To assuage fears of potential radical policies, Humala began his term by choosing centrists for positions in hiscabinet.[8] Humala's unpopular presidency was dominated by corruption scandals surrounding him and his politically influential wifeNadine Heredia.[9][10] Environmentalists were highly critical of Humala'smining policies, and argued that he reneged on his campaign promise to rein in mining companies.[11][12]
In 2017, Humala was arrested by Peruvian authorities on corruption charges.[13] Humala attempted a political comeback in the2021 presidential election, but only received 1.5% of the vote, finishing in 13th place.[14][15] As of 2025, Humala was the last President to serve a full term, with most of his successors either resigning or being impeached.
Humala was born in Lima, Peru on 27 June 1962.[16] His fatherIsaac Humala, who is ofQuechua ethnicity, is a labor lawyer, member of theCommunist Party of Peru – Red Fatherland, and ideological leader of theEthnocacerista movement. Ollanta's mother is Elena Tasso, from an oldItalian family established in Peru at the end of the 19th century.[17] He is the brother ofAntauro Humala, who later served a 25-year prison sentence for kidnapping 17 police officers for 3 days and killing 4 of them in theAndahuaylas uprising and whose partyUnion for Peru was involved in theremoval of former President Martín Vizcarra in 2020.[18] Another brother is the academic and politician Ulises Humala.[19] Humala attended the French-Peruvian schoolFranco-Peruano, and later the "Colegio Cooperativo La Union," established by part of the Peruvian-Japanese community in Lima.[citation needed]
He began his military career in 1980 when he entered theChorrillos Military School, like his brother Antauro (who had done so a year earlier). In 1983, he was a student at the School of the Americas (SOA), in the cadet combat course. He graduated as an Artillery lieutenant on 1 January 1984, forming part of the "Heroes of Pucará and Marcavalle" class.[citation needed]
In 1997, he earned the graduate diploma of PADE in Business Administration fromESAN Graduate School of Business. In 2001, he completed a master's degree at the Center for Higher National Studies (CAEN) in National Defense and in 2002, he successfully completed a master's degree in political science at thePontifical Catholic University of Peru.[citation needed]
In his military career, Humala was also involved in the two major Peruvian conflicts of the past 20 years, thebattle against the insurgent organizationShining Path and the 1995Cenepa War withEcuador. In 1991, with the rank of captain, Humala served inTingo María,Huanuco fighting the remnants of the Shining Path and in 1995 he served in theCenepa War on the border with Ecuador.[20]
In October 2000, Humala led an uprising inToquepala[21] againstAlberto Fujimori on his last days as president due to multiple corruption scandals. The main reason given for the rebellion was the capture ofVladimiro Montesinos, former intelligence chief who had fled Peru for asylum inPanama after being caught on video trying to bribe an opposition congressman. The return of Montesinos led to fears that he still had much power in Fujimori's government, so Humala and about 40 other Peruvian soldiers revolted against their senior army commander.[22] Montesinos claims that the uprising facilitated his concurrent escape.[23]
Many of Humala's men deserted him, leaving him only 7 soldiers. During the revolt, Humala called on Peruvian "patriots" to join him in the rebellion, and around 300 former soldiers led by his brother Antauro answered his call and were reported to have been in a convoy attempting to join up with Humala. The revolt gained some sympathy from the Peruvian populace with the influential opposition newspaperLa República calling him "valiant and decisive, unlike most in Peru". The newspaper also had many letters sent in by readers with accolades to Ollanta and his men.[22]
In the aftermath, the Army sent hundreds of soldiers to capture the rebels. Even so, Humala and his men managed to hide until President Fujimori was impeached from office a few days later andValentín Paniagua was named interim president. Finally, on 10 December, both brothers surrendered, being transferred to Lima, where they surrendered to the Second Judicial Zone of the country. The opening of the process was ruled for rebellion, sedition and insult to the superior. The lawyerJavier Valle Riestra requested an amnesty for the Humala, alleging that they had exercised the "right to insurrection against an illegitimate and totalitarian government." On 21 December 2000,Congress granted them the requested amnesty, which was extended to military and civilian personnel who participated in the insurrection and Humala was allowed to return to military duty.[6]
AmbassadorJavier Pérez de Cuéllar, the former PeruvianSecretary-General of the United Nations and founder of UPP, told the press on 5 December 2005, that he did not support the election of Humala as the party's presidential candidate. He said that after being the UPP presidential candidate in 1995, he had not had any further contact with UPP and therefore did not take part in choosing Humala as the party's presidential candidate for the 2006 elections.[26][27]
There were some accusations that he incurred in torture, under thenom de guerre "Capitán Carlos" ("Captain Carlos"), while he was the commander of a military base in the jungle region of Madre Mia from 1992 to 1993. His brotherAntauro Humala stated in 2006 that Humala had used such a name during their activities.[28][29] Humala, in an interview withJorge Ramos, acknowledged that he went under the pseudonym Captain Carlos but stated that other soldiers went under the same name and denied participation in any human rights abuses.[30]
On 17 March 2006, Humala's campaign came under some controversy as his father, Issac Humala, said "If I was President, I would grant amnesty to him (Abimael Guzmán) and the other incarcerated members of theShining Path". He made similar statements about amnesty forVíctor Polay, the leader of theTúpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement, and other leaders of the MRTA. But Ollanta Humala distanced himself from the more radical members of his family during his campaign.[31][32][33] Humala's mother, meanwhile, made a statement on 21 March calling for homosexuals to be shot.[34]
Ollanta Humala's brother, Ulises Humala, ran against him in the election, but was considered an extremely minor candidate and came in 14th place in the election.[citation needed]
On 9 April 2006, the first round of the Peruvian national election was held. Humala came in first place getting 30.62% of the valid votes,[35] and immediately began preparing to faceAlan García, who obtained 24.32%, in a runoff election on 4 June. Humala campaigned in Trujillo, an eminently Aprista city, during the last week of April. Starting in May, he visited the department of Ayacucho and then the city of Puno. On 9 May, he met again with Bolivian PresidentEvo Morales, in the border town of Copacabana and received the support of the aforementioned president.[citation needed]
Different Peruvian media opposed to Ollanta Humala, indicated at a certain point that the Canarian journalist Ramón Pérez Almodóvar would be advising the presidential candidate for the second electoral round,[36] an accusation that was denied by the journalist, although he admitted that he was participating in the campaign.[citation needed]
On 20 May 2006, the day before the first presidential debate between Alan García and Ollanta Humala, a tape of the former Peruvian intelligence chiefVladimiro Montesinos was released by Montesinos' lawyer to the press with Montesinos claiming that Humala had started the 29 October 2000 military uprising against the Fujimori government to facilitate his escape from Peru amidst corruption scandals. Montesinos is quoted as saying it was a "farce, an operation of deception and manipulation".
Geographic distribution of Second Round votes, by winning candidate.
Alan García, >2/3 of valid votes
Alan García, <2/3 of valid votes
Ollanta Humala, >2/3
Ollanta Humala, <2/3
Humala immediately responded to the charges by accusing Montesinos of being in collaboration with García's Aprista Party with an intention to undermine his candidacy. Humala is quoted as stating "I want to declare my indignation at the statements" and went on to say "Who benefits from the declarations that stain the honor of Ollanta Humala? Evidently they benefit Alan García".[37][38][39] In another message that Montesinos released to the media through his lawyer he claimed that Humala was a "political pawn" of Cuban PresidentFidel Castro and Venezuelan PresidentHugo Chávez in an "asymmetric war" against the United States. Montesinos went on to state that Humala "is not a new ideologist or political reformer, but he is an instrument".[40]
On 24 May 2006, Humala warned of possible voter fraud in the upcoming second round elections scheduled for 4 June. He urged UPP supporters to register as poll watchers "so votes are not stolen from us during the tabulation at the polling tables." Humala went on to cite similar claims of voting fraud in the first round made by right-wing National Unity candidate Lourdes Flores when she told reporters that she felt she had "lost at the tabulation tables, not at the ballot box". When asked if he had proof for his claims byCPN Radio Humala stated "I do not have proof. If I had the proof, I would immediately denounce those responsible to the electoral system". Alan García responded by stating that Humala was "crying fraud" because the polls show him losing the second round.[41]
On 4 June 2006, the second round of the Peruvian elections were held. With 77% of votes counted and Humala behind García 45.5% to 55.5% respectively, Humala conceded defeat to Alan García and congratulated his opponent's campaign stating at a news conference "we recognise the results...and we salute the forces that competed against us, those of Mr Garcia".[42]
On 12 June 2006,Carlos Torres Caro, Humala's vice presidential running mate and elected Congressman for theUnion for Peru (UPP), stated that a faction of the UPP would split off from the party after disagreements with Humala to create what Torres calls a "constructive opposition". The split came after Humala called on leftist parties to form an alliance with the UPP to become the principal opposition party in Congress. Humala had met with representatives of theCommunist Party of Peru – Red Fatherland and theNew Left Movement.[43] Humala stated that the opposition would work to "make sure Garcia complies with his electoral promises" and again stated that he would not boycott García'sinauguration on 28 July 2006.[44][45]
On 16 August 2006, prosecutors in Peru filed charges against Humala for alleged human rights abuses includingforced disappearance, torture, and murder againstShining Path guerillas during his service inSan Martín.[46][47] Humala responded by denying the charges and stating that he was "a victim of political persecution". He said the charges were "orchestrated by the Alan Garcia administration to neutralize any alternative to his power".[48]
For these elections, he formed the electoral alliance "Gana Peru", around the already existingPeruvian Nationalist Party. Later, he signed a political agreement with several left-wing parties such as the Peruvian Communist Party, theSocialist Party, the Revolutionary Socialist Party, the Socialist Voice Political Movement, and an important sector of the Lima for All Political Movement.[citation needed]
Humala was in first place in the first round held on 10 April, obtaining 31.72% of the total valid votes. Because he did not manage to exceed 50% of the valid votes, he went on to a second round with the candidateKeiko Fujimori, which took place on 5 June.[citation needed]
On 19 May, atNational University of San Marcos and with the support of many Peruvian intellectuals and artists (includingMario Vargas Llosa with reservations), Ollanta Humala signed the "Compromiso en Defensa de la Democracia".[50][51] He campaigned as a center-left leader with the desire to help to create a more equitable framework for distributing the wealth from the country's key natural resources, with the goal of maintaining foreign investment and economic growth in the country while working to improve the condition of an impoverished majority.[citation needed]
Going into the 5 June runoff election, he was polling in a statistical tie with opponentKeiko Fujimori.[52] He was elected the 94th president of Peru with 51.5% of the vote.[citation needed]
Three days after his election, Humala undertook a Latin American tour to meet with the heads of state of Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay, Argentina, Chile, Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia, the United States, Venezuela, Mexico and Cuba.[citation needed]
Humala meets with Japanese Prime MinisterYoshihiko Noda in Tokyo, 9 May 2012
After the news of the election of Ollanta as president theLima Stock Exchange experienced its largest drop ever,[53][54][55] though it later stabilised following the announcement of Humala's cabinet appointees, who were judged to be moderate and in line with continuity.[citation needed] However he was also said to have inherited "a ticking time bomb of disputes stemming in large part from objections by indigenous groups to the damage to water supplies, crops, and hunting grounds wrought by mining, logging and oil and gas extraction" fromAlan Garcia.[56] Though he promised the "poor and disenfranchised" Peruvians a bigger stake in the rapidly growing national economy, his "mandate for change...[was seen as] a mandate for moderate change"; his moderation was reflected in his "orthodox" cabinet appointees and his public oath on the Bible to respect investor rights, rule of law and the constitution.[57] He wassworn in on 28 July 2011.[citation needed]
On 23 July 2012,Juan Jiménez Mayor became president of a new ministerial cabinet, the third in less than a year.[59]
On 24 July 2013, with the appointment of three new ministers (Mónica Rubio García in Development and Social Inclusion, Magali Silva in Foreign Trade and Tourism, and Diana Álvarez Calderón in Culture), it was achieved, for the first time in the history of Peru, gender equality in the formation of a ministerial cabinet (9 men and 9 women, apart from the prime minister).[citation needed]
On 31 October 2013,César Villanueva, who until then served as president of the Regional Government of San Martín, was sworn in as the fourth President of the Council of Ministers of the Humala government.[60]
On 24 February 2014, the fifth ministerial cabinet was sworn in, chaired byRené Cornejo, who until then had served as Minister of Housing, Construction and Sanitation. After two unsuccessful attempts, this cabinet finally won the vote of confidence in Congress, in the session held on 17 March.[citation needed]
On 22 July 2014 René Cornejo resigned, being replaced byAna Jara, who until then was the head of the Ministry of Labor and Employment Promotion, an office that was taken over by the ruling congressmanFredy Otárola. With only these changes, the sixth cabinet of the government of President Humala was sworn in.[citation needed]
On 30 March 2015, the full Congress censured Prime Minister Ana Jara and her entire cabinet, with 72 votes in favor, 42 against and 2 abstentions. Something similar had not happened since 1963, when the parliament censured the cabinet chaired by Julio Óscar Trelles Montes. The argument used against Jara was the monitoring of politicians, businessmen, and journalists by the National Intelligence Directorate (DINI).Pedro Cateriano replaced Jara as Prime Minister on 2 April 2015.[citation needed]
Ollanta Humala expressed sympathy for the regime ofJuan Velasco Alvarado, which took power in a bloodless military coup on 3 October 1968, and nationalized various Peruvian industries whilst pursuing a favorable foreign policy withCuba and theSoviet Union.[61]
During his presidential candidacy in 2006 and his run for the presidency that he ultimately won in 2011, Humala was closely affiliated with otherpink tide leaders in Latin America in general and South America in particular. Prior to taking office in 2011, he toured several countries in the Americas, where he notably expressed the idea of re-uniting thePeru–Bolivian Confederation. He also visited Brazil, Colombia, the United States, and Venezuela.[citation needed]
In February 2016, amidst the Peruvian presidential race, a report from the Brazilian Federal Police implicated Humala as recipient of bribes fromOdebrecht, a Brazilian construction company, in exchange of assigned public works. President Humala rejected the implication and has avoided speaking to the media on the matter.[62][63]
During the Peruvian presidential election in February 2016, a report by theBrazilian Federal Police implicated Humala in bribery by Odebrecht for public works contracts. President Humala denied the charge and avoided questions from the media on that matter.[62][64]
In July 2017, Humala and his wife were arrested and held in pre-trial detention following investigations into his involvement in theOdebrecht scandal.[13][65] On 26 April 2018, by resolution of the Constitutional Court of Peru, he began his process of freedom. Following this, his wife was placed on house arrest while Humala had to report to court monthly.[66]
In January 2019, Peruvian prosecutors stated that they had enough evidence to charge Humala and his wife with laundering money from both Odebrecht and the government of Venezuela.[67][68][69] In May 2019, the Prosecutor's Office requested 20 years in prison for him and 26 years for his wife, Nadine Heredia. The process also reaches several relatives close to the former presidential partner. The case is in prosecution control.[70][71]
Ollanta Humala was investigated under restricted appearance, allegedly accused of money laundering to the detriment of the State and of illicit association to commit a crime, among others.[72] However, Odebrecht's main projects were carried out under the presidencies ofAlberto Fujimori andAlan García.[73] In February 2022, Humala and his wife faced trial for alleged money laundering related to Odebrecht, facing accusations that the two received $3 million during the 2006 and 2011 elections. Both denied their involvement.[66]
On 15 April 2025, Humala and Heredia were convicted and sentenced to 15 years' imprisonment for money laundering over their involvement in the Odebrecht scandal.[74] Heredia and their then-underage son, Samin Mallko Ollanta Humala Heredia, fled toBrazil's capitalBrasília after the country granteddiplomatic asylum the next day.[75][76]
^Vigna, Anne (1 October 2017)."Brazil's Odebrecht scandal".Le Monde diplomatique.Archived from the original on 29 September 2017. Retrieved26 May 2021.
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