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| Ural-Volga Turki | |
|---|---|
| ترکی | |
| Region | Volga region,Ural region,Turkistan,Western Siberia |
| Ethnicity | Bashkirs,Tatars |
| Era | from the middle of the 13th century to the beginning of the 20th century developed intoTatar andBashkir |
Turkic
| |
| Chagatai script | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| This article containsIPA phonetic symbols. Without properrendering support, you may seequestion marks, boxes, or other symbols instead ofUnicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA. | |
TheUral-Volga Turki[1] (Old Bashkir[2]or Old Tatar) language was a literary language used by some ethnic groups of theIdel-Ural region (Tatars andBashkirs) from the middle of the 13th century to the beginning of the 20th century.
Ural-Volga Turki is a member of theKipchak (orNorthwestern) group ofTurkic languages. The first poem, considered to be written byQul Ghali in Ural-Volga Turki dates back to the period ofVolga Bulgaria andAncient Bashkortostan. It included manyPersian andArabic loans.
In its written form, the language was spelled uniformly among different ethnic groups, speaking different Turkic languages of the Kipchak sub-group. The pronunciation differed from one people to another, approximating to the spoken language, making the written form universal for different languages.
The language formerly usedArabic script and its later updated alphabets ofİske imlâ andYaña imlâ. Ural-Volga Turki language was a language ofIdel-Ural poetry and literature. Along withOttoman Turkish,Azeri,Khaqani Turkic andChagatai, it was one of the few Turkic literary languages used in the Middle Ages.[3] It was actively used in publishing until 1905, when the first Tatar and Bashkir newspapers begun to be published in modernTatar andBashkir language.
| Name | Isolated | Final | Medial | Initial | Modern CyrillicBashkir alphabet | Modern LatinBashkir alphabet | IPA | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | әлеп (әлиф) мәддә əlip (əlif) məddə | آ | ـا | آ | а | a | ɑ | ||
| 2 | әлеп (әлиф) əlip (əlif) | ا | – | ا | ә, э, ы, и | ə, i, ı, e | æ,ɪ̆,ɤ̆,e | ||
| 3 | бей biy | ب | ـب | ـبـ | بـ | б | b | b | |
| 4 | пей piy | پ | ـپ | ـپـ | پـ | п | p | p | |
| 5 | тей tiy | ت | ـت | ـتـ | تـ | т | t | t | Before front towels |
| 6 | сей siy | ث | ـث | ـثـ | ثـ | с, ҫ | s, ś | s,θ | Only in borrowings from Arabic, and in Bashkir words in 19th century modification |
| 7 | жем jim | ج | ـج | ـجـ | جـ | ж, й | j, y | ʒ,j | |
| 8 | сем sim | چ | ـچ | ـچـ | چـ | ш, с | ş, s | ɕ,s | |
| 9 | хей xiy | ح | ـح | ـحـ | حـ | х | x | χ | Only in borrowings from Arabic |
| 10 | хый xıy | خ | ـخ | ـخـ | خـ | х | x | χ | |
| 11 | дал dal | د | ـد | د | д | d | d | ||
| 12 | зал zal | ذ | ـذ | ذ | з, ҙ | z, ź | z,ð | Only in Arabic loanwords, and in Bashkir words in 19th century modification | |
| 13 | рей riy | ر | ـر | ر | р | r | ɾ | ||
| 14 | зей ziy | ز | ـز | ز | з | z | z | ||
| 15 | жей jiy | ژ | ـژ | ژ | ж | j | ʒ | Only in Persian, French and Russian borrowings | |
| 16 | сен sin | س | ـس | ـسـ | سـ | с, ҫ | s, ś | s,θ | Before front vowels |
| 17 | шен şin | ش | ـش | ـشـ | شـ | ш | ş | ʃ | |
| 18 | сад sad | ص | ـص | ـصـ | صـ | с, ҫ | s, θ | s | Before back vowels |
| 19 | дад, зад dad, zad | ض | ـض | ـضـ | ضـ | д, з | d, z | d,z | Only in borrowings from Arabic |
| 20 | та ta | ط | ـط | ـطـ | طـ | т | t | t | Before back vowels |
| 21 | за za | ظ | ـظ | ـظـ | ظـ | з, ҙ | z, ð | z,ð | Only in borrowings from Arabic |
| 22 | ғәйн ğəyn | ع | ـع | ـعـ | عـ | ғ | ğ | ʁ | Only in borrowings from Arabic |
| 23 | ғайн ğayn | غ | ـغ | ـغـ | غـ | ғ | ğ | ʁ | |
| 24 | фей fiy | ف | ـف | ـفـ | فـ | ф | f | ɸ | |
| 25 | ҡаф qaf | ق | ـق | ـقـ | قـ | ҡ | q | q | |
| 26 | каф kaf | ك/ ک | ـك/ ـک | ـكـ | كـ | к | k | k | |
| 27 | гаф gaf | گ | ـگ | ـگـ | گـ | г | g | g | |
| 28 | һаңғырау каф hañğıraw kaf | ڭ/ نک | ـڭ/ ـنک | ـڭـ/ ـنکـ | — | ң | ñ | ŋ | Initial form was never used due to phonetic reasons |
| 29 | ләм ləm | ل | ـل | ـلـ | لـ | л | l | l | |
| 30 | мим mim | م | ـم | ـمـ | مـ | м | m | m | |
| 31 | нон nun | ن | ـن | ـنـ | نـ | н | n | n | |
| 32 | һей hiy | ه | ـه/ ـہ | ـهـ/ ـہـ | هـ | һ, ә | h, æ | h,æ | |
| 33 | вау waw | و | ـو | و | в, у, о, ө, ү | w, o, u, ü, ö | w/o,ʊ̆/ʏ̆,ɵ,u | Alternative Cyrillic transcription:ў, у, о | |
| 34 | вей viy | ۋ | ـۋ | ۋ | в | v | β | Only in borrowings from European languages | |
| 35 | ей yiy | ی/ے | ـی/ ـے | ـیـ | یـ | й, и, э, ы | y, e, i, ı | j,e,ɪ̆,ɤ̆ | |
In many publications from the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the letter ۇ is used to represent the sound /ʊ̆/ or /ʏ̆/.
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| Oghur | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Common Turkic |
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