used for centuries by the local population to irrigate thefields, forfishing, for thebreeding oflivestock, to move the wheels ofwater mills and, with theindustrialization of its banks, to operate thehydraulic turbines serving the establishments.[58]
The oldestprehistoric finds found in the areas around the natural Olona riverbed arebos primigeniusbones dating back to theWürm glaciation.[59] Unearthed in Legnano in the locality of Costa San Giorgio, they are kept in theMuseo civico Guido Sutermeister.[60]
As for the presence ofman, the oldest finds discovered around the river have been found in the area of thesprings. TheLake Varese was in fact frequented, between 4300 BC and 800 BC, from apalatificula civilization.[61] According to some authors, part of these populations, following a demographic increase, migrated south settling along theValle Olona.[62]
Further downstream, between 1926 and 1928, near the border betweenCastellanza andLegnano, an artifact dating back to a period between 3400 BC and the 2200 BC came to light[63] It is a small fragment of abell-shaped vase that was made in theCopper Age and that can be connected to theRemedello culture.[62] It was found during construction work on the Bustese highway 527 in the "Paradiso" quartier of Castellanza.[63][64] This furniture is also kept in the Museo civico Guido Sutermeister.[65]
Further down the valley, archaeological finds belonging toCanegrate culture have been discovered.[62] During the excavations, 165 tombs dating from the 13th century BC were identified that are referable to the recentBronze Age[66][67][68] The culture of Canegrate, which has an importance that goes beyond local boundaries,[69] developed up to theIron Age.[70] The chronologically later furnishings, two bronze spearheads linked to the archaicGolasecca culture and always found in Legnano, date back to between the 9th and 8th centuries BC (early Iron Age).[57][71]
Along the Olona were also discovered other finds that belong to the Golasecca culture; these furnishings, which are more recent than those previously mentioned, date back to the 6th-5th century BC.[57][72] The archaeological findings found along the Olona then become more and more frequent as they approach theancient Roman conquest of thePo valley.[73] Among them, numerous finds stand out which are connected to theLa Tène culture and which were brought to light along the lower Valle Olona.[74]
Even after the ancient Roman conquest, it took some time for theRomanization of the Valle Olona to take place; during this phase, aCelts-Roman cultural dualism coexisted.[75] The complete Romanization of the Valle Olona occurred during the 1st century BC; after this phase, along the banks of the river, the findings of archaeological finds became more and more frequent.[76] This abundance of furnishings continued for another two centuries, that is, until the crisis of the3rd century AD, when a dramatic decline occurred.[69] In Roman times, the shores of the Olona assumed significant importance due to their strategic position with respect to the communication routes between thePo valley and theAlps.[77] In the 1st century AD, along the route drawn by the course of the river, an ancient Roman road was built, thevia Severiana Augusta, which connectedMediolanum (modernMilan) with the Verbanus Lacus (Lake Maggiore),[78] and from here to theSimplon Pass (lat.Summo Plano).[79] The stretch of river that followed this road was channeled: there are those who hypothesize that it was this work that promoted the deviation of the Olona towards Milan.[4]
The road built by the ancient Romans along the river kept its strategic importance even in theMiddle Ages.[4] This transit route always came from the Valle Olona connecting Milan to the northwest ofLombardy.[80] The Olona river maintained its strategic importance for another reason over the centuries: the river was a precious source of provisioning due to the presence, along its course, of numerouswater mills.[81] The latter continued to be strategic even in the following centuries thanks to their use for agricultural purposes.[82] In fact, the ground wheat in these mills provided food for tens of thousands of inhabitants.[82]
In 1176 the banks of the river were theater of the decisive phases of thebattle of Legnano. TheCarroccio, escorted by hundreds of knights, was placed along an escarpment flanking the Olona with the aim of having a natural defense on at least one side.[83] The decision to place the Carroccio in Legnano was not fortuitous. At the time the village of Milan represented, for those coming from the north, the gateway to theMilanese countryside: this passage had to be closed and strenuously defended to prevent the attack on Milan.[84] For this reason, in Legnano, theCastle Visconteo was later built on a natural island of Olona river.
Already in late antiquity, along the initial stretch of the river, there was a locality,Castelseprio, which was gradually increasing its importance by extending its influence over a vast territory. Castelseprio became at first aLombard and Frankish stronghold, and then the capital of thehomonymous county[4] due to its strategic importance. Castelseprio was in fact at the intersection of the aforementioned road that connected Milan to the Verbano and a communication route that instead headed towardsVarese.[85] In these centuries, control of theSeprio was the key to the opening of the entireValle Olona.[86] TheVisconti, defeated theDella Torre in thebattle of Desio (1287), conquered Castelseprio and imposed its destruction.[4] The Seprio, and with it the upper part of the Valle Olona, were then definitively annexed to theDuchy of Milan in 1395.[87]
Having become part of the Duchy of Milan and already protected for centuries by a chain of fortresses and castles,[88] the shores of the Olona increased their development: the mills multiplied, while the contribution to irrigation remained significant.[81][89] Such an intensive use of water required the Duchy of Milan to issue specific regulations (the so-calledStatutes of the streets and water of the Milan countryside): this was the first time in 1346 and then in 1396.[89]
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The premises for the establishment of aconsortium among riverwater users occurred in 1541, when the so-calledNovae Costitutiones (in English, the "new constitutions") were signed.[90][91][92] In this case the new contract, which had a public nature, provided for aRegius Judex Commissarius Fluminis Olona (in English, "commissioner of the river Olona"), which supervised the control of the users of the Olona water.[91][92] In general, this function was covered by a representative of theSenate of Milan.[90]
In 1548 a "shout" was issued which obliged water users to prove, by written documentation, the details of the various uses.[91] In these centuries the distribution of water was not fair. The richest and most powerful users prevailed over the poorest and most defenseless ones.[91]
In 1606 a real consortium, in Italian called "Consorzio del fiume Olona" (en.Olona river consortium),[93] was formed in Milan among the users[12] under the surveillance, also in this case, of the commissioner of the Olona river.[94] This official, as in the past, had the task of controlling the use of the Olona water.[91] It was no coincidence that the consortium was born inMilan: in fact the users of the water who had the most conspicuous interests dwelt in the Milanese capital.[91]
The reasons that led to the creation of the consortium resided in an attempt to resolve the dispute between users and theSpanish government[92] - which at the time dominated theDuchy of Milan - and in the latter's need to collecttaxes from users of the Olona water in the most organized and systematic way possible.[91] Given that the water of the Olona were always used free of charge, the historical users challenged the Government to pay the donations, while the Spaniards asserted that the taxes were due because of the status of the water, which waspublic.[92]
There were two attempts to resolve the issue. The first occurred in 1610, when the government received 6,000scudi[95] once, while the second was in 1666, thanks to the payment of another 8,400scudi.[96] With this last offering, the Spaniards definitively renounced the rights on the river.[92] That described was a private management that continued until 1921, when the water of the river were returned to the public domain.[91] This association, which has been based inCastellanza since 1982, is the oldest irrigation consortium in Italy.[12]
_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%2527Orto%2c_24-Sept-2007.jpg)
After the 17th century, craft activities along the river diversified further. In the areasawmills,tanneries,dyes,bleaches,spinning mills andweaving mills forsilk,cotton andwool began to be planted.[81][97] Thesecraftsmen, to move their machinery, exploited the driving force of the river thanks to the laying ofwater wheels.[97] In order to install the latter, the artisans had to ask permission from the consortium.[98]
The aforementioned family-runcraft activities then laid the foundations for the creation of theproto-industries.[97] After 1820, the first proto-industrial activities started along the Olona began to exploit the motive power of the river by firstpurchasing, and then modifying in the most appropriate way, thewater mills that for centuries were destined for the grinding of agricultural products.[98][99] During the industrial development of the 19th century, many mills then became part of the proto-industrial establishments that were rising along the Olona.[100]
The industrialization of the shores of the Olona was therefore gradual, withentrepreneurs who preferred to exploit the plumbing of the ancient mills rather than set up new ones.[101] In other words, the industry was born as a metamorphosis of part of the ancient mills.[101] As a consequence, the greatest concentration of proto-industrial activities occurred in correspondence of the stretches of the river where the presence of milling plants was higher.[101]
The presence of the mills, the abundance of local labor, the existence of modern and important communication routes along the river, the presence of personalities in the area who had substantialcapital to invest and the long craft tradition of the Olona Valley allowed the banks of the river to become one of the cradles of Italian industrialization.[102]
In the mid-19th century, the primitive proto-industrial activities then turned into industries in the modern sense of the word.[103] In this context, the shores of the Olona saw the birth of thetela Olona.[81] Thisfactories, which was made for the first time in the textures ofFagnano Olona, had its most common application in thesailing field.[104][105] To optimize the exploitation of the current, the wheels of the mills were replaced by the most modern and efficienthydraulic turbines, the installation of which caused the abandonment and demolition of the ancient water mills, now obsolete.[98][106]
With the aim of improving the flow of water and consequently increasing the efficiency of the milling plants and the efficiency of the turbines, the Olona riverbed waschanneled and rectified in various sections with the elimination of naturalmeanders.[98][107] The greatest number of rectification and canalization interventions was carried out between the 19th and 20th centuries along the stretches crossing Fagnano Olona,Legnano andMilan.[107]
In the second half of the 19th century,steam machinery appeared, while at the beginning of the following century the exploitation ofelectricity began. As a result, the driving force to move the machinery no longer came from the river and therefore the hydraulic turbines were gradually abandoned.[98] In the first post-war period the need for electric current grew, and therefore the use of the old mill wheels returned to being economically convenient, even if only for small workshops.
The ancient mills therefore resumed operatingdrills,planers,grinding wheels, etc., but even this new awakening soon disappeared with the changing economic conditions.[100] The water mills that were still used inagriculture, and which had not been purchased by the companies, were then gradually made obsolete by the new industrial milling techniques.[108]
Between 1826 and 1828, during the reconstruction work on the SpanishPorta Comasina (from 1860 calledPorta Garibaldi) inneoclassical style, four colossal statues by Giambattista Perabò were added above thiscity gate of Milan, which symbolize allegorically the mainrivers of Lombardy:Po,Adda,Ticino and Olona.[109]
With the passage of time, the number of industries that stood along the banks of the Olona grew steadily up from 129 in 1881 to 712 in 1917.[35][110] The surface ofirrigated land also increased progressively: it passed from 10,801 Milaneseperches in 1608, to 16,120 in 1801 and from 18,687 in 1877.[35] In 1907, the water inlets, from the Rasa of Varese to Milan, amounted to 274.[111] 18 of them were "free", that is, not subject to limitations, while 53 were "privileged", or subject to special regulation.[111] All the others were subjected to a strict regulation which provided for the withdrawal of water in very precise days and times.[111] From 1875, with the increase of the urbanization of the area, the Olona riverbed underwent, in many stretches, roofing works.[107] These works were carried out mainly inVarese, Legnano,San Vittore Olona,Rho and Milan.[107]
When the exploitation of the hydraulic power of the river ceased, an environmental crisis began which led the Olona to be counted among the mostpolluted rivers in Italy. In fact, the Olona became an easy spill for residues andsewage derived from the various productions,[28] in particulartextiles,tanning andpaper-making. The first documents referring to polluting spills discharged into the Olona water date back to the mid-nineteenth century.[112] In 1919 there were four deaths among the population, and seven among the breeding cattle, due to an anthrax infection that was caused by the poisonous water of the Olona.[112]
The situation precipitated in the period between the twoworld wars.[113] In the period of maximum pollution, which was recorded between 1950 and 1970, the water of the Olona contained highlyacid substances and were soiled by residues derived frompetroleum.[114] Furthermore, they appeared colored bydyes and were characterized by the presence of a thick whitefoam on their surface.[114] In 1963, thefactories that discharged polluting wastes in the Olona were 88, while the population that poured its own sewage into the river amounted to about 219,000 inhabitants.[114]
Between the 1960s and 1970s a certain sensitivity towards ecological themes was born and consolidated, which led to a position taken by civil society towards polluting spills in the Olona.[115] Even in the 21st century, the watercourse collects civil and industrial sewage[116] despite the fact that remediation work has already been under way since the 1980s with the construction of purifiers.[117]
In 1998 the artisan and industrial activities present in the municipalities crossed or lapped by the Olona amounted to about 2,600 units.[118] Almost 20,000 workers were employed in them.[118]
The oldestmap representing the course of the Olona of which we have documented trace is dated 1608.[50][119] On it are also marked thebridges and, with a good precision, the constructions along the river[119] but not the zone of the sources and not the measures of the various properties.[120]
For the section of Olona that crosses Milan the current route appears, as already mentioned, in the general town plan of Beruto in 1884. With it, the route of theDarsena of Milan branch is also indicated. The Darsena branch, before crossingVia Vincenzo Foppa, crossed bothVia Vepra, whose name recalls bothCanale Vetra, and the ancient quartier of the same name, where, after the defeat withFederico Barbarossa and thedestruction of the city (1162), they were exiled the Milanese ofPorta Vercellina.[121]
Here, until the 1950s, there was the last section of a non-canalized river with a tortuous course, as well as the lastartisan agglomeration that used its water fordyeing plants and laboratories for the treatment of heavyfabrics.[122][123]
For the upstream section of Milan, the first map with a certain precision is a map drawn in 1763.[55] This document illustrated the section from the sources toGorla Minore.[55] Later, another was drawn up in 1772 by the "conservator" of the river Giuseppe Verri and by the engineer Gaetano Raggi on behalf of theconsorzio del fiume Olona.[31][82] Besides the infrastructures, it also reports the canals and thelocks, and therefore it is the first map endowed with a certain completeness.[119] The richest in detail, among the oldest ones, is instead a map of 1789 which is the work offriar Mauro Fornari and Domenico Cagnoni.[124]
Among the papers of the 19th century,[107][125] are to be mentioned the map drawn by the engineer Vittore Vezzosi in 1861, which also refers to some reliefs carried out on the river, and that of the engineerEugenio Villoresi (1878), on which the areas irrigated by the Olona are traced in great detail. The latter, in fact, also reports the canals and theirrigation ditches originating from the river.
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The Olona regime is typicallytorrential due to the absence of intermediate bodies of water that regulate its flow.[6][31] It has periods of high flow in March, April, October and November, and lean periods - though not dry - in July, August, December and January.[126] The river regime is therefore characterized by a very variable flow which is a function of the seasons and of themeteorological precipitations.[127] This variability has always caused technical difficulties in the dimensioning phase of infrastructures destined to containfloods.[127]
The average flow[128] of the Olona in Ponte Gurone diMalnate is 2.3 m3/s (81 cu ft/s). InRho, after the Olona receives the contributions of theBozzente and theLura, the average flow reaches the value of 7 m3/s (250 cu ft/s)[128] (18 m3/s (640 cu ft/s) maximum[8]). During the historic flood of 1951, a flow rate of 48.1 m3/s (1,700 cu ft/s) was recorded atCastellanza, while the minimum flow rate in 1941 and 1950 reached a record value of 0.05 m3/s (1.8 cu ft/s).[128]
The average slope of the river course is 6 ‰ compared to an overall fall of 435 m (1,427 ft).[6] The latter is calculated by subtracting the altitude of the confluence inLambro Meridionale (113 m (371 ft)MSL) from the altitude of the main source (548 m (1,798 ft)MSL).[6] The average width of the riverbed reaches 5 m (16 ft) at Malnate, 8 m (26 ft) atNerviano and 18 m (59 ft) atMilan.[31][129]
This scarce flow is caused by the poor water supply ofsprings,tributaries and meteorological precipitation.[130] However, the limited amount of water supply did not prevent the exploitation of river water for the most varied uses.[131] The water have been used over the centuries for the extent of the overall fall of the river, and for the flow of the river.[31] The first, in fact, allowed the exploitation of the motive power of its water especially along the first stretch of the riverbed, which is the one with the greatest slope.[102]
The river has a total of 19tributaries.[132] The most important ones are theLura, theBevera, theGaggiolo (also called "Lanza"), theBozzente, theVellone, theRile, theTenore, theMerlata, thePudiga, theQuadronna, theSelvagna and theFredda. We should also mention the Refreddo (also called "Fontanile Crotto"), a stream that flows in the valley floor ofCastelseprio, in the area of Crotto Valle Olona, and that flows into the river just downstream.[133]
The Olona water also comes from thesprings.[134] Many of them are famous because their water have been used for centuries forhealing purposes, such as theFontana degli Ammalati (en. "trough of the sick") ofInduno Olona.[135] Some of the troughs that feed the Olona are mentioned in various historical documents, while their first systematic census dates back to 1606.[135] Thanks to the presence of springs, which supply water in a perennial way, the river does not run aground even in periods of drought.[135]
In theValle Olona there are somewetlands, including the Buzonel pond. This stretch of water, located in the valley floor between Castelseprio andLonate Ceppino, is fed by the Bozzone stream, which later flows into the Olona.[136]
The Olona, before the construction ofembankments andcanals, was a river that flogged the areas it crossed with frequentflooding.[137] Considering the last four centuries, more than 70 floods can be counted.[126] The first of which is known about the documents occurred in 1584 inLegnano.[126] The last flood that caused significant damage occurred instead on 13 September 1995,[138] while the last in chronological order took place on 29 July 2014.[139] Among the most recent, the three floods that have done the most damage were those of 1911, 1917 and 1951.[140] The most devastating was that of 1951, which occurred in conjunction with thePolesine flood.[140]
The greatest number of floods occurred in the final part of the river, in theMetropolitan City of Milan.[126] The most affected city in this section wasRho.[126] More to the north, the most interested area was that ofClivio.[141] The cause of these frequent overflows must be sought in the reduced extension of the river bed with respect to the flow of water that flows there.[126] Along its banks, various works have been carried out to contain the floods. The section most interested in these works was the one that crosses the Metropolitan City of Milan.[141]
For the upper section, the banks of the river that crossFagnano Olona,Vedano Olona andVarese have been subjected to conspicuous interventions.[141] A Gurone was completed in 2009 adam with rolling tanks that regulates the flow of the river to contain floods. It is capable of forming a temporary basin of 1,570,000 m3 (55,000,000 cu ft) with a release of 36 m3/s (1,300 cu ft/s).[142]
Equally disastrous were the lean ones.[141] The frequency of periods of very low water flow is comparable to that of floods.[141] As for the historical lean, that of 1630 contributed to spreading theplague in theAlto Milanese,[141] while that of 1734 passed to the annals for therecessive effects it had on the territory.[143] The lean from 1747 instead went to history for its duration.[144] To face the consequences of the lean periods, since 1346, were promulgated norms to reduce the waste and the abuses of the utilities that took water from the Olona.[141] In these centuries, those who were caught red-handed to squander the Olona water could incur tax penalties and prison or corporal penalties.[141] The users who suffered the most from the river's thin were the millers of the final stretch of the river.[144]
As long as it was in operation, the stretch of theCavo Diotti that took water from Castegnate,frazione ofCastellanza, represented the most important artificial derivation of the Olona.[21] Its northern section is still entering in the Olona, through theBevera tributary, after having taken water from springs in theCanton of Ticino and in the territory ofViggiù.[146][147] The southern section of this artificial channel, that is the one that extracted the water previously introduced in Castegnate, was instead buried in 1918 following the strong urbanization of the agricultural area of Pantanedo,frazione ofRho, which was the final user of the Cavo Diotti.[146] Since the demand for water for irrigation purposes in Pantanedo was almost zero, this part of the canal was no longer used.[146]
The Cavo Diotti was built in 1787.[146] He was wanted by the lawyer Luigi Diotti, great landowner, to irrigate his properties.[146] Diotti asked and obtained permission from EmperorFranz Joseph I of Austria to carry out the work.[146] The project was, however, a harbinger of controversy: 32 users of the river's water opposed it strenuously, claiming that the water withdrawal would be greater than its introduction.[148] Given the government support, the consortium of the Olona river gave way and on 17 March 1786 gave permission for the start of construction work.[147] When the Cable came into operation, the controversy did not abate. For decades there were disputes over the amount of water introduced - which many judged to be insufficient due to the measurement system - and the maintenance status of the Olona source area, where the Cavo Diotti fed water.[147]
In 1860 two other artificial derivations were proposed.[147] The first, which was never built due to technical difficulties and cost problems, had to extract water fromLake Lugano, while the second would have had to introduce water into the Olona thanks to a withdrawal from an artificial channel coming from theTicino river.[149] The two projects were approved by the Olona River Consortium on April 28, 1877.[150] In particular, the artificial canal from Ticino, destined to flow into theNaviglio Martesana, was built from 1887 to 1890 and was calledCanale Villoresi.[150][151] The first entry into the Olona of water from the Canale Villoresi was completed in 1923 thanks to an outlet located inNerviano.[150] When fully operational, this derivation introduced into the Olona 1 m3/s (35 cu ft/s).[150] This work was intended to supply water to the downstream users of Rho, who were the ones who suffered the most from the lean periods of the river.[150]
A fourth derivation project was proposed in 1865. This canal was supposed to draw water fromLake Varese, but it was never built for the cost, which would have been too high.[152]
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Thewater quality of the river is monitored in five monitoring stations:Varese,Lozza,Fagnano Olona,Legnano andRho.[153] In the first monitoring station, which is located in Varese, the river water is "acceptable" or "sufficient" and is constantly improving. In Legnano the quality of the water worsens, assuming the "poor" level,[154] but here too an improvement is noted, since until a few years before the state of the water of the Olona was "very bad". In Rho, although slightly improving, the water of the river maintain the "very bad" degree.[154] Downstream of thePeropurifier, the Olona water improve.
The river consortium had set itself the goal of having all the monitoring stations reach the "acceptable" level by the end of 2008, and the "good" grade by the end of 2016.[5] From the official data, if the 2008 target was not reached, that of 2016, with the "good" grade water quality, was achieved in advance, in 2015.[155]
These difficulties have led the Lombard regional administration to resort to extraordinary instruments such as the "river contract".[156] This initiative provides for greater involvement of local authorities and the population concerned, with the aim of optimizing the coordination of interventions.[157]
Along the river there are several purifiers. Thesewastewater treatment plants, which are managed by the Olona river consortium, were built in Varese,Olgiate Olona,Gornate Olona,Cairate,Saltrio,Cantello,Canegrate,Parabiago and Pero.[158] For the Varese-Milan section, in 2006, there was the need to build others:[159] of these, only that of Gornate Olona (2009)[160] was completed.
The first part of the river runs through theCampo dei Fiori Regional Park. Up to 600 m of altitude, in this protected area,chestnuts,ash trees andlinden trees prevail.[161] Maples are common in the more humid valleys.[161] On the summit of the Campo dei Fiori massif these plant species are replaced by beech,[161] whilebirches andScotch pines are common on the dry slopes ofMonte Martica.[162] The open spaces are embellished by now rare plants such as the Gentiana pneumonanthe and by dozens of species of wild orchids, such as, for example, the vesparia and the moscaria.[161]
Downstream from the Campo dei Fiori, theParco Rile Tenore Olona was established. The species that make up theflora of this protected area are mainlyoaks,hornbeams,black locust,hazels,plane-trees, ash trees, oaks,poplars,elms,maples andalders.[163] There are also many native species of shrubs, mushrooms and ferns that grow inside the Park.[116]
The flora of the flat stretch of the Olona, which includes most of the river's path, is characterized by the massive presence of the black locust, native to North America and introduced in the Italian woods, as well as by the species of high trunk already mentioned at the beginning of the 19th centuryto consolidate therailway ballast.[164]
In the first part of the course, the unpolluted one, thefauna is very varied. In the Campo dei Fiori park you can meetungulates such asdeer orroe deer,[161] and dozens of smallmammals androdents, including thered squirrel,hedgehog,fox,dormouse,shrew,vole,weasel,mole and various species ofbats.[116][161][165]
There are also severalbirds of prey: some resident like thenorthern goshawk, theblack kite, thehoney buzzard, thesparrow hawk and theperegrine falcon, othersmigratory such as theshort-toed snake eagle and themarsh harrier.[161] Other birds present are theowl, thetawny owl and thebarn owl.[165][166] Thegrey heron and many birds, migratory and not, typical of the woods and fields complete the avifauna.[165]
Among theamphibians there aresalamanders and various species oftree frogs,toads andfrogs, while among thereptiles thelizard, thedeaf adder, theviper and the lizard are common.[116][161]
As far asinvertebrates are concerned, the presence of thecave beetle, anendemicbeetle of the Campo dei Fiori,[161][167] is worthy of mention, and thedragonfly, thefirefly, thestag beetle and thecicada.[116]
Thefish fauna is present in the initial stretch of the river, the least polluted one. The most common species are the brown trout and theeuropean bullhead.[30] In the Olona waters you can also find thecommon barbel, thechub, thegudgeon, thevairone, thecommon minnow, thecommon rudd and thebleak.[168]
In 2010 the fish repopulation of the middle section of the river was attempted thanks to the introduction of fish coming from theCanale Villoresi.[169] The initiative was unsuccessful due to a spill of polluting waste in 2012, which led to the death of the fish species previously introduced.[169]
There are several alien species present. Among them, along the shores of the Olona, one can find thenutria, the American semiaquaticrodent, thespinycheek crayfish and theeastern gray squirrel,[165] while in its waters it is possible to catchcatfish.[168]
The municipalities crossed by the Olona are:[170]
The river itself has never been a navigable communication route.[171] It is not possible to speak of navigability even in the 21st century, even if in some points of the rivercanoeing is practiced and occasionally, for environmental promotion purposes, some ecologists carry out the descent bykayak.[172]
Fishing was once a thriving activity that was also practiced by professional fishermen.[173][174] In the Olonatrout,crayfish,frogs and other fish species were fished.[175][176] Individual fishing licenses were issued by the Olona river consortium.[177] During the centuries, given the economic importance deriving from it,[178] numerous regulations were enacted.[179] The oldest document preserved in the archives of the Olona river consortium refers to a provision that prohibited fishing without a license (1602).[179]
Thefishing with nets[171] and, from 1699, the "vivari" (or "nurseries"), that is those circular structures formed by stones that were destined to the breeding of thejuvenile fish were also forbidden.[180] The vivari were banned because they slowed the flow of water causing damage to the users who exploited the motive power of the river, like the millers.[181] The vivari were built every year in the months of August and September, to then be emptied of fish and destroyed shortly before the beginning ofLent.[180] In this way they provided the inhabitants' canteens with fish species at a time when meat was forbidden due toreligious precepts.[180]
Fishing activities along the Olona began to decline in the mid-nineteenth century due to the polluting discharges of the first industries, only to disappear completely between the two world wars due to the sharp deterioration of water quality.[182]
The whole Olona is crossed by 57 bridges, among which there are some of historical interest, such as theRomanesque bridge inCastiglione Olona, and the iron bridge ofMalnate, which was built at the end of the 19th century to allow the crossing of arailway.[32][132][183] The largest infrastructure that crosses the Olona is instead the Cairateviaduct.[183] Among the communication routes that cross the Olona, there are 2railway lines (theSaronno–Laveno railway and theComo–Varese railway) and 7provincial roads.[32]
The course of the river, which is profoundly artificialized,[184] is strongly at risk from a hydraulic point of view, that is, from flooding.[185] After the completion in 2009 of the large Gurone rolling mill,[186]Lura[187] andBozzente[188] are of particular concern. Since 2006 the hydraulic defense works have been delegated to the aforementioned "river contract".[189]
A railway line has been active along the Olona Valley. TheValmorea railway, this is its name, connectedCastellanza toSwitzerland following the course of the river.[190][191] Thepassenger service was active from 1904 to 1952, while freight traffic was closed in 1977 due to competition from the railway line passing throughChiasso.[191][192][193] A recovery project for tourism has been underway since 1990.[192]
The construction of thePedemontana motorway, which completely covered the Olona to the Vedano bridge, and the construction, along the course of the river, of variouscycle paths should also be noted. Among them, it should be remembered that between Castellanza and Castiglione Olona, whose route follows the path of the Valmorea railway. The extension toMendrisio, Switzerland[194] is being planned for this cycle path.
Between the springs andNerviano the course of the river was once scattered withwater mills. Since theMiddle Ages, along the Olona, the milling activity has flourished.[195] Such was the number of mills to suggest that in the 15th century this activity constituted a considerable economic source for the whole area.[195]
The oldest known document in which a mill is named on the Olona dates back to 1043:[195] it refers to a milling plant located between Castegnate and the "Gabinella" locality in Legnano which was owned by Pietro Vismara. TheSforza andVisconti seigniories placed fortifications at the most important groupings of mills on the Olona, exploiting already existing fortresses and castles.[81]
In 1608 there were 116 mills on the shores of the Olona,[196] including a coppertrip hammer, afuller for clothes and several oil presses, a number which rose to 106 in 1772 and to 55 in 1881.[196] In the years mentioned, thewater wheels serving these milling plants (called, inValle Olona, "rodigini"[197]) were, respectively, 463, 424 and 170.[196]
Several of these mills have reached the 21st century. Some have been recovered, while others are in a state of neglect. Starting from the springs, the first historically significant milling plants that meet along the Olona are the Grassi mills inVarese, which were built between the 16th and 19th centuries. They have been restored to be used as adwelling and have, on the external walls, some examples ofsundials of great historical interest[198][199][200] and a valuablefresco of 1675.[201] Further south there are the Sonzini mills of Gurone,[202] which are older than 1772. They remained in operation until 1970, after which they were used for housing.[203] InVedano Olona there is the mill at Fontanelle; already present in 1772, it had a millstone and a press. It underwent a first abandonment in the twenties,[204] then it was restructured in the 1970s and again abandoned in the following decade.
The Bosetti mill is located in Castellazzo, afrazione inFagnano Olona. Already registered as a Visconti mill in 1772, it was listed as a Ponte mill in 1857 before taking on its current name in the following years. In 1982 only the houses were accessible,[205] while the rest was already abandoned. InCastelseprio there is the Zacchetto mill, which was active for agricultural purposes from the 18th to the 19th century. It became the first seat of the Pagani company (twenty years),[206] and then it was transformed into a power plant. Since the 1980s it has been abandoned.[207]
In Gornate Superiore, afrazione ofCastiglione Olona, there is the Celeste mill. Formerly a Mariani mill in 1772 and a Guidali mill in 1857, it was registered under the current name in 1881. It had a millstone and oil presses.[208] Since 1930 it has been adapted for private homes.[209] The Taglioretti mill is located inLonate Ceppino. Also in 1722, it was owned by Mariani. It took its current name in the 19th century. It was in service of the Canziani paper mill from 1901 and of the Samec cardboard factory from 1920. In 1982 it was abandoned.[210]
InGornate Olona there are the mills of Torba and San Pancrazio.[211][212][213][214] Both existed before 1772, took the names of the respective fractions of 1857. Molinatory activities ceased around the middle of the 20th century. They are mostly used for housing. InOlgiate Olona there is instead the mill of Sasso. It is well preserved and therefore a project is underway that provides for the complete restoration of the hydraulic system.[215]
InLegnano the seven mills of the city center were demolished by the big cotton industries to allow the installation of the most modern and efficient hydraulic wheels.[100] InLegnanese there are only six:[100] these are the Cornaggia of Legnano, Meraviglia (formerly Melzi Salazar), Cozzi, De Toffol, Montoli ofSan Vittore Olona and Galletto ofCanegrate mills. The only mill in this area with still efficient mills is the mill attached to the Meraviglia farm in San Vittore Olona, which is certainly the oldest among the remaining ones: it dates back to the 14th century.[100] This milling plant is still intended to grind livestock forage. An internationalcross country running, theCinque Mulini, which takes place every year in the spring in San Vittore Olona takes its name from these milling plants. Downstream of Canegrate there are only a few others, such as the Gajo-Lampugnani mill inParabiago, the Star Qua of Nerviano mill and the Sant'Elena mill in Pregnana Milanese.[216]
Referring instead to the territory ofRho, we can cite among the examples in disuse or converted over the years into housing modules the Prepositural mill, once owned by the Parish of San Vittore and now completely abandoned, followed more downstream by the Cecchetti mill, transformed into a dwelling despite having preserved some elements of the machinery on display in the garden, in addition to the Nuovo mill, located at the confluence with the Bozzente stream and which also became a private residence.[217]
From the 1960s and 1970s, the industry of the Valle Olona (especially thetextile sector) entered an irreversible crisis and therefore, progressively, most of the factories definitively interrupted the productive activities, leaving the areas adjacent to the Olona an important heritage ofindustrial archeology.[218]
Equipped with great architectural value is theBirrificio Angelo Poretti[219] ofInduno Olona, which was founded in 1877.[220] In 1901 this industrial complex was expanded with the construction of newLiberty style pavilions. Even the subsequent restorations and extensions were respectful of this architectural choice. The buildings, betweennaturalism,classicism,Egyptian and floral, present striking decorations: masks,grotesques,medallions,fringes and drops, shells, giant pilasters and largefestoons ofhops. This establishment, originally, exploited the aforementionedFontana degli Ammalati, or a resurgence whose water was used for centuries for its healing qualities.[221]
Further down the valley there is the former Cotonificio Milani ofCastiglione Olona.[222] In addition to production facilities, this industrial complex includes a manor house and some workers' houses. It is located near the Valmorea railway. Also in Castiglione Olona, there are also the former factories of the Pettinificio Mazzucchelli, whose structures date back to 1849.[222]
InLonate Ceppino there are the former Oleificio Lepori and the former Pettinificio Clerici, both prior to 1772.[223] InFagnano Olona there are the former Cotton Factory Candiani, which dates from the beginning of the 20th century, the Filatura Introizzi, which was founded before 1881, and the former factories of the Vita Mayer paper mill.[223] In the municipality ofSolbiate Olona you can find the former establishments of Cotonificio Ponti. This industrial complex was founded in 1908 on a previous spinning started in 1823.[223] InOlgiate Olona, on the other hand, there is the former Sanitaria Ceschina, or a garzificio that was built between 1902 and 1907.[223][224]
Two of the former Cotonificio Cantoni facilities are located inLegnano andCastellanza. The first nucleus of the plant of Legnano was started in 1830;[98] this factory was partly demolished, and the remaining buildings were converted into ashopping center.[225] The former Cantoni Cotton Mill of Castellanza was instead used, in 1991, as the headquarters of theUniversity Carlo Cattaneo.[226]
Since the second half of the 20th century, there have been severalprotected natural areas established along the shores of the Olona. TheCampo dei Fiori Regional Park[227] covers an area of 6,300hectares and is managed by a consortium formed by the Valli del Verbanomountain community, the Piambello mountain community, theprovince of Varese and the seventeen municipalities included in the Park territory:Barasso,Bedero Valcuvia,Brinzio,Casciago,Castello Cabiaglio,Cocquio-Trevisago,Comerio,Cunardo,Cuvio,Gavirate,Induno Olona,Luvinate,Masciago Primo,Orino,Rancio Valcuvia,Valganna andVarese. It is based in Brinzio and was established in 1984. Since 2010, the project to restore the Olona main spring area to the Rasa of Varese has been active.
TheParco Rile Tenore Olona,[163] which was established in 2006, embraces a territory characterized by extensive terracing of fluvial-glacial origin, the so-called moraine plains, and is rich in sites of historical and cultural significance. The typical geology of the territory allows the birth of many small streams supported by spring and rain waters. The main ones are theRile and theTenore. The park covers 16km² and includes the municipalities ofCairate,Carnago,Caronno Varesino,Castelseprio,Castiglione Olona,Gazzada Schianno,Gornate Olona,Lonate Ceppino,Lozza,Morazzone andOggiona con Santo Stefano.
TheParco Valle del Lanza,[228] born in 2002, includes the municipalities ofMalnate,Cagno,Bizzarone and Valmorea. Of particular interest is the area crossed by the Lanza stream (another name forGaggiolo), from which it takes its name. It has an area of 676 hectares.
In 2006 theParco del Medio Olona was also established, which includes the stretch of the Valle Olona betweenFagnano Olona andMarnate. The park includes the municipalities of Fagnano Olona,Gorla Maggiore,Solbiate Olona,Gorla Minore, Olgiate Olona and Marnate. In addition to the Valle Olona, the park also includes the Fagnanese stretch of the Tenore and the woods to the east of Gorla Maggiore, where theFontanile di Tradate flows.[229]
TheParco castello ofLegnano,[230][231][232] born in 1976, stands next to thecastle of Legnano, on the border with the municipalities ofCanegrate andSan Vittore Olona. It is also known as "park castle" or "park of Legnano". In the period of its constitution, the reforestations were not founded on the knowledge of the local species, and therefore this protected area includes many non-native plants of the area. In 1981 a wetland was created that is frequented by a large number ofaquatic birds and is inhabited by many fish species.
TheParco dei Mulini,[233] which was established on 20 March 2008, covers the wooded and agricultural areas of the municipalities of Legnano, Canegrate, San Vittore Olona,Parabiago andNerviano. The surface, over 264 hectares, is almost entirely used for agricultural activities. In the park there are important historical testimonies such as the castle of Legnano, the former Visconti di Modrone factory and sixwater mills (it. "mulini ad acqua"), the last testimony of the ancient milling tradition of the area.[100]
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